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book.sla
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<ITEXT CH="In this diagram, you can see the order in which the computer evaluates this piece of code. It first subtracts "/>
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<ITEXT CH=". This is similar to how when solving a math equation, you first do anything within parentheses and then work your way out."/>
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<ITEXT FONTSIZE="24" FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="SpinWheel Initial Setup"/>
<para PARENT="Titles"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Contents"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Your kit contains a SpinWheel, a battery, a micro USB cable and a paper copy of the SpinWheel Field Guide. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The SpinWheel has four main components: a power source (the battery), a sensor (for motion and magnetic fields), a set of lights (the light emitting diodes, or LEDs), and a micro computer (the brain of the device)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The SpinWheel contains sensitive electronic components. While they are securely soldered to the device, they can break if jostled excessively. For this reason, it is important to be gentle with your SpinWheel when attaching the micro USB cable and when putting it into a backpack, purse, or pocket. It is also particularly important to treat the battery with care; do not puncture or bend it. Storing the SpinWheel in a small pocket in your bag or in the box you received it in will help keep it safe. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Quick start"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="1."/>
<ITEXT CH=" The battery of your SpinWheel might not be attached when you receive it. Before attaching the battery, slide the switch on the back of the SpinWheel to be on “USB.” Then firmly insert the battery connector into the battery jack on the circuit board. If you have difficulty, see our troubleshooting guide "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="(spinwearables.com/troubleshoot"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Default Character Style" FONT="Poppins Italic" CH=")"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="2."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Use a small piece of the adhesive strip included with your SpinWheel to tape the battery to the device."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="3."/>
<ITEXT CH=" To turn on the SpinWheel, flip the switch on the back to "BAT" (for "battery"). You should see it turn on and light up brightly! "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="4."/>
<ITEXT CH=" The SpinWheel comes preloaded with several basic animations. You can press the button on the back of the SpinWheel to toggle between different animations. "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="5."/>
<ITEXT CH=" To turn off the SpinWheel, flip the switch to "USB"."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="6."/>
<ITEXT CH=" To charge, plug a micro USB cable into the USB jack on the back of the SpinWheel, set the switch to "USB" and charge using a computer or USB-to-wall converter. Note: the battery may require charging before use. Reaching full charge takes approximately 1 hr"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="The switch on the SpinWheel should be set to "USB" whenever it is plugged into your computer, whether to charge or to program. You should also keep the switch in this position when you are not using the SpinWheel and for long term storage to protect the battery from discharging. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Installing the Arduino software"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Much of the joy of the SpinWheel comes from your ability to change it and make it do whatever you wish! The rest of this chapter will walk you through adding a new animation to your SpinWheel. Do not worry if you find this part challenging. Learning new things can be confusing at first. If you get stuck, check out the troubleshooting guide online at "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="spinwearables.com/troubleshoot"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and don’t be afraid to experiment. While feeling confused is normal, it will get easier as you go!"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="In order to write new animations for the SpinWheel, you need a way to reprogram its onboard computer. We use the Arduino software to communicate with the SpinWheel. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="You can download the Arduino software from "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="arduino.cc/en/Main/Software#download"/>
<ITEXT CH=". For step by step help, Arduino has provided instructions for each operating system at "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="arduino.cc/en/Guide"/>
<ITEXT FEATURES="inherit" CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Configuring the Arduino software"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Once the software is installed, we have to configure it to communicate with the SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="1."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Flip the switch to "USB” and then plug your SpinWheel into your computer with the provided micro USB cable. "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="2."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Open the Arduino software on your computer. "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="3."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Open the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Tools"/>
<ITEXT CH=" menu and go to "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Port"/>
<ITEXT CH=". You will see a list of serial ports on your computer; select the port that corresponds to the SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="If there are multiple ports and you are unsure which one to use, simply unplug the SpinWheel and see which serial port disappears when you do so. This port corresponds to your SpinWheel. If you do not see a port appear or disappear, make sure you are using the micro USB cable that came with your SpinWheel as others may not have the needed functionality."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="4."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Go back to the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Tools"/>
<ITEXT CH=" menu and select "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Tools"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH=" →"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Board"/>
<ITEXT CH=". Select Arduino Leonardo as the board (a.k.a. processor), so that the software knows which “dialect” to use to talk to the SpinWheel. Computer languages have dialects just like human languages!"/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="Properly selecting the board and port are essential for the Arduino software to communicate with the SpinWheel. If you are unable to upload code to the SpinWheel in the next section, double check that the switch is set to "USB" and that you have the correct board and port selected."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Installing the SpinWheel libraries"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="1."/>
<ITEXT CH=" To get the first set of example programs you can run on the SpinWheel, download our SpinWearables Arduino Library using "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Sketch"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH=" →"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Include Library"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Manage Libraries...."/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="2."/>
<ITEXT CH=" In the search bar of the Library Manager, search for "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="SpinWearables"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and then click "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Install"/>
<ITEXT CH=". "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="3."/>
<ITEXT CH=" You will be automatically prompted to install two other required libraries ("/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="NeoPixel"/>
<ITEXT CH=" for controlling the LEDs and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="ICM 20948"/>
<ITEXT CH=" for reading the motion sensor). You will need to install both of these to use the SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Running a program on the SpinWheel"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="To test that your SpinWheel is working properly, you can install a new program, or sketch, from the example files to animate your SpinWheel. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="1."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Choose a file to install by opening "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="File "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and picking one of the examples. For instance, pick "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="BlinkingFirmware"/>
<ITEXT CH=". This will open a new window with the code."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Poppins Medium" CH="2."/>
<ITEXT CH=" Upload the code to your SpinWheel by pressing the upload button (the arrow at the top). "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="Now your SpinWheel will have the new colorful blinking pattern (from "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="BlinkingFirmware"/>
<ITEXT CH=") you just uploaded. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Troubleshooting"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Sometimes, while uploading code, you might get an error. While error messages will contain some information about the cause of the error, figuring out how to fix it can be confusing at first. Always begin by carefully reading the error and attempting to determine the problem. This might seem overwhelming at first, but with some practice you will learn to disregard the unimportant noise in the error message and focus on the one or two words that point out the actual problem. The troubleshooting guide online can also be used to find solutions for some common problems."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Quick_purple" CH="Next Steps"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Congratulations! You are now ready to continue with the rest of the SpinWheel activities! "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Feel free to open any of the other SpinWheel sketches and upload them onto the device. Do not worry about understanding what the code does, you will learn more about this language in future lessons. We encourage you to experiment with these examples! If you want to save any changes, you will be prompted to save the sketch in a new location (can be anywhere on your computer). The original file will always be available to open again."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Uploading a new sketch to your SpinWheel will overwrite the sketch that came on it. If you want your SpinWheel to have the original sketch again, simply open the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheelStockFirmware"/>
<ITEXT CH=" example and upload it."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="In future SpinWheel activities, you will be writing new sketches to animate the SpinWheel. To transfer a sketch from your computer to your SpinWheel, simply connect your SpinWheel to your computer, change the switch to "USB", open the code of your new sketch in the Arduino software, and press the upload button. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="This SpinWheel Field Guide contains some hands-on adventures and reference material. This material is found in expanded versions online, along with many more activities for you to enjoy. We highly recommend that you make use of both resources. In addition, the online version includes virtual SpinWheels that allow you to test and experiment with your code and see what the result might look like before uploading to your real SpinWheel!"/>
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<ITEXT CH="We hope you will enjoy exploring physics, math, and art with your SpinWheel!"/>
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<ITEXT FONTSIZE="24" FCOLOR="Customizing_green" CH="Customizing the SpinWheel’s Display"/>
<para PARENT="Titles"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="Approach this chapter the way you would approach the first few lines of a foreign language you want to learn. Try to pick out words that make sense, without worrying about the overall structure or proper grammar. As time passes and you have learned new things, come back to this chapter and see whether you can understand a bit more of it."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="Computers follow instructions. They do not solve problems on their own. So, when writing a program for the SpinWheel’s onboard computer, you need to be very explicit in the instructions that you write! The particular language we are using requires our programs to have a certain structure. In the Arduino software, if you navigate to "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="File "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" New"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=", you can see this basic structure for an Arduino program. It includes two sections containing commands: "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Ubuntu Mono Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Ubuntu Mono Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=". In later chapters we will see how the commands in each section differ"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="To produce a program capable of controlling the hardware of the SpinWheel (e.g. the LEDs and motion sensor), we also need to add a few more lines to the new sketch. If you are curious about why you need these other lines, then check the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Arduino 101"/>
<ITEXT CH=" chapter."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Now we can add something to the"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Default Character Style" CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop()"/>
<ITEXT CH=" section of our sketch to make the SpinWheel light up. You may have tried this with the virtual SpinWheel in our online"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH=" Getting Started with the SpinWheel "/>
<ITEXT CH="adventure. To start, let’s turn all the large LEDs purple by simply adding two commands to the empty line in the loop section of code we started above and upload it to the SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="Instead of typing this into the Arduino software, you can open the code from"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Paper_Guide "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Purple_LEDs"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=" in the Arduino software and upload it to your SpinWheel. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Sometimes when we write a sketch, it won’t upload. It might be because we forgot a semicolon or made another typo. Learning to find these errors can feel overwhelming at first. If this sketch fails to upload, first check that you have the correct port and board selected. For more suggestions, check out the troubleshooting guide on our website."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="You may remember from the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Getting Started with the SpinWheel"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=" webpage that the command we wrote will change the color of the large LEDs based on the values given in the command. These values follow the format of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLEDsUniform(amount_of_red, amount_of_green, amount_of_blue)"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=". In this case, it will light up all of the large LEDs purple. In the next chapter, we’ll explore more about how we create a rainbow of colors using just red, green, and blue light."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="If you want to do something new, then try replacing "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLEDsUniform()"/>
<ITEXT CH=" with the command "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setSmallLEDsRainbow(100)"/>
<ITEXT CH=". Try varying the number inside of the parentheses and see what happens."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH="You can also replace that line with your code from the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Getting Started with the SpinWheel"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=" page ("/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="spinwearables.com/intro"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=") to customize your SpinWheel even more. These commands are also listed in the back of this guide in the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="SpinWheel Functions Reference"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="11" CH=". Keep experimenting like you did on the virtual SpinWheel to create beautiful designs from your imagination on the SpinWheel’s interface!"/>
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<ITEXT FCOLOR="Mixing_orange" CH="Mixing Color with Light"/>
<para PARENT="Titles"/>
<ITEXT CH="When light comes from the Sun (or most other sources of illumination), we perceive it as lacking a hue (we call this white light). In reality, white light is made up of many colors. You can use a prism to separate the components of the mixture. A prism works by bending, or “refracting”, light at different angles depending on its color, thereby allowing us to see all of the colors that make up white light. This is why if you let sunlight shine through a prism, you can see a rainbow."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The light-sensing tissue in the back of our eyes, the retina, has small cells that respond to some of these colors. They are called “cone cells” and are classified into three separate groups by the color that they sense the best: red, green, or blue. Each of these groups of cells responds to one of these three colors, but not the others. For instance, the blue-sensing cones respond to blue light, but they do not respond to red light, and vice versa."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="If our eyes can sense only red, green, and blue, how can we see yellow? Our eyes and brains have evolved so that our red- and green-sensing cones both respond slightly to yellow. If our brain detects that both groups of cones are activated, it knows to interpret the color as yellow. We can see other colors this way too. For instance, purple activates both red- and blue-sensing cones."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="We can exploit this imperfection of our eyes to make rich colorful electronic displays while using only three colors. For instance, since our eyes cannot distinguish between true purple and a mixture of blue and red, we don’t need a purple light source, only blue and red lights (and green for the other color combinations)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The SpinWheel’s colorful display takes advantage of this. If you look closely at an LED on the SpinWheel, you can see that it contains 3 small light sources placed very close together: one red, one green, and one blue. Combining these lights in different intensities allows for a wide variety of colors to be displayed on the LEDs."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="To better see the components of an LED on the Spinwheel, open "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Paper_Guide "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Mixing_Color"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and upload it to your SpinWheel. Look closely at the SpinWheel’s LED that lit up red; you should see 1 red light in the LED. Likewise, the blue and green LEDs will also have 1 light in them. If you look instead at the white LED, you should see 1 red, 1 green and 1 blue light inside it. When each light is turned on, the colors combine to make white light."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="At this point, we encourage you to try out the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Biology of Sight"/>
<ITEXT CH=" adventure online "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Default Character Style" CH="("/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="spinwearables.com/sight"/>
<ITEXT CH="). You’ll learn more about how your eye works and experiment with coloring the SpinWheel’s LEDs. If you are wondering why mixing color with paint (instead of light) is different, then we recommend you check out our online lesson on "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Color Theory "/>
<ITEXT CH="("/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="spinwearables.com/colortheory"/>
<ITEXT CH=")."/>
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<ITEXT FCOLOR="Arduino_red" CH="Arduino 101"/>
<para PARENT="Titles"/>
<ITEXT CH="Many simple computer chips for DIY projects use the Arduino software, a platform for writing and uploading code onto a physical device, like the SpinWheel. The Arduino software uses a simplified version of C++. We will begin to introduce this programming language here. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Arduino_red" CH="The skeleton of an Arduino program"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="As we discussed in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Customizing the SpinWheel’s Display"/>
<ITEXT CH=", the Arduino software requires programs to have a certain structure. The most basic program looks like this:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="This program does absolutely nothing. It contains two blocks (or sections) of code which start and end with the brackets: "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="{"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="}"/>
<ITEXT CH=". For our program to do anything, we need to fill these blocks with instructions. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The first block is called "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Ubuntu Mono Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and runs only once, immediately after the device is powered up. This block is used for setting up any initial conditions the SpinWheel might require."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Next, there is the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" block. This block is executed repeatedly "in a loop", starting immediately after "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" is done. The loop repeats itself until power is turned off. Most of our instructions will be written in this block. They will frequently involve measuring time or motion with the SpinWheel and then producing a colorful pattern based on these measurements."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Arduino_red" CH="Extra elements for a SpinWheel program"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="To produce a program capable of sending instructions to the hardware of the SpinWheel (e.g. the LEDs and motion sensor), our program will require a few more lines. The piece of code shown below starts with a comment, which is an explanation directed at the person reading the code. Any line that starts with two slashes ("/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="//"/>
<ITEXT CH=") indicates a comment and is diregarded by the computer. As you look at other sketches, these comments will help you figure out what the commands for the computer do."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Adding "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="#include "SpinWearables.h""/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="using namespace SpinWearables;"/>
<ITEXT CH=" before "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup()"/>
<ITEXT CH=" ensures that the rest of the program has access to the extra resources and commands specific for programming your SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="It is also necessary to add "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.begin();"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" block. This line makes sure that the SpinWheel hardware is ready for the instructions that we will add in the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" block of code. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" block is still empty, so this program will not do anything interesting yet. However, our "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" section is complete; it prepares the SpinWheel to receive instructions. Through our activities, we will rarely need anything more sophisticated in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Finally, let us turn on an LED by adding two function calls (or commands) in the "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Ubuntu Mono Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" section of code we started above:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Open the code from "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Paper_Guide "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Red_LED"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in the Arduino software and upload it to your SpinWheel. It should cause one large LED to turn on in bright red."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<breakframe/>
<ITEXT CH="Let’s discuss each line we added to the code:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="The first line, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLED(0, 255, 0, 0);"/>
<ITEXT CH=" tells the SpinWheel to get ready to set one LED to the color specified. The first item (also called a "parameter" or "argument") in the parentheses identifies the affected LED and should be between 0 and 7 (C++, the programming language used by Arduino, starts counting at 0). The other three numbers are the red, green, and blue components of the desired color. They have to be numbers between 0 (color is off) and 255 (color is on at full brightness). Together, this line of code looks something like: "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLED(LED_you_want_to_change, amount_of_red, amount_of_green, amount_of_blue)"/>
<ITEXT CH=". "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="The line"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH=" SpinWheel.drawFrame();"/>
<ITEXT CH=" signals to the SpinWheel that we are done specifying actions to take. It tells the SpinWheel to "draw" all of the commands that were listed above it. Without this line, the LED specified in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLED"/>
<ITEXT CH=" won’t light up."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="If you are eager to customize the SpinWheel in other ways (for instance by lighting up the small LEDs), check out the list of ways to manipulate the SpinWheel’s LEDs found at the end of this book and online at "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="spinwearables.com/allcommands"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Arduino_red" FSHADE="100" CH="Additional programming notes"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="While looking at the code, you may have noticed a few things about the style of the programming language:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="We tend to have only one "command" per line. This makes the code more readable."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="Each command is followed by a semicolon"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH=" ;"/>
<ITEXT CH=". That makes it easier for the computer to separate different commands."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="Commands take the form of their name (e.g. "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="SpinWheel.setLargeLED"/>
<ITEXT CH=") followed by parentheses "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="()"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="Inside these parentheses, we frequently put some extra information: this information can control how a command performs. For instance, in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setLargeLED"/>
<ITEXT CH=" we have one parameter that selects the LED we want to modify and three parameters for the color of that LED."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" FEATURES="inherit" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CH="There are other ways in which LED colors can be modified and motion be detected. We discuss many such tools in later chapters and in the online material."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="Arduino_red" CH="Receiving communication from your SpinWheel"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="It can be very useful to have a way to receive messages from the computer chip (in our case, the chip on the SpinWheel) you are programming. For instance, you might want to see the values that the motion sensors are recording. Having this information can also be very important when attempting to find errors in some code (commonly called debugging). "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Different computer languages provide different ways of receiving messages from a computer chip. When working with Arduino, you can use the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Serial Monitor"/>
<ITEXT CH=" to see the messages sent from your SpinWheel to your computer over the micro USB cable. To access the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Serial Monitor"/>
<ITEXT CH=", go to "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Tools"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Serial Monitor"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in the Arduino software."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="For example, using the Serial Monitor, we can check the output of the SpinWheel’s motion sensors. The sensors are capable of detecting a magnetic field, acceleration, and rotation. To start with, we will look at rotation. In the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Step Counter"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Dancing with Color"/>
<ITEXT CH=" online adventures, we use this output in exciting ways. Keep reading to learn more and refer back here when you start these adventures."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="The code below uses the Serial Monitor to record the rotation of the SpinWheel around its x axis, as seen in the diagram on the right. You can open this file from "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Paper_Guide"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH=" →"/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Serial_Rotation."/>
<ITEXT CH=" "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="To observe this rotation, try holding the SpinWheel by the USB cable and rolling the cable between your thumb and index fingers. When you upload this sketch, you may notice that some of the small LEDs flash: this happens because the serial connection disturbs some of the electrical signals going to the LEDs. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="In the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" block, we start by telling the device to send messages at the right connection speed (the rate that information is transferred between your SpinWheel and your computer) using "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="Serial.begin(9600)"/>
<ITEXT CH=", Then, after gathering information from the SpinWheel’s motion sensor, we can print the message we want (in this case the rotation in each dimension) using the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="Serial.println()"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function. Notice how the value in Serial Monitor changes as you spin the SpinWheel. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="For now, this output might make more sense if you look at it as a graph instead of just a list of numbers. To see a graph, close the Serial Monitor and navigate to "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Tools "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Serial Plotter"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="If you’re curious, the sensor reading represents the number of degrees the SpinWheel rotates a second. Don’t worry if this doesn’t mean anything to you yet, we will explain it further in future adventures. To learn more about this and rotation around axes, check out the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Dancing with Color"/>
<ITEXT CH=" adventure online! "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="If you want to dive more into the Arduino software, the Arduino community has very detailed resources. You can start with their tutorial at "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="website" CH="arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Foundations"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="This chapter expanded on some concepts that you’ve already seen and will be useful as you begin to code the SpinWheel in more complicated ways. Using the output from the motion sensor will be essential for making your own step counter, for instance. We will refer back to this guide in upcoming lessons and adventures and hope that you will use it as a reference."/>
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<ITEXT CH="Now that you have successfully added a sketch to your SpinWheel, let’s create a simple program to light up the SpinWheel’s display. In this chapter, you’ll start by writing a program (a set of written commands for a computer to follow) that lights up your SpinWheel’s large LEDs. At the end of the chapter, take some time to experiment with the code you wrote in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Getting Started with the SpinWheel"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
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<ITEXT CH="Human perception of light and color has many curious features rooted in biology and physics. In this chapter, you will learn how to trick your eyes into perceiving a rainbow of colors using only red, green, and blue LEDs."/>
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<ITEXT CH="White light being split into colors by a prism. The white light shines on the prism from the bottom left, and a big part of it is refracted and split as it passes through the prism."/>
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<ITEXT CH="An artistic rendering of a close-up of the back of the eye showing the rods (black) and cones (triangles colored by type). "/>
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<ITEXT CH="An up-close picture of the SpinWheel’s large LEDs. Notice how white is created from the red, green, and blue LEDs all being on, while yellow is created by mixing red and green light. You can make all the colors of the rainbow by varying the relative amounts of red, green, and blue light."/>
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<ITEXT FCOLOR="building_block" CH="Coding Building Blocks"/>
<para PARENT="Titles"/>
<ITEXT CH="Writing a computer program, whether an interactive website or the hidden brain of a robot, starts by writing a sequence of instructions in one of the many available computer languages. In this lesson, we will use"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" C++"/>
<ITEXT CH=", a very popular older language that runs well on simple computers like the SpinWheel’s microcontroller. While "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="C++"/>
<ITEXT CH=" has a specific set of commands and rules, the main ideas are common to other programming languages. In fact, the vast majority of computer languages share the same patterns, just like how many human languages share ideas such as the distinction between a noun and a verb, or the difference between a word and a sentence. We will describe the most important such patterns in this chapter. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="14" FCOLOR="building_block" FSHADE="100" CH="Variables"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Computer programs do one thing and one thing only: process information. That information can be the time of a mouse click, a voicemail on your phone, or a picture of the road taken by a self-driving car. Before processing such data, we have to tell the computer to store it in its memory. This is done using "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="variables"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="We will only discuss two types of variables: integers and decimals. Other types do exist, but we won’t cover them here. If you store a number as an integer, it must be a whole number (like 2 or 3011) and cannot have a decimal component. On the other hand, a decimal can have a decimal part (like 0.4, 560.17, or 2.0). Integers are easier for a computer to work with because it does not need to store all of the data after the decimal point. Treating them separately from decimals lets us have faster code, which is especially important for small computers that don’t have much storage space like in the SpinWheel."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="To "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="define"/>
<ITEXT CH=" a new integer variable you need the following line in your code:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="This reserves a location in the memory of the computer, lets us refer to that location by the name "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="my_special_integer"/>
<ITEXT CH=", and stores the value "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="6"/>
<ITEXT CH=" there. We can name the variable anything as long as it is a single word (or multiple words separated with underscores). We usually pick names that tell us something about the purpose of the variable. In this variable type, we can store any integer we want as long as it is not too large (no larger than roughly 30 000, due to limitations of how this computer stores integers)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="If we want to work with decimals, we use the variable type "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="float"/>
<ITEXT CH=" instead of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="int"/>
<ITEXT CH=". The name comes from the early history of computers and is unimportant for our purposes (how the decimal point can "float" between the digits)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Here we stored an approximation of the number "/>
<ITEXT FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="π"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in a variable with the name "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="pi"/>
<ITEXT CH=". We could then use this variable in other parts of our code to do computations that involve circles."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Notice that throughout all of our code we have used the equality sign"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH=" = "/>
<ITEXT CH="to mean "store the value on the right in the memory cell on the left". This differs from the usual mathematical meaning of the sign, which usually means "check if the left and right side have the same value". You can blame early computer scientists and their laziness for the misuse of this sign in most modern programming languages."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Now that you’ve learned more about variables, we encourage you to look at the start of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Arduino 101"/>
<ITEXT CH=" that discusses variables again. As you move onto the online materials and deepen your understanding of the SpinWheel, we encourage you to go back and forth between these chapters and the online pages."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="14" FCOLOR="building_block" FSHADE="100" CH="Functions"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="In computer programming, functions are commands that take a few variables and do something useful with them. Functions are reusable pieces of code. A function can act like a calculator, computing a new value based on the variables that are given to it. A function can also do something that affects the world around it, like blinking an LED, playing a sound, or sending a message. "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Most programming languages have some functions built into them, similar to how a new cellphone comes with pre-installed apps. We can use these functions without having to write them ourselves."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Here is some code that uses an example function called "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="max"/>
<ITEXT CH=" that takes two numbers as input and returns the larger number. The input values are also called the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="arguments"/>
<ITEXT CH=" of the function."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Let’s step through each part of this code."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="int number_a = 5"/>
<ITEXT CH=" assigns the value of 5 to the integer variable "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="number_a"/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="int number_b = 7"/>
<ITEXT CH=" assigns the value of 7 to the integer variable "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="number_b"/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="int resulting_number = max(....)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" stores the result of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="max(...)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in the integer variable "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="resulting number"/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="max(number_a, number_b)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" calls, or uses, the function "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="max(...)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" with two arguments, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="number_a"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="number_b"/>
<ITEXT CH=", and returns the larger number."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="The value stored in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="resulting_number"/>
<ITEXT CH=" in this case would be "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="7"/>
<ITEXT CH=". "/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Here is another example where one of the arguments for our function is specified directly, without first being stored in a variable. In this case, the value stored in "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="resulting_number"/>
<ITEXT CH=" will be "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="8"/>
<ITEXT CH=":"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="As you have seen, the typical syntax rules for the use of a function are to put its arguments inside parentheses immediately after the name of the function. You might have seen this in math class with trigonometric functions like "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="sin(x)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" or "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="cos(x)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="We can nest functions and use arithmetic operations on the arguments as well. For instance, here we will use two more functions, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="min"/>
<ITEXT CH=" which returns the smaller of two numbers and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="sqrt"/>
<ITEXT CH=" which returns the square root of a given number."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Can you explain why "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="resulting_number"/>
<ITEXT CH=" is "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="4"/>
<ITEXT CH="? Here is a hint:"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH=" sqrt(5-1) = sqrt(4) = 2"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text" ALIGN="0"/>
<ITEXT FONTSIZE="14" FCOLOR="building_block" FSHADE="100" CH="Creating your own functions"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="A large part of programming is creating your own functions and building interesting, complex, and useful functions out of small simple functions. Here we give an example of how to write your own function that takes two numbers, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="x"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="y"/>
<ITEXT CH=", and returns their average, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="(x+y)"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="÷"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="2"/>
<ITEXT CH=". We will name the function "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="avg"/>
<ITEXT CH=". Let us first write an example of how this function would be used if it already existed. In this code example, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="resulting_number"/>
<ITEXT CH=" will have the value of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="3.0"/>
<ITEXT CH="."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="To define this new function, we need to write down its name, together with the type of data it will be producing, followed by a set of computational instructions:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Let’s step through each part of this code."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="float avg(.....)"/>
<ITEXT CH=": The very first "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="float"/>
<ITEXT CH=" specifies the type of data the function will produce (decimals in this case). This is followed by the name for our function, "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="avg"/>
<ITEXT CH=". "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="(float first_argument, float second_argument)"/>
<ITEXT CH=": In parentheses, we have a list of the arguments the function will be taking. Unlike when we call the function, we have to specify their types, so we wrote "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="float"/>
<ITEXT CH=" to denote working with decimals. We also gave temporary names for these arguments so that we can refer to them in the function. "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="{ ... }"/>
<ITEXT CH=" : The curly brackets surround all the instructions."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="0.5*(first_argument+second_argument)"/>
<ITEXT CH=" : This is where the math happens in our function. It is simply the sum of the two arguments multiplied by one-half. "/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" FONT="Code2000 Regular" FONTSIZE="10" CH=" • "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="return"/>
<ITEXT CH=": a keyword to state that the result of this line should be returned to the code that called the function."/>
<para PARENT="Lists"/>
<ITEXT CH="We can have multiple sequential instructions inside the block when the computation is more difficult. That is the purpose of the curly brackets "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="{ }"/>
<ITEXT CH=" - to separate all the code that defines our function from the rest of the program that might be in the same file. For instance, here we will show how to compute the fourth root of a number. The fourth root of a number, or x raised to the 1/4 power, can be computed by taking the square root of the square root and we will use this fact to write the fourth root function below."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Maybe the functions "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="avg"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="root4"/>
<ITEXT CH=" seem too redundant to you, and you would prefer to always write "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="(x+y)/2"/>
<ITEXT CH=" instead of "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="avg(x,y)"/>
<ITEXT CH=". This is a quite valid feeling for such short functions, but as you build more complex programs you will have longer pieces of code that would be cumbersome to repeat every time. Functions let you have a shorthand notation, so you do not need to make such repetitions."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="building_block" FSHADE="100" CH="Functions that do not return values"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="Functions can also be used to change something in the environment of the device instead of being used as advanced calculators. Such functions do not return a value and don’t need a variable to store their output. One example is the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="delay"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function that pauses the computer for the length of time specified by the input variable. In the following example, calling the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="delay"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function will pause the program for 1000 milliseconds (which equals one second) before executing the next line:"/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="While this built-in function is nice, what if we want to specify the delay in seconds instead of milliseconds? When writing our own functions that do not have a return value, we specify the type of data that the function will be returning as "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="void"/>
<ITEXT CH=". This denotes that the returned value is empty or "void". Our new function takes the number of seconds as its input, calculates the number of milliseconds corresponding to the provided number of seconds and then uses the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="delay"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function to pause the program for that length of time. We do not need to use the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="return"/>
<ITEXT CH=" keyword because our function doesn’t return a value."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT FCOLOR="building_block" FSHADE="100" CH="Putting it all together"/>
<para PARENT="Headers"/>
<ITEXT CH="After we have created all the variables and functions we need for our code to do what we want it to do, we need to actually start the program. To do this, the program needs to know what function to run first. In different languages this is done differently. In our particular case, we do it by defining two special functions: "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" and "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=". Our computer is instructed to run these functions first. It finds the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="setup"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function and runs it before anything else. Usually this function is used to "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="set up"/>
<ITEXT CH=" any settings we need in advance. Then the computer repeatedly runs the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function, which is named this way because it "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="runs in a loop"/>
<ITEXT CH=" (or repeats itself)."/>
<para PARENT="Main Text"/>
<ITEXT CH="Let’s look at a large example that includes all these features found at "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Examples "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" SpinWearables "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Paper_Guide "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" FONT="Code2000 Regular" CH="→"/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH=" Counter"/>
<ITEXT CH=". It will use the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="code" CH="Serial.println()"/>
<ITEXT CH=" function introduced in the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="Chapter_names" CH="Arduino 101"/>
<ITEXT CH=" chapter in order to send messages to the computer. Use the "/>
<ITEXT CPARENT="bold" CH="Serial Monitor"/>
<ITEXT CH=" tool in the Arduino software in order to see these messages being sent back over the USB cable ("/>