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JUnitHttpProxy.http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FC%2B%2B_%28programming_language%29.tmp
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">C++</span></h1>
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<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technical#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:technical">technical</a> for most readers to understand</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B&action=edit">improve</a> this article to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:C%2B%2B" title="Talk:C++">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <small><i>(July 2013)</i></small> </span></td>
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<table class="infobox vevent" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing:3px;width:22em;">
<caption class="summary">C++</caption>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm(s)</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" title="Multi-paradigm programming language" class="mw-redirect">Multi-paradigm</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-stroustruptcpppl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroustruptcpppl-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Appeared in</th>
<td>1983</td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Designed by</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th>
<td>ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (2011)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Static_type" title="Static type" class="mw-redirect">Static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative_type_system" title="Nominative type system">Nominative</a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Major implementations</a></th>
<td><span class="nowraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">LLVM Clang</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++" class="mw-redirect">Microsoft Visual C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comeau_C/C%2B%2B" title="Comeau C/C++">Comeau C/C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio_(software)" title="Sun Studio (software)" class="mw-redirect">Sun Studio</a></span></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th>
<td><span class="nowraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">Embedded C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Managed_C%2B%2B" title="Managed C++" class="mw-redirect">Managed C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX">C++/CX</a></span></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Influenced</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/LPC_(programming_language)" title="LPC (programming language)">LPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pike_(programming_language)" title="Pike (programming language)">Pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-influenceSharp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influenceSharp-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_(programming_language)" title="Falcon (programming language)">Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Implementation language</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, C++</td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform (multi-platform)</a></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Usual <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extensions</a></th>
<td>.h .hh .hpp .hxx <span class="nowrap">.h++</span> .cc .cpp .cxx <span class="nowrap">.c++</span></td>
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<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Website</th>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isocpp.org/">News, status & discussion about Standard C++</a></td>
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<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" /> <a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:C++ Programming">C++ Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li>
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<p><b>C++</b> (pronounced "see plus plus") is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that is general purpose, <a href="/wiki/Statically_typed" title="Statically typed" class="mw-redirect">statically typed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-form_language" title="Free-form language">free-form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" title="Multi-paradigm programming language" class="mw-redirect">multi-paradigm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">low-level</a> language features.<sup id="cite_ref-shildt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shildt-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Developed by <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> starting in 1979 at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, C++ was originally named <b>C with Classes</b>, adding <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object oriented</a> features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>. The language was renamed C++ in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-invention_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invention-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> as a pun involving the <a href="/wiki/Increment_operator" title="Increment operator" class="mw-redirect">increment operator</a>.</p>
<p>C++ is one of the most popular programming languages<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as <a href="/wiki/Video_games" title="Video games" class="mw-redirect">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-applications_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-applications-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> software, including the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">LLVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++" class="mw-redirect">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel</a>. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a><sup id="cite_ref-influenceSharp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influenceSharp-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.</p>
<p>C++ is also used for <a href="/wiki/Hardware_design" title="Hardware design" class="mw-redirect">hardware design</a>, where the design is initially described in C++, then analyzed, architecturally constrained, and scheduled to create a <a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">register-transfer level</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> via <a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">high-level synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The language began as enhancements to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, first adding <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" title="Class (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">classes</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Virtual_functions" title="Virtual functions" class="mw-redirect">virtual functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template_(programming)" title="Template (programming)" class="mw-redirect">templates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, among other features. After years of development, the C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as <i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14882" title="ISO/IEC 14882" class="mw-redirect">ISO/IEC 14882</a>:1998</i>. The standard was amended by the 2003 technical <a href="/wiki/Corrigendum" title="Corrigendum" class="mw-redirect">corrigendum</a>, <i>ISO/IEC 14882:2003</i>. The current standard extending C++ with new features was ratified and published by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> in September 2011 as <i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14882" title="ISO/IEC 14882" class="mw-redirect">ISO/IEC 14882</a>:2011</i> (informally known as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div class="toclimit-3">
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Standardization"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Standardization</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Operators_and_operator_overloading"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Operators and operator overloading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Memory_management"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Memory management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Templates"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Templates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Objects"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Objects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Encapsulation"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Encapsulation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Inheritance"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inheritance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Polymorphism"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Polymorphism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Static_polymorphism"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Static polymorphism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Dynamic_polymorphism"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dynamic polymorphism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Inheritance_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inheritance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Virtual_member_functions"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Virtual member functions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Standard_library"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Standard library</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Parsing_and_processing_C.2B.2B_source_code"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Parsing and processing C++ source code</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Compatibility"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Compatibility</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Exported_templates"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Exported templates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#With_C"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">With C</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BjarneStroustrup.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg/220px-BjarneStroustrup.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg/330px-BjarneStroustrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/BjarneStroustrup.jpg 2x" /></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a>, creator of C++</div>
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<p>Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish and British trained computer scientist, began his work on "C with Classes" in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-invention_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invention-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. When Stroustrup started working in <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labs" title="AT&T Bell Labs" class="mw-redirect">AT&T Bell Labs</a>, he had the problem of analyzing the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" title="Kernel (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">kernel</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>. Remembering his Ph.D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> language with <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>-like features.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable and widely used. Besides C and Simula, some other languages that inspired him were <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a> and <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>. At first, the class, derived class, <a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" title="Strong typing" class="mw-redirect">strong typing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inlining" title="Inlining" class="mw-redirect">inlining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Default_argument" title="Default argument">default argument</a> features were added to C via Stroustrup's "C with Classes" to C compiler, Cpre.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1983, the name of the language was changed from <i>C with Classes</i> to C++ (++ being the <a href="/wiki/Increment_operator" title="Increment operator" class="mw-redirect">increment operator</a> in C). New features were added including <a href="/wiki/Virtual_function" title="Virtual function">virtual functions</a>, function name and <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, references, constants, user-controlled free-store memory control, improved type checking, and BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes (<code>//</code>), as well as the development of a proper compiler for C++, <a href="/wiki/Cfront" title="Cfront">Cfront</a>. In 1985, the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language" title="The C++ Programming Language">The C++ Programming Language</a></i> was released, providing an important reference to the language, as there was not yet an official standard.<sup id="cite_ref-1st-edition_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1st-edition-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Release 2.0 of C++ came in 1989 and the updated second edition of <i>The C++ Programming Language</i> was released in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-2nd-edition_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nd-edition-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> New features included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, <a href="/wiki/Const_correctness" title="Const correctness" class="mw-redirect">const member functions</a>, and protected members. In 1990, <i>The Annotated C++ Reference Manual</i> was published. This work became the basis for the future standard. Late feature additions included <a href="/wiki/Template_(programming)" title="Template (programming)" class="mw-redirect">templates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namespaces" title="Namespaces" class="mw-redirect">namespaces</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Cast_(computer_science)" title="Cast (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">casts</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Boolean_datatype" title="Boolean datatype" class="mw-redirect">Boolean type</a>.</p>
<p>As the C++ language evolved, the standard library evolved with it. The first addition to the C++ standard library was the <a href="/wiki/Iostream" title="Iostream" class="mw-redirect">stream I/O library</a> which provided facilities to replace the traditional C functions such as <a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf" class="mw-redirect">printf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scanf" title="Scanf" class="mw-redirect">scanf</a>. Later, among the most significant additions to the standard library, was a large amount of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</a>.</p>
<p>It is possible to write object oriented or procedural code in the same program in C++. This has caused some concern that some C++ programmers are still writing procedural code, but are under the impression that it is object oriented, simply because they are using C++. Often it is an amalgamation of the two. This usually causes most problems when the code is revisited or the task is taken over by another coder.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>C++ continues to be used and is one of the preferred programming languages to develop professional applications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h3>
<p>According to Stroustrup: "the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C".<sup id="cite_ref-name_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> During C++'s development period, the language had been referred to as "new C", then "C with Classes". The final name is credited to <a href="/wiki/Rick_Mascitti" title="Rick Mascitti">Rick Mascitti</a> (mid-1983) and was first used in December 1983. When Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> spirit. It stems from C's "++" <a href="/wiki/Operator_(programming)" title="Operator (programming)" class="mw-redirect">operator</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Increment_and_decrement_operators" title="Increment and decrement operators">increments</a> the <a href="/wiki/Value_(computer_science)" title="Value (computer science)">value</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" title="Variable (programming)" class="mw-redirect">variable</a>) and a common <a href="/wiki/Naming_convention" title="Naming convention">naming convention</a> of using "+" to indicate an enhanced computer program. A joke goes that the name itself has a bug: due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Post-increment" title="Post-increment" class="mw-redirect"><i>post</i>-increment</a>, which increments the value of the variable but evaluates to the unincremented value, C++ is no better than C, and the pre-increment ++C form should have been used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> There is no language called "C plus". <a href="/wiki/ABCL/c%2B" title="ABCL/c+" class="mw-redirect">ABCL/c+</a> was the name of an earlier, unrelated programming language. A few other languages have been named similarly to C++, most notably <a href="/wiki/C--" title="C--">C--</a> and C#.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h3>
<p>Throughout C++'s life, its development and evolution has been informally governed by a set of rules that its evolution should follow:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li>It must be driven by actual problems and its features should be useful immediately in real world programmes.</li>
<li>Every feature should be implementable (with a reasonably obvious way to do so).</li>
<li>Programmers should be free to pick their own programming style, and that style should be fully supported by C++.</li>
<li>Allowing a useful feature is more important than preventing every possible misuse of C++.</li>
<li>It should provide facilities for organising programmes into well defined separate parts, and provide facilities for combining separately developed parts.</li>
<li>No implicit violations of the <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> (but allow explicit violations that have been explicitly asked for by the programmer).</li>
<li>Make user created types have equal support and performance to built in types.</li>
<li>Any features that you do not use you do not pay for (e.g. in performance).</li>
<li>There should be no language beneath C++ (except <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>).</li>
<li>C++ should work alongside other pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, rather than being part of its own separate and incompatible <a href="/wiki/Programming_environment" title="Programming environment" class="mw-redirect">programming environment</a>.</li>
<li>If what the programmer wants to do is unknown, allow the programmer to specify (provide manual control).</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Standardization">Standardization</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>C++ Standard</th>
<th>Informal name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>1998</th>
<td>ISO/IEC 14882:1998<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>C++98</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2003</th>
<td>ISO/IEC 14882:2003<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2007</th>
<td>ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Technical_Report_1" title="C++ Technical Report 1">C++TR1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2011</th>
<td>ISO/IEC 14882:2011<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In 1998, the C++ standards committee (the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> <a href="/wiki/SC22" title="SC22" class="mw-redirect">JTC1/SC22/WG21</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a>) standardized C++ and published the international standard <i>ISO/IEC 14882:1998</i> (informally known as <i>C++98</i>). For some years after the official release of the standard, the committee processed defect reports, and in 2003 published a corrected version of the C++ standard, <i>ISO/IEC 14882:2003</i>. In 2005, a technical report, called the "<a href="/wiki/Technical_Report_1" title="Technical Report 1" class="mw-redirect">Library Technical Report 1</a>" (often known as TR1 for short), was released. While not an official part of the standard, it specified a number of extensions to the standard library, which were expected to be included in the next version of C++.</p>
<p>The latest major revision of the C++ standard, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B0x" title="C++0x" class="mw-redirect">C++0x</a>) was approved by ISO/IEC on 12 August 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-0xapprove_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0xapprove-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> It has been published as 14882:2011.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> There are plans for a minor (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>) and a major revision (C++17) in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a> is the name being used for the next revision. C++14 is planned to be a small extension over C++11, featuring mainly bug fixes and small improvements, similarly to how C++03 was a small extension to C++98. While the name 'C++14' implies a release in 2014, this date is not fixed.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h2>
<p>C++ inherits most of <a href="/wiki/C_syntax" title="C syntax">C's syntax</a>. The following is Bjarne Stroustrup's version of the <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a> that uses the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a> stream facility to write a message to <a href="/wiki/Standard_output#Standard_output_.28stdout.29" title="Standard output" class="mw-redirect">standard output</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr">
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="co2"># include <iostream></span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="kw3">cout</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Hello, world!<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Within functions that define a non-void return type, failure to return a value before control reaches the end of the function results in <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behaviour" title="Undefined behaviour" class="mw-redirect">undefined behaviour</a> (compilers typically provide the means to issue a diagnostic in such a case).<sup id="cite_ref-C.2B.2B03_6.6.3.2F2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.2B.2B03_6.6.3.2F2-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The sole exception to this rule is the <code>main</code> function, which implicitly returns a value of zero.<sup id="cite_ref-C.2B.2B03_3.6.1.2F5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.2B.2B03_3.6.1.2F5-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operators_and_operator_overloading">Operators and operator overloading</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right">
<caption>Operators that cannot be overloaded</caption>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">Operator</th>
<th style="width: 9em">Symbol</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">Scope resolution operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> <span class="sy0">::</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">Conditional operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> <span class="sy0">?:</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">dot operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> .</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">Member selection operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> .<span class="sy0">*</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">"sizeof" operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center">"typeid" operator</th>
<td><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"> typeid</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>C++ provides more than <a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">35 operators</a>, covering basic arithmetic, bit manipulation, indirection, comparisons, logical operations and others. Almost all operators can be <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded</a> for user-defined types, with a few notable exceptions such as member access (<code>.</code> and <code>.*</code>) as well as the conditional operator. The rich set of overloadable operators is central to using user created types in C++ as well and as easily as built in types (so that the user using them cannot tell the difference). The overloadable operators are also an essential part of many advanced C++ programming techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_pointer" title="Smart pointer">smart pointers</a>. Overloading an operator does not change the precedence of calculations involving the operator, nor does it change the number of operands that the operator uses (any operand may however be ignored by the operator, though it will be evaluated prior to execution). Overloaded "<code>&&</code>" and "<code>||</code>" operators lose their <a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation" title="Short-circuit evaluation">short-circuit evaluation</a> property.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memory_management">Memory management</span></h3>
<p>C++ supports four types of <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Static_memory_allocation" title="Static memory allocation">Static memory allocation</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Static_variable" title="Static variable">static variable</a> is assigned a value at compile-time, and allocated storage in a fixed location along with the executable code. These are declared with the "static" keyword (in the sense of static storage, not in the sense of declaring a <a href="/wiki/Class_variable" title="Class variable">class variable</a>).</li>
<li>Automatic memory allocation. An <a href="/wiki/Automatic_variable" title="Automatic variable">automatic variable</a> is simply declared with its class name, and storage is <a href="/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation" title="Stack-based memory allocation">allocated on the stack</a> when the value is assigned. The constructor is called when the declaration is executed, the destructor is called when the variable goes out of scope, and after the destructor the allocated memory is automatically freed.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">Dynamic memory allocation</a>. Storage can be dynamically allocated on the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation" title="Dynamic memory allocation" class="mw-redirect">heap</a> using <a href="/wiki/Manual_memory_management" title="Manual memory management">manual memory management</a> - normally calls to <a href="/wiki/New_(C%2B%2B)" title="New (C++)">new</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="Delete (C++)">delete</a> (though old-style C calls such as malloc() and free() are still supported).</li>
<li>With the use of a library, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> is possible. The <a href="/wiki/Boehm_garbage_collector" title="Boehm garbage collector">Boehm garbage collector</a> is commonly used for this purpose.</li>
</ul>
<p>The fine control over memory management is similar to C, but in contrast with languages that intend to hide such details from the programmer, such as Java, Perl, PHP, and Ruby.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Templates">Templates</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template metaprogramming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic programming</a></div>
<p>C++ templates enable <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>. C++ supports both function and class templates. Templates may be parameterized by types, compile-time constants, and other templates. Templates are implemented by <i>instantiation</i> at compile-time. To instantiate a template, compilers substitute specific arguments for a template's parameters to generate a concrete function or class instance. Some substitutions are not possible; these are eliminated by an overload resolution policy described by the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Substitution_failure_is_not_an_error" title="Substitution failure is not an error">Substitution failure is not an error</a>" (SFINAE). Templates are a powerful tool that can be used for <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a>, and code optimization, but this power implies a cost. Template use may increase code size, because each template instantiation produces a copy of the template code: one for each set of template arguments, however, this is the same amount of code that would be generated, or less, that if the code was written by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to run-time generics seen in other languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java" title="Generics in Java">Java</a>) where at compile-time the type is erased and a single template body is preserved.</p>
<p>Templates are different from macros: while both of these compile-time language features enable conditional compilation, templates are not restricted to lexical substitution. Templates are aware of the semantics and type system of their companion language, as well as all compile-time type definitions, and can perform high-level operations including programmatic flow control based on evaluation of strictly type-checked parameters. Macros are capable of conditional control over compilation based on predetermined criteria, but cannot instantiate new types, recurse, or perform type evaluation and in effect are limited to pre-compilation text-substitution and text-inclusion/exclusion. In other words, macros can control compilation flow based on pre-defined symbols but cannot, unlike templates, independently instantiate new symbols. Templates are a tool for static <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programming" title="Polymorphism in object-oriented programming" class="mw-redirect">polymorphism</a> (see below) and <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>.</p>
<p>In addition, templates are a compile time mechanism in C++ that is <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" title="Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect">Turing-complete</a>, meaning that any computation expressible by a computer program can be computed, in some form, by a <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogram</a> prior to runtime.</p>
<p>In summary, a template is a compile-time parameterized function or class written without knowledge of the specific arguments used to instantiate it. After instantiation, the resulting code is equivalent to code written specifically for the passed arguments. In this manner, templates provide a way to decouple generic, broadly applicable aspects of functions and classes (encoded in templates) from specific aspects (encoded in template parameters) without sacrificing performance due to abstraction.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Objects">Objects</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_classes" title="C++ classes">C++ classes</a></div>
<p>C++ introduces <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) features to C. It offers <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" title="Class (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">classes</a>, which provide the four features commonly present in OOP (and some non-OOP) languages: <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">encapsulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a>. One distinguishing feature of C++ classes compared to classes in other programming languages is support for deterministic <a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_science)" title="Destructor (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">destructors</a>, which in turn provide support for the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_is_Initialization" title="Resource Acquisition is Initialization" class="mw-redirect">Resource Acquisition is Initialization</a> (RAII) concept.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Encapsulation">Encapsulation</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">Encapsulation</a> is the hiding of information to ensure that data structures and operators are used as intended and to make the usage model more obvious to the developer. C++ provides the ability to define classes and functions as its primary encapsulation mechanisms. Within a class, members can be declared as either public, protected, or private to explicitly enforce encapsulation. A public member of the class is accessible to any function. A private member is accessible only to functions that are members of that class and to functions and classes explicitly granted access permission by the class ("friends"). A protected member is accessible to members of classes that inherit from the class in addition to the class itself and any friends.</p>
<p>The OO principle is that all of the functions (and only the functions) that access the internal representation of a type should be encapsulated within the type definition. C++ supports this (via member functions and friend functions), but does not enforce it: the programmer can declare parts or all of the representation of a type to be public, and is allowed to make public entities that are not part of the representation of the type. Therefore, C++ supports not just OO programming, but other weaker decomposition paradigms, like <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" title="Modularity (programming)" class="mw-redirect">modular programming</a>.</p>
<p>It is generally considered good practice to make all <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> private or protected, and to make public only those functions that are part of a minimal interface for users of the class. This can hide the details of data implementation, allowing the designer to later fundamentally change the implementation without changing the interface in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-cppcs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cppcs-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-industrialcpp_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industrialcpp-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Inheritance">Inheritance</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(computer_science)" title="Inheritance (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">Inheritance</a> allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a <a href="/wiki/Base_class" title="Base class" class="mw-redirect">base class</a> may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inheritance corresponds to what is usually meant by "inheritance". The other two forms are much less frequently used. If the access specifier is omitted, a "class" inherits privately, while a "struct" inherits publicly. Base classes may be declared as virtual; this is called <a href="/wiki/Virtual_inheritance" title="Virtual inheritance">virtual inheritance</a>. Virtual inheritance ensures that only one instance of a base class exists in the inheritance graph, avoiding some of the ambiguity problems of multiple inheritance.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">Multiple inheritance</a> is a C++ feature not found in most other languages, allowing a class to be derived from more than one base classes; this allows for more elaborate inheritance relationships. For example, a "Flying Cat" class can inherit from both "Cat" and "Flying Mammal". Some other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, accomplish something similar (although more limited) by allowing inheritance of multiple <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)" title="Interface (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">interfaces</a> while restricting the number of base classes to one (interfaces, unlike classes, provide only declarations of member functions, no implementation or member data). An interface as in C# and Java can be defined in C++ as a class containing only pure virtual functions, often known as an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_base_class" title="Abstract base class" class="mw-redirect">abstract base class</a> or "ABC". The member functions of such an abstract base class are normally explicitly defined in the derived class, not inherited implicitly. C++ virtual inheritance exhibits an ambiguity resolution feature called <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(C%2B%2B)" title="Dominance (C++)">dominance</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programming" title="Polymorphism in object-oriented programming" class="mw-redirect">Polymorphism in object-oriented programming</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Type_polymorphism" title="Type polymorphism" class="mw-redirect">Polymorphism</a> enables one common interface for many implementations, and for objects to act differently under different circumstances.</p>
<p>C++ supports several kinds of <i>static</i> (<a href="/wiki/Compile-time" title="Compile-time" class="mw-redirect">compile-time</a>) and <i>dynamic</i> (<a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run-time</a>) <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphisms</a>. Compile-time polymorphism does not allow for certain run-time decisions, while run-time polymorphism typically incurs a performance penalty.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Static_polymorphism">Static polymorphism</span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">Function overloading</a> allows programs to declare multiple functions having the same name (but with different arguments). The functions are distinguished by the number or types of their <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" title="Parameter (computer science)" class="mw-redirect">formal parameters</a>. Thus, the same function name can refer to different functions depending on the context in which it is used. The type returned by the function is not used to distinguish overloaded functions and would result in a compile-time error message.</p>
<p>When declaring a function, a programmer can specify for one or more parameters a <a href="/wiki/Default_arguments" title="Default arguments" class="mw-redirect">default value</a>. Doing so allows the parameters with defaults to optionally be omitted when the function is called, in which case the default arguments will be used. When a function is called with fewer arguments than there are declared parameters, explicit arguments are matched to parameters in left-to-right order, with any unmatched parameters at the end of the parameter list being assigned their default arguments. In many cases, specifying default arguments in a single function declaration is preferable to providing overloaded function definitions with different numbers of parameters.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Templates" title="Generic programming">Templates</a> in C++ provide a sophisticated mechanism for writing generic, polymorphic code. In particular, through the <a href="/wiki/Curiously_Recurring_Template_Pattern" title="Curiously Recurring Template Pattern" class="mw-redirect">Curiously Recurring Template Pattern</a>, it's possible to implement a form of static polymorphism that closely mimics the syntax for overriding virtual functions. Because C++ templates are type-aware and <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" title="Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect">Turing-complete</a>, they can also be used to let the compiler resolve recursive conditionals and generate substantial programs through <a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a>. Contrary to some opinion, template code will not generate a bulk code after compilation with the proper compiler settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dynamic_polymorphism">Dynamic polymorphism</span></h4>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Inheritance_2">Inheritance</span></h5>
<p>Variable pointers (and references) to a base class type in C++ can refer to objects of any derived classes of that type in addition to objects exactly matching the variable type. This allows arrays and other kinds of containers to hold pointers to objects of differing types. Because assignment of values to variables usually occurs at run-time, this is necessarily a run-time phenomenon.</p>
<p>C++ also provides a <code>dynamic_cast</code> operator, which allows the program to safely attempt conversion of an object into an object of a more specific object type (as opposed to conversion to a more general type, which is always allowed). This feature relies on <a href="/wiki/Run-time_type_information" title="Run-time type information">run-time type information</a> (RTTI). Objects known to be of a certain specific type can also be cast to that type with <code>static_cast</code>, a purely compile-time construct that has no runtime overhead and does not require RTTI.</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Virtual_member_functions">Virtual member functions</span></h5>
<p>Ordinarily, when a function in a derived class <a href="/wiki/Method_overriding_(programming)" title="Method overriding (programming)" class="mw-redirect">overrides</a> a function in a base class, the function to call is determined by the type of the object. A given function is overridden when there exists no difference in the number or type of parameters between two or more definitions of that function. Hence, at compile time, it may not be possible to determine the type of the object and therefore the correct function to call, given only a base class pointer; the decision is therefore put off until runtime. This is called <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch">dynamic dispatch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_functions" title="Virtual functions" class="mw-redirect">Virtual member functions</a> or <i>methods</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> allow the most specific implementation of the function to be called, according to the actual run-time type of the object. In C++ implementations, this is commonly done using <a href="/wiki/Virtual_function_table" title="Virtual function table" class="mw-redirect">virtual function tables</a>. If the object type is known, this may be bypassed by prepending a <a href="/wiki/Fully_qualified_name" title="Fully qualified name">fully qualified class name</a> before the function call, but in general calls to virtual functions are resolved at run time.</p>
<p>In addition to standard member functions, operator overloads and destructors can be virtual. A general rule of thumb is that if any functions in the class are virtual, the destructor should be as well. As the type of an object at its creation is known at compile time, constructors, and by extension copy constructors, cannot be virtual. Nonetheless a situation may arise where a copy of an object needs to be created when a pointer to a derived object is passed as a pointer to a base object. In such a case, a common solution is to create a <code>clone()</code> (or similar) virtual function that creates and returns a copy of the derived class when called.</p>
<p>A member function can also be made "pure virtual" by appending it with <code>= 0</code> after the closing parenthesis and before the semicolon. A class containing a pure virtual function is called an <i>abstract data type</i>. Objects cannot be created from abstract data types; they can only be derived from. Any derived class inherits the virtual function as pure and must provide a non-pure definition of it (and all other pure virtual functions) before objects of the derived class can be created. A program that attempts to create an object of a class with a pure virtual member function or inherited pure virtual member function is ill-formed.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_library">Standard library</span></h2>
<p>The C++ <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a> consists of two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Core_language" title="Core language">core language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a>; which C++ programmers expect on every major implementation of C++, it includes <a href="/wiki/Sequence_container_(C%2B%2B)#Vector" title="Sequence container (C++)">vectors</a>, lists, maps, <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> (find, for_each, binary_search, random_shuffle, etc.), sets, queues, stacks, arrays, tuples, input/output facilities (<a href="/wiki/Iostream" title="Iostream" class="mw-redirect">iostream</a>; reading from the console input, reading/writing from files), <a href="/wiki/Smart_pointers" title="Smart pointers" class="mw-redirect">smart pointers</a> for automatic memory management, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(software)" title="Multithreading (software)" class="mw-redirect">multi-threading</a> library, atomics support (allowing a variable to be read or written to be at most one thread at a time without any external synchronisation), time utilities (measurement, getting current time, etc.), a system for converting error reporting that doesn't use C++ <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a> into C++ <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exceptions</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator" title="Random number generator" class="mw-redirect">random number generator</a> and a slightly modified version of the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> (to make it comply with the C++ type system).</p>
<p>A large part of the C++ library is based on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">STL</a>. This provides useful tools as <a href="/wiki/Container_(data_structure)" title="Container (data structure)" class="mw-redirect">containers</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" title="Array data structure">vectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">lists</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a> to provide these containers with array-like access and <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to perform operations such as searching and sorting. Furthermore (multi)maps (<a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a>) and (multi)sets are provided, all of which export compatible interfaces. Therefore it is possible, using templates, to write generic algorithms that work with any container or on any sequence defined by iterators. As in C, the <a href="/wiki/Feature_(software_design)" title="Feature (software design)" class="mw-redirect">features</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> are accessed by using the <code>#include</code> <a href="/wiki/Directive_(programming)" title="Directive (programming)">directive</a> to include a <a href="/wiki/Standard_header" title="Standard header" class="mw-redirect">standard header</a>. C++ provides 105 <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_standard_library#Standard_headers" title="C++ standard library" class="mw-redirect">standard headers</a>, of which 27 are deprecated.</p>
<p>The standard incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">STL</a> was originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanov" title="Alexander Stepanov">Alexander Stepanov</a>, who experimented with generic algorithms and containers for many years. When he started with C++, he finally found a language where it was possible to create generic algorithms (e.g., STL sort) that perform even better than, for example, the C standard library qsort, thanks to C++ features like using inlining and compile-time binding instead of function pointers. The standard does not refer to it as "STL", as it is merely a part of the standard library, but the term is still widely used to distinguish it from the rest of the standard library (input/output streams, internationalization, diagnostics, the C library subset, etc.).</p>
<p>Most C++ compilers, and all major ones, provide a standards conforming implementation of the C++ standard library.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Parsing_and_processing_C.2B.2B_source_code">Parsing and processing C++ source code</span></h2>
<p>It is relatively difficult to write a good C++ <a href="/wiki/Parser" title="Parser" class="mw-redirect">parser</a> with classic parsing algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/LALR_parser" title="LALR parser">LALR(1)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> This is partly the result of the C++ grammar not being LALR. Because of this, there are very few tools for analyzing or performing non-trivial transformations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Refactoring" title="Refactoring" class="mw-redirect">refactoring</a>) of existing code. One way to handle this difficulty is to choose a different syntax. More powerful parsers, such as <a href="/wiki/GLR_parser" title="GLR parser">GLR parsers</a>, can be substantially simpler (though slower).</p>
<p>Parsing (in the literal sense of producing a syntax tree) is not the most difficult problem in building a C++ processing tool. Such tools must also have the same understanding of the meaning of the identifiers in the program as a compiler might have. Practical systems for processing C++ must then not only parse the source text, but be able to resolve for each identifier precisely which definition applies (e.g., they must correctly handle C++'s complex scoping rules) and what its type is, as well as the types of larger expressions.</p>
<p>Finally, a practical C++ processing tool must be able to handle the variety of C++ dialects used in practice (such as that supported by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> and that of Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a>) and implement appropriate analyzers, source code transformers, and regenerate source text. Combining advanced parsing algorithms such as GLR with <a href="/wiki/Symbol_table" title="Symbol table">symbol table</a> construction and <a href="/wiki/Program_transformation" title="Program transformation">program transformation</a> machinery can enable the construction of arbitrary C++ tools.</p>
<p>Parsers do exist in all major compilers. Despite that only one compiler provides the parser in a format suitable for tool integration, <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> the parser is usable as a C++ (or C) library which is ready for integration into, i.e. an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Development_Environment" title="Integrated Development Environment" class="mw-redirect">IDE</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Compatibility">Compatibility</span></h2>
<p>Producing a reasonably standards-compliant C++ compiler has proven to be a difficult task for compiler vendors in general. For many years, different C++ compilers implemented the C++ language to different levels of compliance to the standard, and their implementations varied widely in some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Partial_template_specialization" title="Partial template specialization">partial template specialization</a>. Recent releases of most popular C++ compilers support almost all of the C++ 1998 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>To give compiler vendors greater freedom, the C++ standards committee decided not to dictate the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Name_mangling" title="Name mangling">name mangling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, and other implementation-specific features. The downside of this decision is that <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> produced by different <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> is expected to be incompatible. There were, however, attempts to standardize compilers for particular machines or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (for example C++ ABI),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> though they seem to be largely abandoned now.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exported_templates">Exported templates</span></h3>
<p>One particular point of contention is the <code>export</code> keyword, intended to allow template definitions to be separated from their declarations. The first widely available compiler to implement <code>export</code> was <a href="/wiki/Comeau_C/C%2B%2B" title="Comeau C/C++">Comeau C/C++</a>, in early 2003 (five years after the release of the standard); in 2004, the beta compiler of <a href="/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B_Builder_X" title="Borland C++ Builder X" class="mw-redirect">Borland C++ Builder X</a> was also released with <code>export</code>. Both of these compilers are based on the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Design_Group" title="Edison Design Group">EDG</a> C++ front end. Other compilers such as <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> do not support it at all. <i><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590592274" title="Special:BookSources/9781590592274">Beginning ANSI C++</a></i> by Ivor Horton provides example code with the keyword that will not compile in most compilers, without reference to this problem. <a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Herb Sutter</a>, former convener of the C++ standards committee, recommended that <code>export</code> be removed from future versions of the C++ standard.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> During the March 2010 ISO C++ standards meeting, the C++ standards committee voted to remove exported templates entirely from C++11, but reserve the keyword for future use.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="With_C">With C</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">For more details on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a>.</div>
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<div style="width: 52px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome_globe_current_event.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gnome globe current event.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gnome_globe_current_event.svg/42px-Gnome_globe_current_event.svg.png" width="42" height="42" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gnome_globe_current_event.svg/63px-Gnome_globe_current_event.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gnome_globe_current_event.svg/84px-Gnome_globe_current_event.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <small><i>(September 2011)</i></small> </span></td>
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<p>C++ is often considered to be a superset of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, but this is not strictly true.<sup id="cite_ref-superset_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-superset-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Most C code can easily be made to compile correctly in C++, but there are a few differences that cause some valid C code to be invalid or behave differently in C++.</p>
<p>One commonly encountered difference is that C allows implicit conversion from <code>void*</code> to other pointer types, but C++ does not (for type safety reasons). Another common portability issue is that C++ defines many new keywords, such as <code>new</code> and <code>class</code>, which may be used as identifiers (e.g. variable names) in a C program.</p>
<p>Some incompatibilities have been removed by the 1999 revision of the C standard (<a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a>), which now supports C++ features such as line comments (<code>//</code>), and declarations mixed with code. On the other hand, C99 introduced a number of new features that C++ did not support, were incompatible or redundant in C++, such as <a href="/wiki/Variable-length_array" title="Variable-length array">variable-length arrays</a>, native complex-number types (use std::complex class that is, and was also there before C99 existed, in the C++ standard library), designated initializers (use constructors instead), <a href="/wiki/C_syntax#Compound_literals" title="C syntax">compound literals</a>, the boolean typedef (in C++ it is a fundamental type) and the <code>restrict</code> keyword.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Some of the C99-introduced features were included in the subsequent version of the C++ standard, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li>C99 preprocessor (including <a href="/wiki/Variadic_macro" title="Variadic macro">variadic macros</a>, wide/narrow literal concatenation, wider integer arithmetic)</li>
<li><code>_Pragma()</code></li>
<li><code>long long</code></li>
<li><code>__func__</code></li>
<li>Headers:
<ul>
<li><code>cstdbool</code> (<code>stdbool.h</code>)</li>
<li><code>cstdint</code> (<code>stdint.h</code>)</li>
<li><code>cinttypes</code> (<code>inttypes.h</code>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>To intermix C and C++ code, any function declaration or definition that is to be called from/used both in C and C++ must be declared with C linkage by placing it within an <code>extern "C" {/*...*/}</code> block. Such a function may not rely on features depending on name mangling (i.e., function overloading).</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;">
<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px;">
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:8bit-dynamiclist.gif" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/8bit-dynamiclist.gif/28px-8bit-dynamiclist.gif" width="28" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/8bit-dynamiclist.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/8bit-dynamiclist.gif 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language" title="The C++ Programming Language">The C++ Programming Language</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> - Inventor of C++</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_C%2B%2B" title="Outline of C++">Outline of C++</a> (brief overview, compilers, libraries, etc.)
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C%2B%2B_compilers" title="List of C++ compilers" class="mw-redirect">List of C++ compilers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Abrahams_(computer_programmer)" title="David Abrahams (computer programmer)">Abrahams, David</a>; Gurtovoy, Aleksey. <i>C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-22725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-22725-5">0-321-22725-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Abrahams%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gurtovoy%2C+Aleksey&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Template+Metaprogramming%3A+Concepts%2C+Tools%2C+and+Techniques+from+Boost+and+Beyond&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-22725-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Alexandrescu, Andrei (2001). <i>Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70431-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70431-5">0-201-70431-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Alexandrescu%2C+Andrei&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft.aulast=Alexandrescu&rft.btitle=Modern+C%2B%2B+Design%3A+Generic+Programming+and+Design+Patterns+Applied&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70431-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Alexandrescu, Andrei; Sutter, Herb (2004). <i>C++ Design and Coding Standards: Rules and Guidelines for Writing Programs</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-11358-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-11358-6">0-321-11358-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Alexandrescu%2C+Andrei&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft.aulast=Alexandrescu&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Design+and+Coding+Standards%3A+Rules+and+Guidelines+for+Writing+Programs&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-11358-6&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Becker" title="Pete Becker">Becker, Pete</a> (2006). <i>The C++ Standard Library Extensions : A Tutorial and Reference</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-41299-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-41299-0">0-321-41299-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Becker%2C+Pete&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Standard+Library+Extensions+%3A+A+Tutorial+and+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-41299-0&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Brokken, Frank (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/"><i>C++ Annotations</i></a>. University of Groningen. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-367-0470-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-367-0470-7">90-367-0470-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Brokken%2C+Frank&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Brokken&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Annotations&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icce.rug.nl%2Fdocuments%2Fcplusplus%2F&rft.isbn=90-367-0470-7&rft.pub=University+of+Groningen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_O._Coplien" title="James O. Coplien" class="mw-redirect">Coplien, James O.</a> (1992, reprinted with corrections 1994). <i>Advanced C++: Programming Styles and Idioms</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54855-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54855-0">0-201-54855-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Coplien%2C+James+O.&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft.aulast=Coplien&rft.btitle=Advanced+C%2B%2B%3A+Programming+Styles+and+Idioms&rft.date=1992%2C+reprinted+with+corrections+1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-54855-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Dewhurst, Stephen C. (2005). <i>C++ Common Knowledge: Essential Intermediate Programming</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-32192-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-32192-8">0-321-32192-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+Stephen+C.&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft.aulast=Dewhurst&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Common+Knowledge%3A+Essential+Intermediate+Programming&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-32192-8&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communications_Technology_Council" title="Information and Communications Technology Council">Information Technology Industry Council</a> (15 October 2003). <i>Programming languages – C++</i> (Second ed.). Geneva: ISO/IEC. 14882:2003(E).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Information+Technology+Industry+Council&rft.aulast=Information+Technology+Industry+Council&rft.btitle=Programming+languages%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+C%2B%2B&rft.date=15+October+2003&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Josuttis, Nicolai M. (2012). <i>The C++ Standard Library, A Tutorial and Reference</i> (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-62321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-62321-5">0-321-62321-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Nicolai+M.&rft.au=Josuttis%2C+Nicolai+M.&rft.aulast=Josuttis&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Standard+Library%2C+A+Tutorial+and+Reference&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-62321-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(programmer)" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Koenig, Andrew</a>; Moo, Barbara E. (2000). <i>Accelerated C++ – Practical Programming by Example</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70353-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70353-X">0-201-70353-X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Andrew&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.au=Moo%2C+Barbara+E.&rft.btitle=Accelerated+C%2B%2B+%E2%80%93+Practical+Programming+by+Example&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70353-X&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Lippman" title="Stanley B. Lippman">Lippman, Stanley B.</a>; Lajoie, Josée; Moo, Barbara E. (2011). <i>C++ Primer</i> (Fifth ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-93244-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-93244-9">0-470-93244-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft.au=Lajoie%2C+Jos%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.au=Lippman%2C+Stanley+B.&rft.au=Moo%2C+Barbara+E.&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Primer&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-470-93244-9&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Lippman, Stanley B. (1996). <i>Inside the C++ Object Model</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5">0-201-83454-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.au=Lippman%2C+Stanley+B.&rft.btitle=Inside+the+C%2B%2B+Object+Model&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-83454-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Meyers" title="Scott Meyers">Meyers, Scott</a> (2005). <i>Effective C++</i> (Third ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-33487-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-33487-6">0-321-33487-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Scott&rft.btitle=Effective+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=Third&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-33487-6&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (2000). <i>The C++ Programming Language</i> (Special ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5">0-201-70073-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=Special&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70073-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (1994). <i>The Design and Evolution of C++</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54330-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54330-3">0-201-54330-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+Design+and+Evolution+of+C%2B%2B&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-54330-3&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> (2009). <i>Programming Principles and Practice Using C++</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-54372-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-54372-6">0-321-54372-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=Programming+Principles+and+Practice+Using+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-54372-6&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (2001). <i>More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70434-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70434-X">0-201-70434-X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.btitle=More+Exceptional+C%2B%2B%3A+40+New+Engineering+Puzzles%2C+Programming+Problems%2C+and+Solutions&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70434-X&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a> (2004). <i>Exceptional C++ Style</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-76042-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-76042-8">0-201-76042-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.btitle=Exceptional+C%2B%2B+Style&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-76042-8&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Vandevoorde, David; Josuttis, Nicolai M. (2003). <i>C++ Templates: The complete Guide</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-73484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-73484-2">0-201-73484-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Josuttis%2C+Nicolai+M.&rft.aulast=Vandevoorde&rft.au=Vandevoorde%2C+David&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Templates%3A+The+complete+Guide&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-73484-2&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-influenceSharp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-influenceSharp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influenceSharp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Naugler, David (May 2007). "C# 2.0 for C++ and Java programmer: conference workshop". <i>Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges</i> <b>22</b> (5). "Although C# has been strongly influenced by Java it has also been strongly influenced by C++ and is best viewed as a descendant of both C++ and Java."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=C%23+2.0+for+C%2B%2B+and+Java+programmer%3A+conference+workshop&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Naugler&rft.au=Naugler%2C+David&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computing+Sciences+in+Colleges&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=22" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langpop.com/">"Programming Language Popularity"</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 January 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Programming+Language+Popularity&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langpop.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html">"TIOBE Programming Community Index"</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 August 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=TIOBE+Programming+Community+Index&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiobe.com%2Findex.php%2Fcontent%2Fpaperinfo%2Ftpci%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-applications-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-applications_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/applications.html">C++ Applications</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvsdl.com/">"What's CvSDL?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cvsdl.com/">http://www.cvsdl.com/</a>: c<sub>v</sub>sdl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 March 2010</span>. "CvSDL was introduced in 2003 as a C++ class framework with <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> features that worked like a Verilog simulator. Since then it has been revamped to be a standard-compliant <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">HDL</a> simulator, currently supporting Verilog. It is capable of cosimulating with <a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">SystemC</a>. It can be used just as an HDL simulator or to generate executable specifications written in Verilog and SystemC on the hardware side and in C, C++ and SystemC on the software side."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=What%27s+CvSDL%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvsdl.com%2F&rft.place=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvsdl.com%2F&rft.pub=c%3Csub%3Ev%3C%2Fsub%3Esdl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=50372">"ISO/IEC 14882:2011"</a>. ISO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 September 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D50372&rft.pub=ISO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf">http://stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf">Bjarne Stroustrup - HOPL-II paper</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1st-edition-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1st-edition_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/1st.html">"The C++ Programming Language"</a> (First ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.edition=First&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.research.att.com%2F~bs%2F1st.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention">"Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ – When was C++ invented?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 07 June 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+FAQ%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+When+was+C%2B%2B+invented%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fbs_faq.html%23invention&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2nd-edition-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2nd-edition_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Stroustrup, Bjarne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/2nd.html">"The C++ Programming Language"</a> (Second ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 September 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.research.att.com%2F~bs%2F2nd.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bhatti, M. U.; Ducasse, S.; Rashid, A. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scg.unibe.ch/archive/external/Bhat08a-ICPC2008-AspectMining.pdf">"Aspect Mining in Procedural Object Oriented Code"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Program Comprehension</i>: 230–235. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FICPC.2008.45">10.1109/ICPC.2008.45</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=Aspect+Mining+in+Procedural+Object+Oriented+Code&rft.au=Bhatti%2C+M.+U.&rft.au=Ducasse%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=M.+U.&rft.aulast=Bhatti&rft.au=Rashid%2C+A.&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscg.unibe.ch%2Farchive%2Fexternal%2FBhat08a-ICPC2008-AspectMining.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICPC.2008.45&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Program+Comprehension&rft.pages=230%E2%80%93235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langpop.com">"Most Popular Programming Languages"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 September 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Most+Popular+Programming+Languages&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flangpop.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-name-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq.html#name">"Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ – Where did the name "C++" come from?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 January 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+FAQ%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Where+did+the+name+%22C%2B%2B%22+come+from%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.research.att.com%2F~bs%2Fbs_faq.html%23name&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Rishoo Mittal (12/04/2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekscontactee.com/2010/12/bug-in-name-of-c-language.html">"The bug in the name of the C++ language."</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekscontactee.com/">Tech Zombies</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved ~~~~~</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=The+bug+in+the+name+of+the+C%2B%2B+language.&rft.aulast=Rishoo+Mittal&rft.au=Rishoo+Mittal&rft.date=12%2F04%2F2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekscontactee.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fbug-in-name-of-c-language.html&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekscontactee.com%2F+Tech+Zombies%5D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=25845">"ISO/IEC 14882:1998"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D25845&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=38110">"ISO/IEC 14882:2003"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D38110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=43289">"ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+19768%3A2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D43289&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=50372">"ISO/IEC 14882:2011"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fics1%3D35%26ics2%3D60%26ics3%3D%26csnumber%3D50372&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-0xapprove-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0xapprove_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbsutter.com/2011/08/12/we-have-an-international-standard-c0x-is-unanimously-approved/">We have an international standard: C++0x is unanimously approved « Sutter’s Mill</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50372">"ISO/IEC 14882:2011"</a>. ISO. 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 September 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2011&rft.date=2+September+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D50372&rft.pub=ISO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2012/2-005">"The Future of C++"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+C%2B%2B&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel9.msdn.com%2FEvents%2FBuild%2F2012%2F2-005&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2000). <i>The C++ Programming Language</i> (Special ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5">0-201-70073-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=Special&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70073-5&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_issues.html">Open issues for The C++ Programming Language (3rd Edition)</a> – This code is copied directly from Bjarne Stroustrup's errata page (p. 633). He addresses the use of <code>'\n'</code> rather than <code>std::endl</code>. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq2.html#void-main">www.research.att.com</a> for an explanation of the implicit <code>return 0;</code> in the <code>main</code> function. This implicit return is <i>not</i> available in other functions.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-C.2B.2B03_6.6.3.2F2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C.2B.2B03_6.6.3.2F2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14882" title="ISO/IEC 14882" class="mw-redirect">ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E): Programming Languages – C++</a> §6.6.3 The return statement [stmt.return]</i> para. 2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-C.2B.2B03_3.6.1.2F5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C.2B.2B03_3.6.1.2F5_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14882" title="ISO/IEC 14882" class="mw-redirect">ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E): Programming Languages – C++</a> §3.6.1 Main function [basic.start.main]</i> para. 5</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.emptycrate.com/node/307">"Nobody Understands C++: Part 5: Template Code Bloat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://blog.emptycrate.com/">http://blog.emptycrate.com/</a>: EmptyCrate Software. Travel. Stuff. 6 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 March 2010</span>. "On occasion you will read or hear someone talking about C++ templates causing code bloat. I was thinking about it the other day and thought to myself, "self, if the code does exactly the same thing then the compiled code cannot really be any bigger, can it?" [...] And what about compiled code size? Each were compiled with the command g++ <filename>.cpp -O3. Non-template version: 8140 bytes, template version: 8028 bytes!"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Nobody+Understands+C%2B%2B%3A+Part+5%3A+Template+Code+Bloat&rft.date=6+May+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.emptycrate.com%2Fnode%2F307&rft.place=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.emptycrate.com%2F&rft.pub=EmptyCrate+Software.+Travel.+Stuff.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cppcs-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cppcs_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Sutter" title="Herb Sutter">Sutter, Herb</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Alexandrescu" title="Andrei Alexandrescu">Alexandrescu, Andrei</a> (2004). <i>C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines, and Best Practices</i>. Addison-Wesley.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Alexandrescu%2C+Andrei&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+Coding+Standards%3A+101+Rules%2C+Guidelines%2C+and+Best+Practices&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-industrialcpp-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-industrialcpp_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Henricson, Mats; Nyquist, Erik (1997). <i>Industrial Strength C++</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-120965-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-120965-5">0-13-120965-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft.au=Henricson%2C+Mats&rft.aulast=Henricson&rft.au=Nyquist%2C+Erik&rft.btitle=Industrial+Strength+C%2B%2B&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-120965-5&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Stroustrup, Bjarne (2000). <i>The C++ Programming Language</i> (Special ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70073-5">0-201-70073-5</a>. "A virtual member function is sometimes called a <i>method</i>."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft.aulast=Stroustrup&rft.au=Stroustrup%2C+Bjarne&rft.btitle=The+C%2B%2B+Programming+Language&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=Special&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-70073-5&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Birkett, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobugs.org/developer/parsingcpp/">"Parsing C++ at nobugs.org"</a>. Nobugs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 July 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.au=Birkett%2C+Andrew&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Birkett&rft.btitle=Parsing+C%2B%2B+at+nobugs.org&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobugs.org%2Fdeveloper%2Fparsingcpp%2F&rft.pub=Nobugs.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clang.llvm.org/features.html#libraryarch">"Clang - Features and Goals"</a>. Clang.llvm.org. 2007-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-06-10</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Clang+-+Features+and+Goals&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclang.llvm.org%2Ffeatures.html%23libraryarch&rft.pub=Clang.llvm.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sutter, Herb (15 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/dept/cpp/184401381">"C++ Conformance Roundup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 May 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=C%2B%2B+Conformance+Roundup&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.date=15+April+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddj.com%2Fdept%2Fcpp%2F184401381&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi/">"C++ ABI"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 May 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B+ABI&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesourcery.com%2Fcxx-abi%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1426.pdf">Why We Can’t Afford Export</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"> PDF (266 KB)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sutter, Herb (13 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbsutter.com/2010/03/13/trip-report-march-2010-iso-c-standards-meeting/">"Trip Report: March 2010 ISO C++ Standards Meeting"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 April 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Herb&rft.btitle=Trip+Report%3A+March+2010+ISO+C%2B%2B+Standards+Meeting&rft.date=13+March+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbsutter.com%2F2010%2F03%2F13%2Ftrip-report-march-2010-iso-c-standards-meeting%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-superset-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-superset_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq.html#C-is-subset">"Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ – Is C a subset of C++?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Bjarne+Stroustrup%27s+FAQ%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Is+C+a+subset+of+C%2B%2B%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.research.att.com%2F~bs%2Fbs_faq.html%23C-is-subset&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.datacomm.ch/t_wolf/tw/c/c9x_changes.html">"C9X – The New C Standard"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 December 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=C9X+%E2%80%93+The+New+C+Standard&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.datacomm.ch%2Ft_wolf%2Ftw%2Fc%2Fc9x_changes.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html">"C++0x Support in GCC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B0x+Support+in+GCC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fprojects%2Fcxx0x.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2010/04/06/c-0x-core-language-features-in-vc10-the-table.aspx">"C++0x Core Language Features In VC10: The Table"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=C%2B%2B0x+Core+Language+Features+In+VC10%3A+The+Table&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fvcblog%2Farchive%2F2010%2F04%2F06%2Fc-0x-core-language-features-in-vc10-the-table.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html">"Clang - C++98, C++11, and C++14 Status"</a>. Clang.llvm.org. 2013-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-06-10</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.btitle=Clang+-+C%2B%2B98%2C+C%2B%2B11%2C+and+C%2B%2B14+Status&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclang.llvm.org%2Fcxx_status.html&rft.pub=Clang.llvm.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;">
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Find more about <b>C++</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/C++">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</td>
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<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/C++">Media</a> from Commons</td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/C++">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/C%2B%2B" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/C++">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:C%2B%2B_programming_language" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:C++ programming language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>
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</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:More C++ Idioms">More C++ Idioms</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">JTC1/SC22/WG21</a> – The ISO/IEC C++ Standard Working Group
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf">n3242.pdf</a> – Last publicly available Committee Draft of "ISO/IEC IS 14882 – Programming Languages – C++" (28 February 2011)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2012/n3337.pdf">n3337.pdf</a> - First draft after the C++11 standard, contains the C++11 standard plus minor editorial changes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf">[1]</a> A paper by Stroustrup showing the timeline of C++ evolution (1991-2006)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html">Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ Style and Technique FAQ</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parashift.com/c%2B%2B-faq-lite/">C++ FAQ Lite by Marshall Cline</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosefk.com/c++fqa/">C++ FQA Lite – Yossi Kreinin</a></li>
<li><span class="citation news">Hamilton, Naomi (25 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/250514/-z_programming_languages_c?pp=1&fp=16&fpid=1">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: C++"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+C%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Naomi&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.date=25+June+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F250514%2F-z_programming_languages_c%3Fpp%3D1%26fp%3D16%26fpid%3D1&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Interview with Bjarne Stroustrup.</li>
<li><span class="citation news">Kalev, Danny (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devx.com/SpecialReports/Article/38813/0/page/1">"The State of the Language: An Interview with Bjarne Stroustrup"</a>. <i>DevX</i> (QuinStreet Inc.).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Language%3A+An+Interview+with+Bjarne+Stroustrup&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Kalev%2C+Danny&rft.aulast=Kalev&rft.date=15+August+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devx.com%2FSpecialReports%2FArticle%2F38813%2F0%2Fpage%2F1&rft.jtitle=DevX&rft.pub=QuinStreet+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation news">Katdare, Kaustubh (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crazyengineers.com/dr-bjarne-stroustrup-inventor-of-c/">"Dr. Bjarne Stroustrup – Inventor of C++"</a>. <i>CrazyEngineers</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%2B%2B&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bjarne+Stroustrup+%E2%80%93+Inventor+of+C%2B%2B&rft.aufirst=Kaustubh&rft.au=Katdare%2C+Kaustubh&rft.aulast=Katdare&rft.date=1+February+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crazyengineers.com%2Fdr-bjarne-stroustrup-inventor-of-c%2F&rft.jtitle=CrazyEngineers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techbase.kde.org/Policies/Binary_Compatibility_Issues_With_C++">Code practices for not breaking binary compatibility between releases of C++ libraries</a> (from KDE Techbase)</li>
<li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isocpp.org/">Standard C++ Foundation</a> is a non-profit organization that promotes the use and understanding of standard C++. Bjarne Stroustrup is a director of the organization.</li>
</ul>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards</div>
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<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<dl>
<dt>Lists</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">List of ISO standards</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">List of ISO romanizations</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">List of IEC standards</a></dd>
<dt>Categories</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">ISO standards</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO/IEC_standards" title="Category:ISO/IEC standards">ISO/IEC standards</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Category:OSI_protocols" title="Category:OSI protocols">OSI protocols</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1–9999</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3" title="ISO 3" class="mw-redirect">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5" title="ISO 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6" title="ISO 6" class="mw-redirect">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7" title="ISO 7" class="mw-redirect">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16" title="ISO 16" class="mw-redirect">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-2" title="ISO 31-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_226" title="ISO 226" class="mw-redirect">226</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread" title="British standard pipe thread" class="mw-redirect">228</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">269</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_428" title="ISO 428">428</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_518" title="ISO 518" class="mw-redirect">518</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_519" title="ISO 519" class="mw-redirect">519</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A_font" title="OCR-A font">1073-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1413" title="ISO 1413" class="mw-redirect">1413</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">2108</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2240" title="ISO 2240" class="mw-redirect">2240</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5800" title="ISO 5800" class="mw-redirect">5800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6166" title="ISO 6166">6166</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6523" title="ISO 6523" class="mw-redirect">6523</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8820-5" title="ISO/IEC 8820-5">8820-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9529" title="ISO 9529">9529</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9984" title="ISO 9984">9984</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" title="ISO 9985" class="mw-redirect">9985</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">10000–19999</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)" title="Whirlpool (cryptography)">10118-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10206" title="ISO 10206" class="mw-redirect">10206</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10383" title="ISO 10383">10383</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10487" title="ISO 10487" class="mw-redirect">10487</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" title="Universal Character Set">10646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_%26_11785" title="ISO 11784 & 11785">11784</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_%26_11785" title="ISO 11784 & 11785">11785</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11898" title="ISO 11898">11898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography" class="mw-redirect">12234-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topic_Maps" title="Topic Maps">13250</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13407" title="ISO 13407" class="mw-redirect">13407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_12" title="MPEG-4 Part 12" class="mw-redirect">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">-20</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-1" title="ISO 14644-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-2" title="ISO 14644-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-3" title="ISO 14644-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-4" title="ISO 14644-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-5" title="ISO 14644-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-6" title="ISO 14644-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-7" title="ISO 14644-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-8" title="ISO 14644-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-9" title="ISO 14644-9">-9</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14651" title="ISO 14651">14651</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698-2" title="ISO 14698-2">-2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14750" title="ISO 14750">14750</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">14882</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15292" title="ISO 15292">15292</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15706-2" title="ISO 15706-2">-2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15897" title="ISO 15897">15897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">15930</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li>