diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 47748f3a0c..87461efcf1 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -88,9 +88,11 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
 	Hash() common.Hash
 
-	// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's memory database, tracking the internal
-	// and external (for account tries) references.
-	Commit(onleaf trie.LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error)
+	// Commit collects all dirty nodes in the trie and replace them with the
+	// corresponding node hash. All collected nodes(including dirty leaves if
+	// collectLeaf is true) will be encapsulated into a nodeset for return.
+	// The returned nodeset can be nil if the trie is clean(nothing to commit).
+	Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trie.NodeSet, error)
 
 	// NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
 	// starts at the key after the given start key.
diff --git a/core/state/metrics.go b/core/state/metrics.go
index 7b40ff37af..35d2df92dd 100644
--- a/core/state/metrics.go
+++ b/core/state/metrics.go
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ package state
 import "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 
 var (
-	accountUpdatedMeter   = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/account", nil)
-	storageUpdatedMeter   = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storage", nil)
-	accountDeletedMeter   = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/account", nil)
-	storageDeletedMeter   = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage", nil)
-	accountCommittedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/commit/account", nil)
-	storageCommittedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/commit/storage", nil)
+	accountUpdatedMeter        = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/account", nil)
+	storageUpdatedMeter        = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storage", nil)
+	accountDeletedMeter        = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/account", nil)
+	storageDeletedMeter        = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage", nil)
+	accountTrieCommittedMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/commit/accountnodes", nil)
+	storageTriesCommittedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/commit/storagenodes", nil)
 )
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/generate.go b/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
index 049f0e0f80..85b667c537 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
@@ -436,7 +436,10 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) generateRange(owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, prefix [
 		for i, key := range result.keys {
 			snapTrie.Update(key, result.vals[i])
 		}
-		root, _, _ := snapTrie.Commit(nil)
+		root, nodes, _ := snapTrie.Commit(false)
+		if nodes != nil {
+			snapTrieDb.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+		}
 		snapTrieDb.Commit(root, false, nil)
 	}
 	tr := result.tr
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
index 42cef2df7e..fc09cecbf3 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ type testHelper struct {
 	diskdb  ethdb.Database
 	triedb  *trie.Database
 	accTrie *trie.SecureTrie
+	nodes   *trie.MergedNodeSet
 }
 
 func newHelper() *testHelper {
@@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ func newHelper() *testHelper {
 		diskdb:  diskdb,
 		triedb:  triedb,
 		accTrie: accTrie,
+		nodes:   trie.NewMergedNodeSet(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -179,17 +181,22 @@ func (t *testHelper) makeStorageTrie(stateRoot, owner common.Hash, keys []string
 	for i, k := range keys {
 		stTrie.Update([]byte(k), []byte(vals[i]))
 	}
-	var root common.Hash
 	if !commit {
-		root = stTrie.Hash()
-	} else {
-		root, _, _ = stTrie.Commit(nil)
+		return stTrie.Hash().Bytes()
+	}
+	root, nodes, _ := stTrie.Commit(false)
+	if nodes != nil {
+		t.nodes.Merge(nodes)
 	}
 	return root.Bytes()
 }
 
 func (t *testHelper) Commit() common.Hash {
-	root, _, _ := t.accTrie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, _ := t.accTrie.Commit(true)
+	if nodes != nil {
+		t.nodes.Merge(nodes)
+	}
+	t.triedb.Update(t.nodes)
 	t.triedb.Commit(root, false, nil)
 	return root
 }
@@ -375,7 +382,7 @@ func TestGenerateCorruptAccountTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	helper.addTrieAccount("acc-2", &Account{Balance: big.NewInt(2), Root: emptyRoot.Bytes(), CodeHash: emptyCode.Bytes()}) // 0x65145f923027566669a1ae5ccac66f945b55ff6eaeb17d2ea8e048b7d381f2d7
 	helper.addTrieAccount("acc-3", &Account{Balance: big.NewInt(3), Root: emptyRoot.Bytes(), CodeHash: emptyCode.Bytes()}) // 0x19ead688e907b0fab07176120dceec244a72aff2f0aa51e8b827584e378772f4
 
-	root, _, _ := helper.accTrie.Commit(nil) // Root: 0xa04693ea110a31037fb5ee814308a6f1d76bdab0b11676bdf4541d2de55ba978
+	root := helper.Commit() // Root: 0xa04693ea110a31037fb5ee814308a6f1d76bdab0b11676bdf4541d2de55ba978
 
 	// Delete an account trie leaf and ensure the generator chokes
 	helper.triedb.Commit(root, false, nil)
@@ -410,18 +417,7 @@ func TestGenerateMissingStorageTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	helper.addTrieAccount("acc-2", &Account{Balance: big.NewInt(2), Root: emptyRoot.Bytes(), CodeHash: emptyCode.Bytes()})                                     // 0x65145f923027566669a1ae5ccac66f945b55ff6eaeb17d2ea8e048b7d381f2d7
 	stRoot = helper.makeStorageTrie(common.Hash{}, hashData([]byte("acc-3")), []string{"key-1", "key-2", "key-3"}, []string{"val-1", "val-2", "val-3"}, true)
 	helper.addTrieAccount("acc-3", &Account{Balance: big.NewInt(3), Root: stRoot, CodeHash: emptyCode.Bytes()}) // 0x50815097425d000edfc8b3a4a13e175fc2bdcfee8bdfbf2d1ff61041d3c235b2
-	root, _, _ := helper.accTrie.Commit(nil)
-
-	// We can only corrupt the disk database, so flush the tries out
-	helper.triedb.Reference(
-		common.BytesToHash(stRoot),
-		common.HexToHash("0x9250573b9c18c664139f3b6a7a8081b7d8f8916a8fcc5d94feec6c29f5fd4e9e"),
-	)
-	helper.triedb.Reference(
-		common.BytesToHash(stRoot),
-		common.HexToHash("0x50815097425d000edfc8b3a4a13e175fc2bdcfee8bdfbf2d1ff61041d3c235b2"),
-	)
-	helper.triedb.Commit(root, false, nil)
+	root := helper.Commit()
 
 	// Delete a storage trie root and ensure the generator chokes
 	helper.diskdb.Delete(stRoot)
@@ -455,19 +451,7 @@ func TestGenerateCorruptStorageTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	stRoot = helper.makeStorageTrie(common.Hash{}, hashData([]byte("acc-3")), []string{"key-1", "key-2", "key-3"}, []string{"val-1", "val-2", "val-3"}, true)
 	helper.addTrieAccount("acc-3", &Account{Balance: big.NewInt(3), Root: stRoot, CodeHash: emptyCode.Bytes()}) // 0x50815097425d000edfc8b3a4a13e175fc2bdcfee8bdfbf2d1ff61041d3c235b2
 
-	root, _, _ := helper.accTrie.Commit(nil)
-
-	// We can only corrupt the disk database, so flush the tries out
-	helper.triedb.Reference(
-		common.BytesToHash(stRoot),
-		common.HexToHash("0x9250573b9c18c664139f3b6a7a8081b7d8f8916a8fcc5d94feec6c29f5fd4e9e"),
-	)
-	helper.triedb.Reference(
-		common.BytesToHash(stRoot),
-		common.HexToHash("0x50815097425d000edfc8b3a4a13e175fc2bdcfee8bdfbf2d1ff61041d3c235b2"),
-	)
-	helper.triedb.Commit(root, false, nil)
-
+	root := helper.Commit()
 	// Delete a storage trie leaf and ensure the generator chokes
 	helper.diskdb.Delete(common.HexToHash("0x18a0f4d79cff4459642dd7604f303886ad9d77c30cf3d7d7cedb3a693ab6d371").Bytes())
 
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 972ae156c4..9530791f5b 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
 var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256(nil)
@@ -390,23 +391,23 @@ func (s *stateObject) updateRoot(db Database) {
 
 // CommitTrie the storage trie of the object to db.
 // This updates the trie root.
-func (s *stateObject) CommitTrie(db Database) (int, error) {
+func (s *stateObject) CommitTrie(db Database) (*trie.NodeSet, error) {
 	// If nothing changed, don't bother with hashing anything
 	if s.updateTrie(db) == nil {
-		return 0, nil
+		return nil, nil
 	}
 	if s.dbErr != nil {
-		return 0, s.dbErr
+		return nil, s.dbErr
 	}
 	// Track the amount of time wasted on committing the storage trie
 	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 		defer func(start time.Time) { s.db.StorageCommits += time.Since(start) }(time.Now())
 	}
-	root, committed, err := s.trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, err := s.trie.Commit(false)
 	if err == nil {
 		s.data.Root = root
 	}
-	return committed, err
+	return nodes, err
 }
 
 // AddBalance adds amount to s's balance.
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index b1c460630b..701fa4f3ed 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -957,7 +957,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	s.IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects)
 
 	// Commit objects to the trie, measuring the elapsed time
-	var storageCommitted int
+	var (
+		accountTrieNodes int
+		storageTrieNodes int
+		nodes            = trie.NewMergedNodeSet()
+	)
 	codeWriter := s.db.TrieDB().DiskDB().NewBatch()
 	for addr := range s.stateObjectsDirty {
 		if obj := s.stateObjects[addr]; !obj.deleted {
@@ -967,11 +971,18 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 				obj.dirtyCode = false
 			}
 			// Write any storage changes in the state object to its storage trie
-			committed, err := obj.CommitTrie(s.db)
+			nodeSet, err := obj.CommitTrie(s.db)
 			if err != nil {
 				return common.Hash{}, err
 			}
-			storageCommitted += committed
+
+			// Merge the dirty nodes of storage trie into global set
+			if nodeSet != nil {
+				if err := nodes.Merge(nodeSet); err != nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, err
+				}
+				storageTrieNodes += nodeSet.Len()
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if len(s.stateObjectsDirty) > 0 {
@@ -987,21 +998,18 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 		start = time.Now()
 	}
-	// The onleaf func is called _serially_, so we can reuse the same account
-	// for unmarshalling every time.
-	var account types.StateAccount
-	root, accountCommitted, err := s.trie.Commit(func(_ [][]byte, _ []byte, leaf []byte, parent common.Hash) error {
-		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(leaf, &account); err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		if account.Root != emptyRoot {
-			s.db.TrieDB().Reference(account.Root, parent)
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	root, nodeSet, err := s.trie.Commit(true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
+
+	// Merge the dirty nodes of account trie into global set
+	if nodeSet != nil {
+		if err := nodes.Merge(nodeSet); err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
+		}
+		accountTrieNodes = nodeSet.Len()
+	}
 	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 		s.AccountCommits += time.Since(start)
 
@@ -1009,8 +1017,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 		storageUpdatedMeter.Mark(int64(s.StorageUpdated))
 		accountDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(s.AccountDeleted))
 		storageDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(s.StorageDeleted))
-		accountCommittedMeter.Mark(int64(accountCommitted))
-		storageCommittedMeter.Mark(int64(storageCommitted))
+		accountTrieCommittedMeter.Mark(int64(accountTrieNodes))
+		storageTriesCommittedMeter.Mark(int64(storageTrieNodes))
 		s.AccountUpdated, s.AccountDeleted = 0, 0
 		s.StorageUpdated, s.StorageDeleted = 0, 0
 	}
@@ -1034,6 +1042,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 		}
 		s.snap, s.snapDestructs, s.snapAccounts, s.snapStorage = nil, nil, nil, nil
 	}
+
+	// Update Trie MergeNodeSets.
+	if err := s.db.TrieDB().Update(nodes); err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
 	s.originalRoot = root
 	return root, err
 }
diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
index 9d58440b68..dc2a9a4839 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
@@ -1346,9 +1346,11 @@ func getCodeByHash(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 
 // makeAccountTrieNoStorage spits out a trie, along with the leafs
 func makeAccountTrieNoStorage(n int) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
-	db := trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	accTrie := trie.NewEmpty(db)
-	var entries entrySlice
+	var (
+		db      = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+		accTrie = trie.NewEmpty(db)
+		entries entrySlice
+	)
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= uint64(n); i++ {
 		value, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(types.StateAccount{
 			Nonce:    i,
@@ -1362,7 +1364,12 @@ func makeAccountTrieNoStorage(n int) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
-	accTrie.Commit(nil)
+	// Commit the state changes into db and re-create the trie
+	// for accessing later.
+	root, nodes, _ := accTrie.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+
+	accTrie, _ = trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
 	return accTrie, entries
 }
 
@@ -1374,8 +1381,8 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
 		entries    entrySlice
 		boundaries []common.Hash
 
-		db   = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-		trie = trie.NewEmpty(db)
+		db      = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+		accTrie = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 	)
 	// Initialize boundaries
 	var next common.Hash
@@ -1402,7 +1409,7 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
 			CodeHash: getCodeHash(uint64(i)),
 		})
 		elem := &kv{boundaries[i].Bytes(), value}
-		trie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
+		accTrie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 	}
 	// Fill other accounts if required
@@ -1414,12 +1421,17 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
 			CodeHash: getCodeHash(i),
 		})
 		elem := &kv{key32(i), value}
-		trie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
+		accTrie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
-	trie.Commit(nil)
-	return trie, entries
+	// Commit the state changes into db and re-create the trie
+	// for accessing later.
+	root, nodes, _ := accTrie.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+
+	accTrie, _ = trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
+	return accTrie, entries
 }
 
 // makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage creates an account trie where each accounts
@@ -1429,8 +1441,10 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(accounts, slots int, code bool)
 		db             = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
 		accTrie        = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 		entries        entrySlice
+		storageRoots   = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
 		storageTries   = make(map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie)
 		storageEntries = make(map[common.Hash]entrySlice)
+		nodes          = trie.NewMergedNodeSet()
 	)
 	// Create n accounts in the trie
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= uint64(accounts); i++ {
@@ -1440,9 +1454,8 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(accounts, slots int, code bool)
 			codehash = getCodeHash(i)
 		}
 		// Create a storage trie
-		stTrie, stEntries := makeStorageTrieWithSeed(common.BytesToHash(key), uint64(slots), i, db)
-		stRoot := stTrie.Hash()
-		stTrie.Commit(nil)
+		stRoot, stNodes, stEntries := makeStorageTrieWithSeed(common.BytesToHash(key), uint64(slots), i, db)
+		nodes.Merge(stNodes)
 		value, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(types.StateAccount{
 			Nonce:    i,
 			Balance:  big.NewInt(int64(i)),
@@ -1453,12 +1466,25 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(accounts, slots int, code bool)
 		accTrie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 
-		storageTries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stTrie
+		storageRoots[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stRoot
 		storageEntries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stEntries
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
 
-	accTrie.Commit(nil)
+	// Commit account trie
+	root, set, _ := accTrie.Commit(true)
+	nodes.Merge(set)
+
+	// Commit gathered dirty nodes into database
+	db.Update(nodes)
+
+	// Re-create tries with new root
+	accTrie, _ = trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
+	for i := uint64(1); i <= uint64(accounts); i++ {
+		key := key32(i)
+		trie, _ := trie.New(common.BytesToHash(key), storageRoots[common.BytesToHash(key)], db)
+		storageTries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = trie
+	}
 	return accTrie, entries, storageTries, storageEntries
 }
 
@@ -1468,8 +1494,10 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool) (*trie
 		db             = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
 		accTrie        = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 		entries        entrySlice
+		storageRoots   = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
 		storageTries   = make(map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie)
 		storageEntries = make(map[common.Hash]entrySlice)
+		nodes          = trie.NewMergedNodeSet()
 	)
 	// Create n accounts in the trie
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= uint64(accounts); i++ {
@@ -1480,16 +1508,16 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool) (*trie
 		}
 		// Make a storage trie
 		var (
-			stTrie    *trie.Trie
+			stRoot    common.Hash
+			stNodes   *trie.NodeSet
 			stEntries entrySlice
 		)
 		if boundary {
-			stTrie, stEntries = makeBoundaryStorageTrie(common.BytesToHash(key), slots, db)
+			stRoot, stNodes, stEntries = makeBoundaryStorageTrie(common.BytesToHash(key), slots, db)
 		} else {
-			stTrie, stEntries = makeStorageTrieWithSeed(common.BytesToHash(key), uint64(slots), 0, db)
+			stRoot, stNodes, stEntries = makeStorageTrieWithSeed(common.BytesToHash(key), uint64(slots), 0, db)
 		}
-		stRoot := stTrie.Hash()
-		stTrie.Commit(nil)
+		nodes.Merge(stNodes)
 
 		value, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&types.StateAccount{
 			Nonce:    i,
@@ -1501,18 +1529,37 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool) (*trie
 		accTrie.Update(elem.k, elem.v)
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 		// we reuse the same one for all accounts
-		storageTries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stTrie
+		storageRoots[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stRoot
 		storageEntries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = stEntries
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
-	accTrie.Commit(nil)
+	// Commit account trie
+	root, set, _ := accTrie.Commit(true)
+	nodes.Merge(set)
+
+	// Commit gathered dirty nodes into database
+	db.Update(nodes)
+
+	// Re-create tries with new root
+	accTrie, err := trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	for i := uint64(1); i <= uint64(accounts); i++ {
+		key := key32(i)
+		trie, err := trie.New(common.BytesToHash(key), storageRoots[common.BytesToHash(key)], db)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		storageTries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = trie
+	}
 	return accTrie, entries, storageTries, storageEntries
 }
 
 // makeStorageTrieWithSeed fills a storage trie with n items, returning the
 // not-yet-committed trie and the sorted entries. The seeds can be used to ensure
 // that tries are unique.
-func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *trie.Database) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
+func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trie.NodeSet, entrySlice) {
 	trie, _ := trie.New(owner, common.Hash{}, db)
 	var entries entrySlice
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= n; i++ {
@@ -1528,14 +1575,14 @@ func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *trie.Databas
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
-	trie.Commit(nil)
-	return trie, entries
+	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	return root, nodes, entries
 }
 
 // makeBoundaryStorageTrie constructs a storage trie. Instead of filling
 // storage slots normally, this function will fill a few slots which have
 // boundary hash.
-func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (*trie.Trie, entrySlice) {
+func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trie.NodeSet, entrySlice) {
 	var (
 		entries    entrySlice
 		boundaries []common.Hash
@@ -1579,8 +1626,8 @@ func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (*trie
 		entries = append(entries, elem)
 	}
 	sort.Sort(entries)
-	trie.Commit(nil)
-	return trie, entries
+	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	return root, nodes, entries
 }
 
 func verifyTrie(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, root common.Hash, t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/light/postprocess.go b/light/postprocess.go
index c09b00e71c..7d45839391 100644
--- a/light/postprocess.go
+++ b/light/postprocess.go
@@ -217,7 +217,18 @@ func (c *ChtIndexerBackend) Process(ctx context.Context, header *types.Header) e
 
 // Commit implements core.ChainIndexerBackend
 func (c *ChtIndexerBackend) Commit() error {
-	root, _, err := c.trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, err := c.trie.Commit(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Commite trie changes into trie database in case it's not nil.
+	if nodes != nil {
+		if err := c.triedb.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Re-create trie with nelwy generated root and updated database.
+	c.trie, err = trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, c.triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -453,7 +464,19 @@ func (b *BloomTrieIndexerBackend) Commit() error {
 			b.trie.Delete(encKey[:])
 		}
 	}
-	root, _, err := b.trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, err := b.trie.Commit(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if nodes != nil {
+		if err := b.triedb.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Re-create trie with nelwy generated root and updated database.
+	b.trie, err = trie.New(common.Hash{}, root, b.triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/light/trie.go b/light/trie.go
index 931ba30cb4..a2ef8ebff3 100644
--- a/light/trie.go
+++ b/light/trie.go
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ func (t *odrTrie) TryDelete(key []byte) error {
 	})
 }
 
-func (t *odrTrie) Commit(onleaf trie.LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
+func (t *odrTrie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trie.NodeSet, error) {
 	if t.trie == nil {
-		return t.id.Root, 0, nil
+		return t.id.Root, nil, nil
 	}
-	return t.trie.Commit(onleaf)
+	return t.trie.Commit(collectLeaf)
 }
 
 func (t *odrTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
diff --git a/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go b/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go
index 772c776436..48dbd04610 100644
--- a/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go
@@ -115,8 +115,10 @@ func (k kvs) Swap(i, j int) {
 
 // The function must return
 // 1 if the fuzzer should increase priority of the
-//    given input during subsequent fuzzing (for example, the input is lexically
-//    correct and was parsed successfully);
+//
+//	given input during subsequent fuzzing (for example, the input is lexically
+//	correct and was parsed successfully);
+//
 // -1 if the input must not be added to corpus even if gives new coverage; and
 // 0  otherwise
 // other values are reserved for future use.
@@ -174,10 +176,13 @@ func (f *fuzzer) fuzz() int {
 		return 0
 	}
 	// Flush trie -> database
-	rootA, _, err := trieA.Commit(nil)
+	rootA, nodes, err := trieA.Commit(false)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
+	if nodes != nil {
+		dbA.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	}
 	// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
 	dbA.Commit(rootA, false, nil)
 
diff --git a/tests/fuzzers/trie/trie-fuzzer.go b/tests/fuzzers/trie/trie-fuzzer.go
index 2301721c93..b2f260fb58 100644
--- a/tests/fuzzers/trie/trie-fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/trie/trie-fuzzer.go
@@ -124,8 +124,10 @@ func Generate(input []byte) randTest {
 
 // The function must return
 // 1 if the fuzzer should increase priority of the
-//    given input during subsequent fuzzing (for example, the input is lexically
-//    correct and was parsed successfully);
+//
+//	given input during subsequent fuzzing (for example, the input is lexically
+//	correct and was parsed successfully);
+//
 // -1 if the input must not be added to corpus even if gives new coverage; and
 // 0  otherwise
 // other values are reserved for future use.
@@ -161,15 +163,18 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) error {
 			if string(v) != want {
 				rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("mismatch for key 0x%x, got 0x%x want 0x%x", step.key, v, want)
 			}
-		case opCommit:
-			_, _, rt[i].err = tr.Commit(nil)
 		case opHash:
 			tr.Hash()
-		case opReset:
-			hash, _, err := tr.Commit(nil)
+		case opCommit:
+			hash, nodes, err := tr.Commit(false)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			if nodes != nil {
+				if err := triedb.Update(trie.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
 			newtr, err := trie.New(common.Hash{}, hash, triedb)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index b74572ee27..3b0d6c5fe2 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package trie
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -32,23 +31,20 @@ const leafChanSize = 200
 
 // leaf represents a trie leaf value
 type leaf struct {
-	size int         // size of the rlp data (estimate)
-	hash common.Hash // hash of rlp data
-	node node        // the node to commit
+	blob   []byte      // raw blob of leaf
+	parent common.Hash // the hash of parent node
 }
 
-// committer is a type used for the trie Commit operation. A committer has some
-// internal preallocated temp space, and also a callback that is invoked when
-// leaves are committed. The leafs are passed through the `leafCh`,  to allow
-// some level of parallelism.
-// By 'some level' of parallelism, it's still the case that all leaves will be
-// processed sequentially - onleaf will never be called in parallel or out of order.
+// committer is a type used for the trie Commit operation. The committer will
+// capture all dirty nodes during the commit process and keep them cached in
+// insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	tmp sliceBuffer
 	sha crypto.KeccakState
 
-	onleaf LeafCallback
-	leafCh chan *leaf
+	owner       common.Hash
+	nodes       *NodeSet
+	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // committers live in a global sync.Pool
@@ -62,34 +58,28 @@ var committerPool = sync.Pool{
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter() *committer {
-	return committerPool.Get().(*committer)
-}
-
-func returnCommitterToPool(h *committer) {
-	h.onleaf = nil
-	h.leafCh = nil
-	committerPool.Put(h)
+func newCommitter(owner common.Hash, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+	return &committer{
+		nodes:       NewNodeSet(owner),
+		collectLeaf: collectLeaf,
+	}
 }
 
 // Commit collapses a node down into a hash node and inserts it into the database
-func (c *committer) Commit(n node, db *Database) (hashNode, int, error) {
-	if db == nil {
-		return nil, 0, errors.New("no db provided")
-	}
-	h, committed, err := c.commit(n, db)
+func (c *committer) Commit(n node) (hashNode, *NodeSet, error) {
+	h, err := c.commit(nil, n)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	return h.(hashNode), committed, nil
+	return h.(hashNode), c.nodes, nil
 }
 
 // commit collapses a node down into a hash node and inserts it into the database
-func (c *committer) commit(n node, db *Database) (node, int, error) {
+func (c *committer) commit(path []byte, n node) (node, error) {
 	// if this path is clean, use available cached data
 	hash, dirty := n.cache()
 	if hash != nil && !dirty {
-		return hash, 0, nil
+		return hash, nil
 	}
 	// Commit children, then parent, and remove the dirty flag.
 	switch cn := n.(type) {
@@ -99,36 +89,35 @@ func (c *committer) commit(n node, db *Database) (node, int, error) {
 
 		// If the child is fullNode, recursively commit,
 		// otherwise it can only be hashNode or valueNode.
-		var childCommitted int
 		if _, ok := cn.Val.(*fullNode); ok {
-			childV, committed, err := c.commit(cn.Val, db)
+			childV, err := c.commit(append(path, cn.Key...), cn.Val)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, 0, err
+				return nil, err
 			}
-			collapsed.Val, childCommitted = childV, committed
+			collapsed.Val = childV
 		}
 		// The key needs to be copied, since we're delivering it to database
 		collapsed.Key = hexToCompact(cn.Key)
-		hashedNode := c.store(collapsed, db)
+		hashedNode := c.store(path, collapsed)
 		if hn, ok := hashedNode.(hashNode); ok {
-			return hn, childCommitted + 1, nil
+			return hn, nil
 		}
-		return collapsed, childCommitted, nil
+		return collapsed, nil
 	case *fullNode:
-		hashedKids, childCommitted, err := c.commitChildren(cn, db)
+		hashedKids, err := c.commitChildren(path, cn)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, 0, err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		collapsed := cn.copy()
 		collapsed.Children = hashedKids
 
-		hashedNode := c.store(collapsed, db)
+		hashedNode := c.store(path, collapsed)
 		if hn, ok := hashedNode.(hashNode); ok {
-			return hn, childCommitted + 1, nil
+			return hn, nil
 		}
-		return collapsed, childCommitted, nil
+		return collapsed, nil
 	case hashNode:
-		return cn, 0, nil
+		return cn, nil
 	default:
 		// nil, valuenode shouldn't be committed
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v", n, n))
@@ -136,11 +125,8 @@ func (c *committer) commit(n node, db *Database) (node, int, error) {
 }
 
 // commitChildren commits the children of the given fullnode
-func (c *committer) commitChildren(n *fullNode, db *Database) ([17]node, int, error) {
-	var (
-		committed int
-		children  [17]node
-	)
+func (c *committer) commitChildren(path []byte, n *fullNode) ([17]node, error) {
+	var children [17]node
 	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
 		child := n.Children[i]
 		if child == nil {
@@ -156,94 +142,58 @@ func (c *committer) commitChildren(n *fullNode, db *Database) ([17]node, int, er
 		// Commit the child recursively and store the "hashed" value.
 		// Note the returned node can be some embedded nodes, so it's
 		// possible the type is not hashNode.
-		hashed, childCommitted, err := c.commit(child, db)
+		hashed, err := c.commit(append(path, byte(i)), child)
 		if err != nil {
-			return children, 0, err
+			return children, err
 		}
 		children[i] = hashed
-		committed += childCommitted
 	}
 	// For the 17th child, it's possible the type is valuenode.
 	if n.Children[16] != nil {
 		children[16] = n.Children[16]
 	}
-	return children, committed, nil
+	return children, nil
 }
 
 // store hashes the node n and if we have a storage layer specified, it writes
 // the key/value pair to it and tracks any node->child references as well as any
 // node->external trie references.
-func (c *committer) store(n node, db *Database) node {
+func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 	// Larger nodes are replaced by their hash and stored in the database.
-	var (
-		hash, _ = n.cache()
-		size    int
-	)
+	hash, _ := n.cache()
+
+	// This was not generated - must be a small node stored in the parent.
+	// In theory, we should check if the node is leaf here (embedded node
+	// usually is leaf node). But small value(less than 32bytes) is not
+	// our target(leaves in account trie only).
 	if hash == nil {
-		// This was not generated - must be a small node stored in the parent.
-		// In theory, we should apply the leafCall here if it's not nil(embedded
-		// node usually contains value). But small value(less than 32bytes) is
-		// not our target.
 		return n
-	} else {
-		// We have the hash already, estimate the RLP encoding-size of the node.
-		// The size is used for mem tracking, does not need to be exact
-		size = estimateSize(n)
 	}
-	// If we're using channel-based leaf-reporting, send to channel.
-	// The leaf channel will be active only when there an active leaf-callback
-	if c.leafCh != nil {
-		c.leafCh <- &leaf{
-			size: size,
-			hash: common.BytesToHash(hash),
-			node: n,
+	// We have the hash already, estimate the RLP encoding-size of the node.
+	// The size is used for mem tracking, does not need to be exact
+	var (
+		size  = estimateSize(n)
+		nhash = common.BytesToHash(hash)
+		mnode = &memoryNode{
+			hash: nhash,
+			node: simplifyNode(n),
+			size: uint16(size),
 		}
-	} else if db != nil {
-		// No leaf-callback used, but there's still a database. Do serial
-		// insertion
-		db.lock.Lock()
-		db.insert(common.BytesToHash(hash), size, n)
-		db.lock.Unlock()
-	}
-	return hash
-}
-
-// commitLoop does the actual insert + leaf callback for nodes.
-func (c *committer) commitLoop(db *Database) {
-	for item := range c.leafCh {
-		var (
-			hash = item.hash
-			size = item.size
-			n    = item.node
-		)
-		// We are pooling the trie nodes into an intermediate memory cache
-		db.lock.Lock()
-		db.insert(hash, size, n)
-		db.lock.Unlock()
+	)
 
-		if c.onleaf != nil {
-			switch n := n.(type) {
-			case *shortNode:
-				if child, ok := n.Val.(valueNode); ok {
-					c.onleaf(nil, nil, child, hash)
-				}
-			case *fullNode:
-				// For children in range [0, 15], it's impossible
-				// to contain valueNode. Only check the 17th child.
-				if n.Children[16] != nil {
-					c.onleaf(nil, nil, n.Children[16].(valueNode), hash)
-				}
+	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
+	c.nodes.add(string(path), mnode)
+	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
+	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key
+	// length of leaves should be exactly same.
+	if c.collectLeaf {
+		if sn, ok := n.(*shortNode); ok {
+			if val, ok := sn.Val.(valueNode); ok {
+				c.nodes.addLeaf(&leaf{blob: val, parent: nhash})
 			}
 		}
 	}
-}
-
-func (c *committer) makeHashNode(data []byte) hashNode {
-	n := make(hashNode, c.sha.Size())
-	c.sha.Reset()
-	c.sha.Write(data)
-	c.sha.Read(n)
-	return n
+	return hash
 }
 
 // estimateSize estimates the size of an rlp-encoded node, without actually
diff --git a/trie/database.go b/trie/database.go
index 744c2b0f81..6453f2bf0b 100644
--- a/trie/database.go
+++ b/trie/database.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ func (db *Database) DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore {
 	return db.diskdb
 }
 
-// insert inserts a collapsed trie node into the memory database.
+// inserts a simplified trie node into the memory database.
 // The blob size must be specified to allow proper size tracking.
 // All nodes inserted by this function will be reference tracked
 // and in theory should only used for **trie nodes** insertion.
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ func (db *Database) insert(hash common.Hash, size int, node node) {
 
 	// Create the cached entry for this node
 	entry := &cachedNode{
-		node:      simplifyNode(node),
+		node:      node,
 		size:      uint16(size),
 		flushPrev: db.newest,
 	}
@@ -773,6 +774,39 @@ func (c *cleaner) Delete(key []byte) error {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
+// Update inserts the dirty nodes in the provided nodeset into database and
+// link the account trie with multiple storage tries if necessary.
+func (db *Database) Update(nodes *MergedNodeSet) error {
+	db.lock.Lock()
+	defer db.lock.Unlock()
+	// Insert dirty nodes into the database. In the same tree, it must be
+	// ensured that children are inserted first, then parent so that children
+	// can be linked with their parent correctly. The order of writing between
+	// different tries(account trie, storage tries) is not required.
+	for owner, subset := range nodes.sets {
+		for _, path := range subset.paths {
+			n, ok := subset.nodes[path]
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("missing node %x %v", owner, path)
+			}
+			db.insert(n.hash, int(n.size), n.node)
+		}
+	}
+	if set, present := nodes.sets[common.Hash{}]; present {
+		for _, leaf := range set.leaves {
+			// Looping node leaf, then reference the leaf node to the root node
+			var account types.StateAccount
+			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(leaf.blob, &account); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if account.Root != emptyRoot {
+				db.reference(account.Root, leaf.parent)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Size returns the current storage size of the memory cache in front of the
 // persistent database layer.
 func (db *Database) Size() (common.StorageSize, common.StorageSize) {
diff --git a/trie/iterator.go b/trie/iterator.go
index 81316c4551..d37cccd603 100644
--- a/trie/iterator.go
+++ b/trie/iterator.go
@@ -361,8 +361,7 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) resolveHash(hash hashNode, path []byte) (node, error) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	resolved, err := it.trie.resolveHash(hash, path)
-	return resolved, err
+	return it.trie.resolveHash(hash, path)
 }
 
 func (st *nodeIteratorState) resolve(it *nodeIterator, path []byte) error {
diff --git a/trie/iterator_test.go b/trie/iterator_test.go
index 2dffd8ff07..77a0fd3d67 100644
--- a/trie/iterator_test.go
+++ b/trie/iterator_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestEmptyIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	iter := trie.NodeIterator(nil)
 
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ func TestEmptyIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
 		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
@@ -59,8 +60,12 @@ func TestIterator(t *testing.T) {
 		all[val.k] = val.v
 		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	trie.Commit(nil)
-
+	root, nodes, err := trie.Commit(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to commit trie %v", err)
+	}
+	db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	trie, _ = New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
 	found := make(map[string]string)
 	it := NewIterator(trie.NodeIterator(nil))
 	for it.Next() {
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ type kv struct {
 }
 
 func TestIteratorLargeData(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
 
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ var testdata2 = []kvs{
 }
 
 func TestIteratorSeek(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
@@ -214,17 +219,23 @@ func checkIteratorOrder(want []kvs, it *Iterator) error {
 }
 
 func TestDifferenceIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	triea := newEmpty()
+	dba := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	triea := NewEmpty(dba)
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		triea.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	triea.Commit(nil)
+	rootA, nodesA, _ := triea.Commit(false)
+	dba.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodesA))
+	triea, _ = New(common.Hash{}, rootA, dba)
 
-	trieb := newEmpty()
+	dbb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trieb := NewEmpty(dbb)
 	for _, val := range testdata2 {
 		trieb.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	trieb.Commit(nil)
+	rootB, nodesB, _ := trieb.Commit(false)
+	dbb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodesB))
+	trieb, _ = New(common.Hash{}, rootB, dbb)
 
 	found := make(map[string]string)
 	di, _ := NewDifferenceIterator(triea.NodeIterator(nil), trieb.NodeIterator(nil))
@@ -250,17 +261,23 @@ func TestDifferenceIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUnionIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	triea := newEmpty()
+	dba := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	triea := NewEmpty(dba)
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		triea.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	triea.Commit(nil)
+	rootA, nodesA, _ := triea.Commit(false)
+	dba.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodesA))
+	triea, _ = New(common.Hash{}, rootA, dba)
 
-	trieb := newEmpty()
+	dbb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trieb := NewEmpty(dbb)
 	for _, val := range testdata2 {
 		trieb.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	trieb.Commit(nil)
+	rootB, nodesB, _ := trieb.Commit(false)
+	dbb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodesB))
+	trieb, _ = New(common.Hash{}, rootB, dbb)
 
 	di, _ := NewUnionIterator([]NodeIterator{triea.NodeIterator(nil), trieb.NodeIterator(nil)})
 	it := NewIterator(di)
@@ -316,7 +333,8 @@ func testIteratorContinueAfterError(t *testing.T, memonly bool) {
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		tr.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	tr.Commit(nil)
+	_, nodes, _ := tr.Commit(false)
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	if !memonly {
 		triedb.Commit(tr.Hash(), true, nil)
 	}
@@ -407,7 +425,8 @@ func testIteratorContinueAfterSeekError(t *testing.T, memonly bool) {
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		ctr.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	root, _, _ := ctr.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, _ := ctr.Commit(false)
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	if !memonly {
 		triedb.Commit(root, true, nil)
 	}
@@ -525,7 +544,8 @@ func makeLargeTestTrie() (*Database, *SecureTrie, *loggingDb) {
 		val = crypto.Keccak256(val)
 		trie.Update(key, val)
 	}
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	_, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	// Return the generated trie
 	return triedb, trie, logDb
 }
diff --git a/trie/nodeset.go b/trie/nodeset.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4825ecaebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/nodeset.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// memoryNode is all the information we know about a single cached trie node
+// in the memory.
+type memoryNode struct {
+	hash common.Hash // Node hash, computed by hashing rlp value
+	size uint16      // Byte size of the useful cached data
+	node node        // Cached collapsed trie node, or raw rlp data
+}
+
+// NodeSet contains all dirty nodes collected during the commit operation
+// Each node is keyed by path. It's not the thread-safe to use.
+type NodeSet struct {
+	owner  common.Hash            // the identifier of the trie
+	paths  []string               // the path of dirty nodes, sort by insertion order
+	nodes  map[string]*memoryNode // the map of dirty nodes, keyed by node path
+	leaves []*leaf                // the list of dirty leaves
+}
+
+// NewNodeSet initializes an empty node set to be used for tracking dirty nodes
+// from a specific account or storage trie. The owner is zero for the account
+// trie and the owning account address hash for storage tries.
+
+func NewNodeSet(owner common.Hash) *NodeSet {
+	return &NodeSet{
+		owner: owner,
+		nodes: make(map[string]*memoryNode),
+	}
+}
+
+// add caches node with provided path and node object.
+func (set *NodeSet) add(path string, node *memoryNode) {
+	set.paths = append(set.paths, path)
+	set.nodes[path] = node
+}
+
+// addLeaf caches the provided leaf node.
+func (set *NodeSet) addLeaf(leaf *leaf) {
+	set.leaves = append(set.leaves, leaf)
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of dirty nodes contained in the set.
+func (set *NodeSet) Len() int {
+	return len(set.nodes)
+}
+
+// MergedNodeSet represents a merged dirty node set for a group of tries.
+type MergedNodeSet struct {
+	sets map[common.Hash]*NodeSet
+}
+
+// NewMergedNodeSet initializes an empty merged set.
+func NewMergedNodeSet() *MergedNodeSet {
+	return &MergedNodeSet{sets: make(map[common.Hash]*NodeSet)}
+}
+
+// NewWithNodeSet constructs a merged nodeset with the provided single set.
+func NewWithNodeSet(set *NodeSet) *MergedNodeSet {
+	merged := NewMergedNodeSet()
+	merged.Merge(set)
+	return merged
+}
+
+// Merge merges the provided dirty nodes of a trie into the set. The assumption
+// is held that no duplicated set belonging to the same trie will be merged twice.
+func (set *MergedNodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
+	_, present := set.sets[other.owner]
+	if present {
+		return fmt.Errorf("duplicate trie for owner %#x", other.owner)
+	}
+	set.sets[other.owner] = other
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/trie/proof.go b/trie/proof.go
index 2c2da9cb82..db113eecbd 100644
--- a/trie/proof.go
+++ b/trie/proof.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -36,9 +37,12 @@ import (
 // with the node that proves the absence of the key.
 func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	// Collect all nodes on the path to key.
+	var (
+		prefix []byte
+		nodes  []node
+		tn     = t.root
+	)
 	key = keybytesToHex(key)
-	var nodes []node
-	tn := t.root
 	for len(key) > 0 && tn != nil {
 		switch n := tn.(type) {
 		case *shortNode:
@@ -47,16 +51,18 @@ func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) e
 				tn = nil
 			} else {
 				tn = n.Val
+				prefix = append(prefix, n.Key...)
 				key = key[len(n.Key):]
 			}
 			nodes = append(nodes, n)
 		case *fullNode:
 			tn = n.Children[key[0]]
+			prefix = append(prefix, key[0])
 			key = key[1:]
 			nodes = append(nodes, n)
 		case hashNode:
 			var err error
-			tn, err = t.resolveHash(n, nil)
+			tn, err = t.resolveHash(n, prefix)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Unhandled trie error: %v", err))
 				return err
@@ -552,7 +558,7 @@ func VerifyRangeProof(rootHash common.Hash, firstKey []byte, lastKey []byte, key
 	}
 	// Rebuild the trie with the leaf stream, the shape of trie
 	// should be same with the original one.
-	tr := newWithRootNode(root)
+	tr := &Trie{root: root, db: NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())}
 	if empty {
 		tr.root = nil
 	}
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie.go b/trie/secure_trie.go
index 380856fa92..2cf1d325f8 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie.go
@@ -161,12 +161,12 @@ func (t *SecureTrie) GetKey(shaKey []byte) []byte {
 	return t.preimages.preimage(common.BytesToHash(shaKey))
 }
 
-// Commit writes all nodes and the secure hash pre-images to the trie's database.
-// Nodes are stored with their sha3 hash as the key.
-//
-// Committing flushes nodes from memory. Subsequent Get calls will load nodes
-// from the database.
-func (t *SecureTrie) Commit(onleaf LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
+// Commit collects all dirty nodes in the trie and replace them with the
+// corresponding node hash. All collected nodes(including dirty leaves if
+// collectLeaf is true) will be encapsulated into a nodeset for return.
+// The returned nodeset can be nil if the trie is clean(nothing to commit).
+// All cached preimages will be also flushed if preimages recording is enabled.
+func (t *SecureTrie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *NodeSet, error) {
 	// Write all the pre-images to the actual disk database
 	if len(t.getSecKeyCache()) > 0 {
 		if t.preimages != nil { // Ugly direct check but avoids the below write lock
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func (t *SecureTrie) Commit(onleaf LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
 		t.secKeyCache = make(map[string][]byte)
 	}
 	// Commit the trie to its intermediate node database
-	return t.trie.Commit(onleaf)
+	return t.trie.Commit(collectLeaf)
 }
 
 // Hash returns the root hash of SecureTrie. It does not write to the
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie_test.go b/trie/secure_trie_test.go
index beea5845ad..c18d399543 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie_test.go
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func makeTestSecureTrie() (*Database, *SecureTrie, map[string][]byte) {
 			trie.Update(key, val)
 		}
 	}
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	trie.Commit(false)
 
 	// Return the generated trie
 	return triedb, trie, content
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func TestSecureTrieConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
 					tries[index].Update(key, val)
 				}
 			}
-			tries[index].Commit(nil)
+			tries[index].Commit(false)
 		}(i)
 	}
 	// Wait for all threads to finish
diff --git a/trie/sync_test.go b/trie/sync_test.go
index cd29c391fc..388aedd1f4 100644
--- a/trie/sync_test.go
+++ b/trie/sync_test.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -50,7 +51,13 @@ func makeTestTrie() (*Database, *SecureTrie, map[string][]byte) {
 			trie.Update(key, val)
 		}
 	}
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	_, nodes, err := trie.Commit(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit trie: %v", err))
+	}
+	if err := triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit db %v", err))
+	}
 
 	// Return the generated trie
 	return triedb, trie, content
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index f23c5ad546..dabe738ace 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -21,10 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
@@ -55,21 +53,24 @@ var (
 // for extracting the raw states(leaf nodes) with corresponding paths.
 type LeafCallback func(paths [][]byte, hexpath []byte, leaf []byte, parent common.Hash) error
 
-// Trie is a Merkle Patricia Trie.
-// The zero value is an empty trie with no database.
-// Use New to create a trie that sits on top of a database.
-//
-// Trie is not safe for concurrent use.
+// Trie is a Merkle Patricia Trie. Use New to create a trie that sits on
+// top of Database. Whenever tries performance a commit operation, the generated nodes will be
+// gathered and returned in a set. Once a trie is committed, it's node usable anymore. Callers have to
+// re-create the trie with new root based on the updated trie database.
 type Trie struct {
-	db    *Database
-	root  node
 	owner common.Hash
-
-	// Keep track of the number leaves which have been inserted since the last
+	root  node
+	// Keep track of the number leafs which have been inserted since the last
 	// hashing operation. This number will not directly map to the number of
 	// actually unhashed nodes
 	unhashed int
 
+	// db is the handler trie can retrieve nodes from. It's
+	// only for reading purpose and not available for writing.
+	db *Database
+	// tracer is the tool to track the trie changes.
+	// It will be reset after each commit operation.
+
 	tracer *tracer
 }
 
@@ -78,16 +79,6 @@ func (t *Trie) newFlag() nodeFlag {
 	return nodeFlag{dirty: true}
 }
 
-// newWithRootNode initializes the trie with the given root node.
-// It's only used by range prover.
-func newWithRootNode(root node) *Trie {
-	return &Trie{
-		root: root,
-		//tracer: newTracer(),
-		db: NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()),
-	}
-}
-
 // New creates a trie with an existing root node from db and an assigned
 // owner for storage proximity.
 //
@@ -96,23 +87,9 @@ func newWithRootNode(root node) *Trie {
 // New will panic if db is nil and returns a MissingNodeError if root does
 // not exist in the database. Accessing the trie loads nodes from db on demand.
 func New(owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db *Database) (*Trie, error) {
-	return newTrie(owner, root, db)
-}
-
-// NewEmpty is a shortcut to create empty tree. It's mostly used in tests.
-func NewEmpty(db *Database) *Trie {
-	tr, _ := newTrie(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, db)
-	return tr
-}
-
-// newTrie is the internal function used to construct the trie with given parameters.
-func newTrie(owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db *Database) (*Trie, error) {
-	if db == nil {
-		panic("trie.New called without a database")
-	}
 	trie := &Trie{
-		db:    db,
 		owner: owner,
+		db:    db,
 		//tracer: newTracer(),
 	}
 	if root != (common.Hash{}) && root != emptyRoot {
@@ -125,6 +102,12 @@ func newTrie(owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db *Database) (*Trie, error) {
 	return trie, nil
 }
 
+// NewEmpty is a shortcut to create empty tree. It's mostly used in tests.
+func NewEmpty(db *Database) *Trie {
+	tr, _ := New(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, db)
+	return tr
+}
+
 // NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration starts at
 // the key after the given start key.
 func (t *Trie) NodeIterator(start []byte) NodeIterator {
@@ -224,6 +207,7 @@ func (t *Trie) tryGetNode(origNode node, path []byte, pos int) (item []byte, new
 			return nil, origNode, 0, errors.New("non-consensus node")
 		}
 		blob, err := t.db.Node(common.BytesToHash(hash))
+
 		return blob, origNode, 1, err
 	}
 	// Path still needs to be traversed, descend into children
@@ -524,7 +508,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 				// shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}.  Since the entry
 				// might not be loaded yet, resolve it just for this
 				// check.
-				cnode, err := t.resolve(n.Children[pos], prefix)
+				cnode, err := t.resolve(n.Children[pos], append(prefix, byte(pos))) // Prefix mostly for tracking path.
 				if err != nil {
 					return false, nil, err
 				}
@@ -584,6 +568,8 @@ func (t *Trie) resolve(n node, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 	return n, nil
 }
 
+// resolveHash loads node from the underlying database with the provided
+// node hash and path prefix.
 func (t *Trie) resolveHash(n hashNode, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 	hash := common.BytesToHash(n)
 	if node := t.db.node(hash); node != nil {
@@ -600,23 +586,21 @@ func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
 	return common.BytesToHash(hash.(hashNode))
 }
 
-// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's memory database, tracking the internal
-// and external (for account tries) references.
-func (t *Trie) Commit(onleaf LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
-	if t.db == nil {
-		panic("commit called on trie with nil database")
-	}
-
+// Commit collects all dirty nodes in the trie and replace them with the
+// corresponding node hash. All collected nodes(including dirty leaves if
+// collectLeaf is true) will be encapsulated into a nodeset for return.
+// The returned nodeset can be nil if the trie is clean(nothing to commit).
+// Once the trie is committed, it's not usable anymore. A new trie must
+// be created with new root and updated trie database for following usage
+func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *NodeSet, error) {
 	defer t.tracer.reset()
 
 	if t.root == nil {
-		return emptyRoot, 0, nil
+		return emptyRoot, nil, nil
 	}
 	// Derive the hash for all dirty nodes first. We hold the assumption
 	// in the following procedure that all nodes are hashed.
 	rootHash := t.Hash()
-	h := newCommitter()
-	defer returnCommitterToPool(h)
 
 	// Do a quick check if we really need to commit, before we spin
 	// up goroutines. This can happen e.g. if we load a trie for reading storage
@@ -625,32 +609,16 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(onleaf LeafCallback) (common.Hash, int, error) {
 		// Replace the root node with the origin hash in order to
 		// ensure all resolved nodes are dropped after the commit.
 		t.root = hashedNode
-		return rootHash, 0, nil
-	}
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	if onleaf != nil {
-		h.onleaf = onleaf
-		h.leafCh = make(chan *leaf, leafChanSize)
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			h.commitLoop(t.db)
-		}()
-	}
-	newRoot, committed, err := h.Commit(t.root, t.db)
-	if onleaf != nil {
-		// The leafch is created in newCommitter if there was an onleaf callback
-		// provided. The commitLoop only _reads_ from it, and the commit
-		// operation was the sole writer. Therefore, it's safe to close this
-		// channel here.
-		close(h.leafCh)
-		wg.Wait()
+		return rootHash, nil, nil
 	}
+	h := newCommitter(t.owner, collectLeaf)
+	newRoot, nodes, err := h.Commit(t.root)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, 0, err
+		return common.Hash{}, nil, err
 	}
+
 	t.root = newRoot
-	return rootHash, committed, nil
+	return rootHash, nodes, nil
 }
 
 // hashRoot calculates the root hash of the given trie
@@ -677,14 +645,10 @@ func (t *Trie) Reset() {
 // Copy returns a copy of Trie.
 func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 	return &Trie{
-		db:       t.db,
 		root:     t.root,
+		owner:    t.owner,
 		unhashed: t.unhashed,
+		db:       t.db,
 		tracer:   t.tracer.copy(),
 	}
 }
-
-// Owner returns the associated trie owner.
-func (t *Trie) Owner() common.Hash {
-	return t.owner
-}
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index 095df36481..89851c3b81 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
-	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/quick"
@@ -92,7 +91,8 @@ func testMissingNode(t *testing.T, memonly bool) {
 	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
 	updateString(trie, "120000", "qwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwer")
 	updateString(trie, "123456", "asdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf")
-	root, _, _ := trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	if !memonly {
 		triedb.Commit(root, true, nil)
 	}
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func testMissingNode(t *testing.T, memonly bool) {
 }
 
 func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 
 	updateString(trie, "doe", "reindeer")
 	updateString(trie, "dog", "puppy")
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
 	updateString(trie, "A", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
 
 	exp = common.HexToHash("d23786fb4a010da3ce639d66d5e904a11dbc02746d1ce25029e53290cabf28ab")
-	root, _, err := trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, _, err := trie.Commit(false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("commit error: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -184,7 +184,8 @@ func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	updateString(trie, "doe", "reindeer")
 	updateString(trie, "dog", "puppy")
 	updateString(trie, "dogglesworth", "cat")
@@ -203,12 +204,14 @@ func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
 		if i == 1 {
 			return
 		}
-		trie.Commit(nil)
+		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+		db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+		trie, _ = New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
 		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
@@ -235,7 +238,7 @@ func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
@@ -259,7 +262,8 @@ func TestEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
 		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
@@ -272,13 +276,14 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		updateString(trie, val.k, val.v)
 	}
-	exp, _, err := trie.Commit(nil)
+	exp, nodes, err := trie.Commit(false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("commit error: %v", err)
 	}
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	// create a new trie on top of the database and check that lookups work.
-	trie2, err := New(common.Hash{}, exp, trie.db)
+	trie2, err := New(common.Hash{}, exp, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't recreate trie at %x: %v", exp, err)
 	}
@@ -287,13 +292,21 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("trie2 doesn't have %q => %q", kv.k, kv.v)
 		}
 	}
-	hash, _, err := trie2.Commit(nil)
+	hash, nodes, err := trie2.Commit(false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("commit error: %v", err)
 	}
 	if hash != exp {
 		t.Errorf("root failure. expected %x got %x", exp, hash)
 	}
+	// recreate the trie after commit
+	if nodes != nil {
+		triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	}
+	trie2, err = New(common.Hash{}, hash, triedb)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("can't recreate trie at %x: %v", exp, err)
+	}
 
 	// perform some insertions on the new trie.
 	vals2 := []struct{ k, v string }{
@@ -316,7 +329,7 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestLargeValue(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	trie.Update([]byte("key1"), []byte{99, 99, 99, 99})
 	trie.Update([]byte("key2"), bytes.Repeat([]byte{1}, 32))
 	trie.Hash()
@@ -373,7 +386,6 @@ const (
 	opGet
 	opCommit
 	opHash
-	opReset
 	opItercheckhash
 	opMax // boundary value, not an actual op
 )
@@ -432,16 +444,17 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) bool {
 			if string(v) != want {
 				rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("mismatch for key 0x%x, got 0x%x want 0x%x", step.key, v, want)
 			}
-		case opCommit:
-			_, _, rt[i].err = tr.Commit(nil)
 		case opHash:
 			tr.Hash()
-		case opReset:
-			hash, _, err := tr.Commit(nil)
+		case opCommit:
+			hash, nodes, err := tr.Commit(false)
 			if err != nil {
 				rt[i].err = err
 				return false
 			}
+			if nodes != nil {
+				triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+			}
 			newtr, err := New(common.Hash{}, hash, triedb)
 			if err != nil {
 				rt[i].err = err
@@ -483,7 +496,8 @@ func BenchmarkUpdateLE(b *testing.B) { benchUpdate(b, binary.LittleEndian) }
 const benchElemCount = 20000
 
 func benchGet(b *testing.B, commit bool) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
+	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
 	if commit {
 		_, tmpdb := tempDB()
 		trie = NewEmpty(tmpdb)
@@ -494,21 +508,12 @@ func benchGet(b *testing.B, commit bool) {
 		trie.Update(k, k)
 	}
 	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(k, benchElemCount/2)
-	if commit {
-		trie.Commit(nil)
-	}
 
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		trie.Get(k)
 	}
 	b.StopTimer()
-
-	if commit {
-		ldb := trie.db.diskdb.(*leveldb.Database)
-		ldb.Close()
-		os.RemoveAll(ldb.Path())
-	}
 }
 
 func benchUpdate(b *testing.B, e binary.ByteOrder) *Trie {
@@ -563,22 +568,18 @@ func BenchmarkHash(b *testing.B) {
 // insert into the trie before measuring the hashing.
 func BenchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("no-onleaf", func(b *testing.B) {
-		benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b, nil)
+		benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b, false)
 	})
-	var a types.StateAccount
-	onleaf := func(paths [][]byte, hexpath []byte, leaf []byte, parent common.Hash) error {
-		rlp.DecodeBytes(leaf, &a)
-		return nil
-	}
+
 	b.Run("with-onleaf", func(b *testing.B) {
-		benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b, onleaf)
+		benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b, true)
 	})
 }
 
-func benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B, onleaf LeafCallback) {
+func benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B, collectLeaf bool) {
 	// Make the random benchmark deterministic
 	addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(b.N)
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.Update(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
@@ -586,7 +587,7 @@ func benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B, onleaf LeafCallback) {
 	trie.Hash()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	trie.Commit(onleaf)
+	trie.Commit(collectLeaf)
 }
 
 func TestTinyTrie(t *testing.T) {
@@ -618,19 +619,19 @@ func TestTinyTrie(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCommitAfterHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a realistic account trie to hash
 	addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(1000)
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.Update(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
 	// Insert the accounts into the trie and hash it
 	trie.Hash()
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	trie.Commit(false)
 	root := trie.Hash()
 	exp := common.HexToHash("72f9d3f3fe1e1dd7b8936442e7642aef76371472d94319900790053c493f3fe6")
 	if exp != root {
 		t.Errorf("got %x, exp %x", root, exp)
 	}
-	root, _, _ = trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, _, _ = trie.Commit(false)
 	if exp != root {
 		t.Errorf("got %x, exp %x", root, exp)
 	}
@@ -739,7 +740,8 @@ func TestCommitSequence(t *testing.T) {
 			trie.Update(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 		}
 		// Flush trie -> database
-		root, _, _ := trie.Commit(nil)
+		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+		db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
 		db.Commit(root, false, func(c common.Hash) {
 			// And spongify the callback-order
@@ -791,7 +793,8 @@ func TestCommitSequenceRandomBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			trie.Update(key, val)
 		}
 		// Flush trie -> database
-		root, _, _ := trie.Commit(nil)
+		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+		db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
 		db.Commit(root, false, func(c common.Hash) {
 			// And spongify the callback-order
@@ -816,8 +819,8 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 		// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
 		stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "b"}
 		stTrie := NewStackTrie(stackTrieSponge)
-		// Fill the trie with elements
-		for i := 1; i < count; i++ {
+		// Fill the trie with elements, should start 0, otherwise nodes will be nil in the first time.
+		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			// For the stack trie, we need to do inserts in proper order
 			key := make([]byte, 32)
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key, uint64(i))
@@ -833,7 +836,8 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 			stTrie.TryUpdate(key, val)
 		}
 		// Flush trie -> database
-		root, _, _ := trie.Commit(nil)
+		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+		db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
 		db.Commit(root, false, nil)
 		// And flush stacktrie -> disk
@@ -878,7 +882,8 @@ func TestCommitSequenceSmallRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	trie.TryUpdate(key, []byte{0x1})
 	stTrie.TryUpdate(key, []byte{0x1})
 	// Flush trie -> database
-	root, _, _ := trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
 	db.Commit(root, false, nil)
 	// And flush stacktrie -> disk
@@ -998,7 +1003,7 @@ func benchmarkCommitAfterHashFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accou
 	// Insert the accounts into the trie and hash it
 	trie.Hash()
 	b.StartTimer()
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	trie.Commit(false)
 	b.StopTimer()
 }
 
@@ -1043,12 +1048,14 @@ func BenchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b *testing.B) {
 
 func benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accounts [][]byte) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	trie := newEmpty()
+	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.Update(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
 	h := trie.Hash()
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	_, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	b.StartTimer()
 	trie.db.Dereference(h)
 	b.StopTimer()
diff --git a/trie/utils_test.go b/trie/utils_test.go
index 589eca6242..ffae9ffad7 100644
--- a/trie/utils_test.go
+++ b/trie/utils_test.go
@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 )
 
 // Tests if the trie diffs are tracked correctly.
 func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
+	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	trie.tracer = newTracer()
 
 	// Insert a batch of entries, all the nodes should be marked as inserted
@@ -66,7 +68,10 @@ func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Commit the changes
-	trie.Commit(nil)
+	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	trie, _ = New(common.Hash{}, root, db)
+	trie.tracer = newTracer()
 
 	// Delete all the elements, check deletion set
 	for _, val := range vals {