How to migrate db

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We need to think about how to migrate our db.
Usually, the schema of db evolves as development proceed and we need to update it consistently on production environment.

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As a reference, here is the case of rails.

On rails, we create one "migration" file for every update on db schema.
"migration" files typically contain directives for creating table, adding/removing columns, adding/removing indices, updating column attributes like default values or null abilities...
And they often also contain a code to update records related to schema update, like populating new columns.

"migration" files are ordered based on timestamp and supposed to be executed in that order.
Db holds a "migrations" table to record which "migration" is executed.
When a developer (or a CI) executes migration, rails sees the migrations table in the db and executes ones which are not executed yet.