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create_list for a very large list like: value = [1] * 100_000_000 is going to return in 2.27s \ud83d\ude9c",id:"-calling-create_list-for-a-very-large-list-like-value--1--100_000_000--is-going-to-return-in-227s-tractor",level:4},{value:"Implementation 2: PyBytes",id:"implementation-2-pybytes",level:3},{value:"> For the same list input, create_list_bytes returns in 78 milliseconds. That's 30x better \ud83d\udc0e",id:"-for-the-same-list-input-create_list_bytes-returns-in-78-milliseconds-thats-30x-better-racehorse",level:4},{value:"Implementation 3: Apache Arrow",id:"implementation-3-apache-arrow",level:3},{value:"> Same list returns in 33 milliseconds . That's 2x better than PyBytes \ud83d\udc0e\ud83d\udc0e",id:"-same-list-returns-in-33-milliseconds--thats-2x-better-than-pybytes-racehorseracehorse",level:4},{value:"Debugging",id:"debugging",level:2},{value:".unwrap()",id:"unwrap",level:3},{value:"> Example error:",id:"-example-error",level:4},{value:"eyre",id:"eyre",level:3},{value:"> Same error as above but with eyre which gives a better looking error message:",id:"-same-error-as-above-but-with-eyre-which-gives-a-better-looking-error-message",level:4},{value:"Python traceback with eyre",id:"python-traceback-with-eyre",level:3},{value:"> Example error with no custom traceback:",id:"-example-error-with-no-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"> Better errors with custom traceback:",id:"-better-errors-with-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"Memory management",id:"memory-management",level:2},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 440MB of memory. \ud83d\udc4e",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-440mb-of-memory--1",level:4},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 80MB of memory. :thumbsup:",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-80mb-of-memory-thumbsup",level:4},{value:"Race condition",id:"race-condition",level:2},{value:"> This threaded print was printed after 10.0s. \ud83d\ude22",id:"-this-threaded-print-was-printed-after-100s-cry",level:4},{value:"> "1" was printed after 32\xb5s and "2" was printed after 80\xb5s, so there was no race condition. \ud83d\ude04",id:"-1-was-printed-after-32\xb5s-and-2-was-printed-after-80\xb5s-so-there-was-no-race-condition-smile",level:4},{value:"Tracing",id:"tracing",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.R)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Writing a rust library that is usable in multiple languages is not easy..."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This blogpost recollects things I have encountered while building ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/webonnx/wonnx",children:"wonnx"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/dora-rs/dora",children:"dora-rs"}),". I am going to use Rust-Python FFI through ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," as an example. You can then extrapolate those issues to other languages FFI."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"foreign-function-interface",children:"Foreign Function Interface"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A foreign function interface (FFI) is an interface used to share data from different languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["By default, python might not know what a Rust ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u16"})," is, so an interface is needed to make the two languages communicate."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1qiK8hRh.png",alt:""})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Image from ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/08/webassembly-interface-types/",children:"WebAssembly Interface Types: Interoperate with All the Things!"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Building interfaces is not easy. Most of the time, we have to use the C-ABI to build our FFI as it is the common denominator between languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Thankfully, there are FFI libraries that create interfaces for us and we can just focus on the important stuff such as the logic, algorithm, and so on."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, those FFI libraries might have limitations. This is what we're going to discuss."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One example of such FFI library is ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})}),". ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})})," is one of the most used Rust-Python binding and creates FFIs for you. All we have to do is wrap our function with a ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"#[pyfunction]"})," and that will make it usable in Python."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"interfacing-arrays",children:"Interfacing Arrays"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this blog post, I'm going to build a toy Rust-Python project with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," to illustrate the issues I have faced."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can try this blogpost at home by forking the ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/haixuanTao/blogpost_ffi",children:"blogpost repository"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you want to start from scratch, you can create a new project with:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"mkdir blogpost_ffi\nmaturin init # pyo3\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The default project will looks like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use pyo3::prelude::*;\n\n/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.\n#[pyfunction]\nfn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResultcreate_list for a very large list like: value = [1] * 100_000_000 is going to return in 2.27s \ud83d\ude9c",id:"-calling-create_list-for-a-very-large-list-like-value--1--100_000_000--is-going-to-return-in-227s-tractor",level:4},{value:"Implementation 2: PyBytes",id:"implementation-2-pybytes",level:3},{value:"> For the same list input, create_list_bytes returns in 78 milliseconds. That's 30x better \ud83d\udc0e",id:"-for-the-same-list-input-create_list_bytes-returns-in-78-milliseconds-thats-30x-better-racehorse",level:4},{value:"Implementation 3: Apache Arrow",id:"implementation-3-apache-arrow",level:3},{value:"> Same list returns in 33 milliseconds . That's 2x better than PyBytes \ud83d\udc0e\ud83d\udc0e",id:"-same-list-returns-in-33-milliseconds--thats-2x-better-than-pybytes-racehorseracehorse",level:4},{value:"Debugging",id:"debugging",level:2},{value:".unwrap()",id:"unwrap",level:3},{value:"> Example error:",id:"-example-error",level:4},{value:"eyre",id:"eyre",level:3},{value:"> Same error as above but with eyre which gives a better looking error message:",id:"-same-error-as-above-but-with-eyre-which-gives-a-better-looking-error-message",level:4},{value:"Python traceback with eyre",id:"python-traceback-with-eyre",level:3},{value:"> Example error with no custom traceback:",id:"-example-error-with-no-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"> Better errors with custom traceback:",id:"-better-errors-with-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"Memory management",id:"memory-management",level:2},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 440MB of memory. \ud83d\udc4e",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-440mb-of-memory--1",level:4},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 80MB of memory. :thumbsup:",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-80mb-of-memory-thumbsup",level:4},{value:"Race condition",id:"race-condition",level:2},{value:"> This threaded print was printed after 10.0s. \ud83d\ude22",id:"-this-threaded-print-was-printed-after-100s-cry",level:4},{value:"> "1" was printed after 32\xb5s and "2" was printed after 80\xb5s, so there was no race condition. \ud83d\ude04",id:"-1-was-printed-after-32\xb5s-and-2-was-printed-after-80\xb5s-so-there-was-no-race-condition-smile",level:4},{value:"Tracing",id:"tracing",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.R)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Writing a rust library that is usable in multiple languages is not easy..."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This blogpost recollects things I have encountered while building ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/webonnx/wonnx",children:"wonnx"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/dora-rs/dora",children:"dora-rs"}),". I am going to use Rust-Python FFI through ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," as an example. You can then extrapolate those issues to other languages FFI."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"foreign-function-interface",children:"Foreign Function Interface"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A foreign function interface (FFI) is an interface used to share data from different languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["By default, python might not know what a Rust ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u16"})," is, so an interface is needed to make the two languages communicate."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1qiK8hRh.png",alt:""})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Image from ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/08/webassembly-interface-types/",children:"WebAssembly Interface Types: Interoperate with All the Things!"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Building interfaces is not easy. Most of the time, we have to use the C-ABI to build our FFI as it is the common denominator between languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Thankfully, there are FFI libraries that create interfaces for us and we can just focus on the important stuff such as the logic, algorithm, and so on."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, those FFI libraries might have limitations. This is what we're going to discuss."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One example of such FFI library is ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})}),". ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})})," is one of the most used Rust-Python binding and creates FFIs for you. All we have to do is wrap our function with a ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"#[pyfunction]"})," and that will make it usable in Python."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"interfacing-arrays",children:"Interfacing Arrays"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this blog post, I'm going to build a toy Rust-Python project with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," to illustrate the issues I have faced."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can try this blogpost at home by forking the ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/haixuanTao/blogpost_ffi",children:"blogpost repository"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you want to start from scratch, you can create a new project with:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"mkdir blogpost_ffi\nmaturin init # pyo3\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The default project will looks like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use pyo3::prelude::*;\n\n/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.\n#[pyfunction]\nfn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResultcreate_list for a very large list like: value = [1] * 100_000_000 is going to return in 2.27s \ud83d\ude9c",id:"-calling-create_list-for-a-very-large-list-like-value--1--100_000_000--is-going-to-return-in-227s-tractor",level:4},{value:"Implementation 2: PyBytes",id:"implementation-2-pybytes",level:3},{value:"> For the same list input, create_list_bytes returns in 78 milliseconds. That's 30x better \ud83d\udc0e",id:"-for-the-same-list-input-create_list_bytes-returns-in-78-milliseconds-thats-30x-better-racehorse",level:4},{value:"Implementation 3: Apache Arrow",id:"implementation-3-apache-arrow",level:3},{value:"> Same list returns in 33 milliseconds . That's 2x better than PyBytes \ud83d\udc0e\ud83d\udc0e",id:"-same-list-returns-in-33-milliseconds--thats-2x-better-than-pybytes-racehorseracehorse",level:4},{value:"Debugging",id:"debugging",level:2},{value:".unwrap()",id:"unwrap",level:3},{value:"> Example error:",id:"-example-error",level:4},{value:"eyre",id:"eyre",level:3},{value:"> Same error as above but with eyre which gives a better looking error message:",id:"-same-error-as-above-but-with-eyre-which-gives-a-better-looking-error-message",level:4},{value:"Python traceback with eyre",id:"python-traceback-with-eyre",level:3},{value:"> Example error with no custom traceback:",id:"-example-error-with-no-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"> Better errors with custom traceback:",id:"-better-errors-with-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"Memory management",id:"memory-management",level:2},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 440MB of memory. \ud83d\udc4e",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-440mb-of-memory--1",level:4},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 80MB of memory. :thumbsup:",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-80mb-of-memory-thumbsup",level:4},{value:"Race condition",id:"race-condition",level:2},{value:"> This threaded print was printed after 10.0s. \ud83d\ude22",id:"-this-threaded-print-was-printed-after-100s-cry",level:4},{value:"> "1" was printed after 32\xb5s and "2" was printed after 80\xb5s, so there was no race condition. \ud83d\ude04",id:"-1-was-printed-after-32\xb5s-and-2-was-printed-after-80\xb5s-so-there-was-no-race-condition-smile",level:4},{value:"Tracing",id:"tracing",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.R)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Writing a rust library that is usable in multiple languages is not easy..."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This blogpost recollects things I have encountered while building ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/webonnx/wonnx",children:"wonnx"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/dora-rs/dora",children:"dora-rs"}),". I am going to use Rust-Python FFI through ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," as an example. You can then extrapolate those issues to other languages FFI."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"foreign-function-interface",children:"Foreign Function Interface"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A foreign function interface (FFI) is an interface used to share data from different languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["By default, python might not know what a Rust ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u16"})," is, so an interface is needed to make the two languages communicate."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1qiK8hRh.png",alt:""})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Image from ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/08/webassembly-interface-types/",children:"WebAssembly Interface Types: Interoperate with All the Things!"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Building interfaces is not easy. Most of the time, we have to use the C-ABI to build our FFI as it is the common denominator between languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Thankfully, there are FFI libraries that create interfaces for us and we can just focus on the important stuff such as the logic, algorithm, and so on."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, those FFI libraries might have limitations. This is what we're going to discuss."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One example of such FFI library is ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})}),". ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})})," is one of the most used Rust-Python binding and creates FFIs for you. All we have to do is wrap our function with a ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"#[pyfunction]"})," and that will make it usable in Python."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"interfacing-arrays",children:"Interfacing Arrays"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this blog post, I'm going to build a toy Rust-Python project with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," to illustrate the issues I have faced."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can try this blogpost at home by forking the ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/haixuanTao/blogpost_ffi",children:"blogpost repository"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you want to start from scratch, you can create a new project with:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"mkdir blogpost_ffi\nmaturin init # pyo3\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The default project will looks like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use pyo3::prelude::*;\n\n/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.\n#[pyfunction]\nfn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResultcreate_list for a very large list like: value = [1] * 100_000_000 is going to return in 2.27s \ud83d\ude9c",id:"-calling-create_list-for-a-very-large-list-like-value--1--100_000_000--is-going-to-return-in-227s-tractor",level:4},{value:"Implementation 2: PyBytes",id:"implementation-2-pybytes",level:3},{value:"> For the same list input, create_list_bytes returns in 78 milliseconds. That's 30x better \ud83d\udc0e",id:"-for-the-same-list-input-create_list_bytes-returns-in-78-milliseconds-thats-30x-better-racehorse",level:4},{value:"Implementation 3: Apache Arrow",id:"implementation-3-apache-arrow",level:3},{value:"> Same list returns in 33 milliseconds . That's 2x better than PyBytes \ud83d\udc0e\ud83d\udc0e",id:"-same-list-returns-in-33-milliseconds--thats-2x-better-than-pybytes-racehorseracehorse",level:4},{value:"Debugging",id:"debugging",level:2},{value:".unwrap()",id:"unwrap",level:3},{value:"> Example error:",id:"-example-error",level:4},{value:"eyre",id:"eyre",level:3},{value:"> Same error as above but with eyre which gives a better looking error message:",id:"-same-error-as-above-but-with-eyre-which-gives-a-better-looking-error-message",level:4},{value:"Python traceback with eyre",id:"python-traceback-with-eyre",level:3},{value:"> Example error with no custom traceback:",id:"-example-error-with-no-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"> Better errors with custom traceback:",id:"-better-errors-with-custom-traceback",level:4},{value:"Memory management",id:"memory-management",level:2},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 440MB of memory. \ud83d\udc4e",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-440mb-of-memory--1",level:4},{value:"> Calling this function will consume 80MB of memory. :thumbsup:",id:"-calling-this-function-will-consume-80mb-of-memory-thumbsup",level:4},{value:"Race condition",id:"race-condition",level:2},{value:"> This threaded print was printed after 10.0s. \ud83d\ude22",id:"-this-threaded-print-was-printed-after-100s-cry",level:4},{value:"> "1" was printed after 32\xb5s and "2" was printed after 80\xb5s, so there was no race condition. \ud83d\ude04",id:"-1-was-printed-after-32\xb5s-and-2-was-printed-after-80\xb5s-so-there-was-no-race-condition-smile",level:4},{value:"Tracing",id:"tracing",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,a.R)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Writing a rust library that is usable in multiple languages is not easy..."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This blogpost recollects things I have encountered while building ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/webonnx/wonnx",children:"wonnx"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/dora-rs/dora",children:"dora-rs"}),". I am going to use Rust-Python FFI through ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," as an example. You can then extrapolate those issues to other languages FFI."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"foreign-function-interface",children:"Foreign Function Interface"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"A foreign function interface (FFI) is an interface used to share data from different languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["By default, python might not know what a Rust ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u16"})," is, so an interface is needed to make the two languages communicate."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1qiK8hRh.png",alt:""})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Image from ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/08/webassembly-interface-types/",children:"WebAssembly Interface Types: Interoperate with All the Things!"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Building interfaces is not easy. Most of the time, we have to use the C-ABI to build our FFI as it is the common denominator between languages."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Thankfully, there are FFI libraries that create interfaces for us and we can just focus on the important stuff such as the logic, algorithm, and so on."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"However, those FFI libraries might have limitations. This is what we're going to discuss."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One example of such FFI library is ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})}),". ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3",children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})})," is one of the most used Rust-Python binding and creates FFIs for you. All we have to do is wrap our function with a ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"#[pyfunction]"})," and that will make it usable in Python."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"interfacing-arrays",children:"Interfacing Arrays"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this blog post, I'm going to build a toy Rust-Python project with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pyo3"})," to illustrate the issues I have faced."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can try this blogpost at home by forking the ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/haixuanTao/blogpost_ffi",children:"blogpost repository"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you want to start from scratch, you can create a new project with:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-bash",children:"mkdir blogpost_ffi\nmaturin init # pyo3\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The default project will looks like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use pyo3::prelude::*;\n\n/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.\n#[pyfunction]\nfn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResultYour Docusaurus site did not load properly.
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