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introduction

the idea is to understand how to build a cross compiler to stay edge(like gcc 9.1) or bootstrap a target(like arm) with your favorite distribution(like alpine linux).

to understand the principal behind, you do not need depends on the "blackbox" generated by auto build tools like yocto, buildroot, crosstool-ng etc.

gcc target glibc

the best reference I find for background info is:

how a toolchain is constructed -->

https://crosstool-ng.github.io/docs/toolchain-construction/

for step by step guide:

how to build a gcc cross-compiler -->

https://preshing.com/20141119/how-to-build-a-gcc-cross-compiler/

the guide is for armv8(aarch64) with tuple aarch64-linux-gnu

for armv7(arm), you need tweak with tuple arm-linux-gnueabihf, as latest armv7 based soc typically with hard float point unit(fpu - vfpv4-d16)

gcc target musl

manually build gcc target musl is tough, as you can find very few documents...

the best reference I find is:

simple makefile-based build for musl cross compiler

https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make

it's a build script and support many targets, for our purpose, I suggest refer to the 1st link(how a toolchain is constructed) first. when you understand the principal, it's easier to understand the script under the hood.

here my target tuple is arm-linux-musleabihf as I have a stm32mp1 board(armv7 based with vfpv4-d16/neon).

cross-compiler need libc(musl libc) --> musl need be built by a cross-compiler(bootstrap compiler gcc2) --> bootstrap compiler need musl headers and start files(c runtme - crt) --> start files need be built by a cross-compiler(gcc1) and kernel headers(without need headers and start files) --> need cross assembler and linker(binutils).

to summarize here again for the steps:

  1. gcc need pre-requests like gmp, mpfr, mpc, isl, cloog for math and optimation
  2. gcc need binutils for assembler and linker
  3. gcc need libc to use the system(userspace to linux kernel)
  4. libc need the linux kernel headers(system calls, data structures etc.)
  5. build libc need gcc
  6. to jailbreak, need a gcc without need of libc
  7. typically breakdown to two stages build: bare minimal gcc(gcc1) and 2nd stage gcc(gcc2)
  8. build bare minimal gcc to build c runtime for libc with headers(libc and kernel)
  9. build 2nd stage gcc to build libc
  10. build full gcc

arm-linux-musleabihf based on musl-cross-make

pre-requests --> 1.GMP - the gnu multiple precision arithmetic library 2.MPFR - the c library for multiple-precision floating-point computations with correct rounding 3.MPC - the c library for the arithmetic of complex numbers

optional pre-requests(enable loop optimation - graphite) --> ISL - the integer set library CLooG - the chunky loop generator, using the isl backend PPL - the parma polyhedra library CLooG/PPL - the chunky loop generator, using the ppl backend

// enable link time optimation - lto --> libelf - the ELF object file access library

in the beginning, I try to build it step by step to understand the principals, or a simplified, purpose built simple makefile. after day and night errors & debugging, I give up and come back to the base of musl-cross-make. always do incremental stuff instead of re-inventing wheels or customizing too much in the beginning, otherwise you will catch the pain :)

here I update the top level makefile with latest gcc-9.1.0, isl-0.21, cloog-0.18.4 and linux-4.19.60, the related hashes and patches applicable. if you are the same use case as me(arm-linux-musleabihf), simply make, the script will download, extract, patch, build the toolchain automatically. then make install, you will have the toolchain under output.

ps: I test with kernel cross compile, the toolchain is not work out of box. still need tweak the CFLAGS/LDFGLAGS further. and the patches for GCC 9.1.0 is in question mark too.

arm-linux-musleabihf based on manual process

finally I find a very good reference, to understand what's under the hood and also successfully build the cross compiler manually target for musl:

http://goliath32.com/blog/2016-12-05.html

CLFS embedded book is detailed step by step and the author of above blog refer to it for sure:

http://clfs.org/view/clfs-embedded/arm/index.html

here I list down the shell script step by step for your reference:

// prepare environment

1.1 unset CFLAGS

1.2 export CLFS_HOST=$(echo ${MACHTYPE} | sed "s/-[^-]*/-cross/")

1.3 export CLFS_TARGET=arm-linux-musleabihf

1.4 export CLFS_ARCH=arm

1.5 export CLFS_ARM_ARCH=armv7-a

1.6 export CLFS_FLOAT=hard

1.7 export CLFS_FPU=neon-vfpv4

1.8 mkdir musl-9.1.0/${CLFS_TARGET} --> toolchain target sysroot

1.9 ln -sfv . musl-9.1.0/arm-linux-musleabihf/usr --> make sure install to target sysroot

// install kernel header

2.1 cd linux-4.19.60

2.2 make mrproper

2.3 make ARCH=${CLFS_ARCH} headers_check

2.4 make ARCH=${CLFS_ARCH} INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0/arm-linux-musleabihf headers_install

// install binutils

3.1 cd ../binutils-2.32

3.2 mkdir build && cd build

3.3 ../configure --prefix=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0 --target=${CLFS_TARGET} --with-sysroot=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0/${CLFS_TARGET} --disable-nls --disable-multilib

3.4 make configure-host && make -j8

3.5 make install

// install gcc1

4.1 cd gcc-9.1.0

4.2 ln -s ../gmp-6.1.2 gmp

4.3 ln -s ../mpc-1.1.0 mpc

4.4 ln -s ../mpfr-4.0.2 mpfr

4.5 ln -s ../isl-0.21 isl

4.6 ln -s ../cloog-0.18.4 cloog

4.7 mkdir build1 && cd build1

4.8 ../configure --prefix=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0 --build=${CLFS_HOST} --host=${CLFS_HOST} --target=${CLFS_TARGET} --with-sysroot=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0/${CLFS_TARGET} --without-headers --with-newlib --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-decimal-float --disable-libgomp --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp --disable-libatomic --disable-libquadmath --disable-threads --disable-multilib --enable-languages=c --with-arch=${CLFS_ARM_ARCH} --with-float=${CLFS_FLOAT} --with-fpu=${CLFS_FPU}

4.9 make -j8 all-gcc all-target-libgcc

4.10 make install-gcc install-target-libgcc

// install musl

5.1 cd musl-1.1.22

5.2 ./configure CROSS_COMPILE=${CLFS_TARGET}- --prefix=/ --target=${CLFS_TARGET}

5.3 make -j8

5.4 DESTDIR=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0/${CLFS_TARGET} make install

// install gcc2

6.1 cd gcc-9.1.0

6.2 mkdir build2 && cd build2

6.3 ../configure --prefix=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0 --build=${CLFS_HOST} --host=${CLFS_HOST} --target=${CLFS_TARGET} --with-sysroot=/home/dp/cross-gcc/musl-9.1.0/${CLFS_TARGET} --disable-nls --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp --disable-libmpx --disable-multilib --disable-libsanitizer --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-c99 --enable-long-long --with-arch=${CLFS_ARM_ARCH} --with-float=${CLFS_FLOAT} --with-fpu=${CLFS_FPU}

6.4 make -j8

6.5 make install