diff --git a/core/state/metrics.go b/core/state/metrics.go
index e702ef3a81a6..086666b7dbfc 100644
--- a/core/state/metrics.go
+++ b/core/state/metrics.go
@@ -19,12 +19,10 @@ package state
 import "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 
 var (
-	accountUpdatedMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/account", nil)
-	storageUpdatedMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storage", nil)
-	accountDeletedMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/account", nil)
-	storageDeletedMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage", nil)
-	accountTrieUpdatedMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/accountnodes", nil)
-	storageTriesUpdatedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storagenodes", nil)
-	accountTrieDeletedMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/accountnodes", nil)
-	storageTriesDeletedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storagenodes", nil)
+	accountUpdatedMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/account", nil)
+	storageUpdatedMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storage", nil)
+	accountDeletedMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/account", nil)
+	storageDeletedMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage", nil)
+	accountTrieNodesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/trie/account", nil)
+	storageTriesNodesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/trie/storage", nil)
 )
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 3f4bec2392dc..4385c197692b 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -970,13 +970,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 
 	// Commit objects to the trie, measuring the elapsed time
 	var (
-		accountTrieNodesUpdated int
-		accountTrieNodesDeleted int
-		storageTrieNodesUpdated int
-		storageTrieNodesDeleted int
-		nodes                   = trie.NewMergedNodeSet()
+		accountTrieNodes int
+		storageTrieNodes int
+		nodes            = trie.NewMergedNodeSet()
+		codeWriter       = s.db.DiskDB().NewBatch()
 	)
-	codeWriter := s.db.DiskDB().NewBatch()
 	for addr := range s.stateObjectsDirty {
 		if obj := s.stateObjects[addr]; !obj.deleted {
 			// Write any contract code associated with the state object
@@ -994,17 +992,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 				if err := nodes.Merge(set); err != nil {
 					return common.Hash{}, err
 				}
-				updates, deleted := set.Size()
-				storageTrieNodesUpdated += updates
-				storageTrieNodesDeleted += deleted
+				storageTrieNodes += set.Size()
 			}
 		}
-		// If the contract is destructed, the storage is still left in the
-		// database as dangling data. Theoretically it's should be wiped from
-		// database as well, but in hash-based-scheme it's extremely hard to
-		// determine that if the trie nodes are also referenced by other storage,
-		// and in path-based-scheme some technical challenges are still unsolved.
-		// Although it won't affect the correctness but please fix it TODO(rjl493456442).
 	}
 	if len(s.stateObjectsDirty) > 0 {
 		s.stateObjectsDirty = make(map[common.Address]struct{})
@@ -1025,7 +1015,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 		if err := nodes.Merge(set); err != nil {
 			return common.Hash{}, err
 		}
-		accountTrieNodesUpdated, accountTrieNodesDeleted = set.Size()
+		accountTrieNodes = set.Size()
 	}
 	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
 		s.AccountCommits += time.Since(start)
@@ -1034,10 +1024,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 		storageUpdatedMeter.Mark(int64(s.StorageUpdated))
 		accountDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(s.AccountDeleted))
 		storageDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(s.StorageDeleted))
-		accountTrieUpdatedMeter.Mark(int64(accountTrieNodesUpdated))
-		accountTrieDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(accountTrieNodesDeleted))
-		storageTriesUpdatedMeter.Mark(int64(storageTrieNodesUpdated))
-		storageTriesDeletedMeter.Mark(int64(storageTrieNodesDeleted))
+		accountTrieNodesMeter.Mark(int64(accountTrieNodes))
+		storageTriesNodesMeter.Mark(int64(storageTrieNodes))
+
 		s.AccountUpdated, s.AccountDeleted = 0, 0
 		s.StorageUpdated, s.StorageDeleted = 0, 0
 	}
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index c4957f3490ea..745cb7683998 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -33,29 +33,22 @@ type leaf struct {
 // insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	nodes       *NodeSet
-	tracer      *tracer
 	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter(owner common.Hash, tracer *tracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+func newCommitter(nodes *NodeSet, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
 	return &committer{
-		nodes:       NewNodeSet(owner),
-		tracer:      tracer,
+		nodes:       nodes,
 		collectLeaf: collectLeaf,
 	}
 }
 
 // Commit collapses a node down into a hash node and returns it along with
 // the modified nodeset.
-func (c *committer) Commit(n node) (hashNode, *NodeSet) {
+func (c *committer) Commit(n node) hashNode {
 	h := c.commit(nil, n)
-	// Some nodes can be deleted from trie which can't be captured
-	// by committer itself. Iterate all deleted nodes tracked by
-	// tracer and marked them as deleted only if they are present
-	// in database previously.
-	c.tracer.markDeletions(c.nodes)
-	return h.(hashNode), c.nodes
+	return h.(hashNode)
 }
 
 // commit collapses a node down into a hash node and returns it.
@@ -85,12 +78,6 @@ func (c *committer) commit(path []byte, n node) node {
 		if hn, ok := hashedNode.(hashNode); ok {
 			return hn
 		}
-		// The short node now is embedded in its parent. Mark the node as
-		// deleted if it's present in database previously. It's equivalent
-		// as deletion from database's perspective.
-		if prev := c.tracer.getPrev(path); len(prev) != 0 {
-			c.nodes.markDeleted(path, prev)
-		}
 		return collapsed
 	case *fullNode:
 		hashedKids := c.commitChildren(path, cn)
@@ -101,12 +88,6 @@ func (c *committer) commit(path []byte, n node) node {
 		if hn, ok := hashedNode.(hashNode); ok {
 			return hn
 		}
-		// The full node now is embedded in its parent. Mark the node as
-		// deleted if it's present in database previously. It's equivalent
-		// as deletion from database's perspective.
-		if prev := c.tracer.getPrev(path); len(prev) != 0 {
-			c.nodes.markDeleted(path, prev)
-		}
 		return collapsed
 	case hashNode:
 		return cn
@@ -169,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 		}
 	)
 	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
-	c.nodes.markUpdated(path, mnode, c.tracer.getPrev(path))
+	c.nodes.markUpdated(path, mnode)
 
 	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
 	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key
diff --git a/trie/database.go b/trie/database.go
index 74247d59c4f8..5d47475e0f04 100644
--- a/trie/database.go
+++ b/trie/database.go
@@ -792,13 +792,12 @@ func (db *Database) Update(nodes *MergedNodeSet) error {
 	}
 	for _, owner := range order {
 		subset := nodes.sets[owner]
-		for _, path := range subset.updates.order {
-			n, ok := subset.updates.nodes[path]
-			if !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("missing node %x %v", owner, path)
+		subset.forEachWithOrder(false, func(path string, n *memoryNode) {
+			if n.isDeleted() {
+				return // ignore deletion
 			}
 			db.insert(n.hash, int(n.size), n.node)
-		}
+		})
 	}
 	// Link up the account trie and storage trie if the node points
 	// to an account trie leaf.
diff --git a/trie/nodeset.go b/trie/nodeset.go
index 928172350171..4251eccaf680 100644
--- a/trie/nodeset.go
+++ b/trie/nodeset.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ var memoryNodeSize = int(reflect.TypeOf(memoryNode{}).Size())
 
 // memorySize returns the total memory size used by this node.
 // nolint:unused
-func (n *memoryNode) memorySize(key int) int {
-	return int(n.size) + memoryNodeSize + key
+func (n *memoryNode) memorySize(pathlen int) int {
+	return int(n.size) + memoryNodeSize + pathlen
 }
 
 // rlp returns the raw rlp encoded blob of the cached trie node, either directly
@@ -64,14 +65,20 @@ func (n *memoryNode) obj() node {
 	return expandNode(n.hash[:], n.node)
 }
 
+// isDeleted returns the indicator if the node is marked as deleted.
+func (n *memoryNode) isDeleted() bool {
+	return n.hash == (common.Hash{})
+}
+
 // nodeWithPrev wraps the memoryNode with the previous node value.
+// nolint: unused
 type nodeWithPrev struct {
 	*memoryNode
 	prev []byte // RLP-encoded previous value, nil means it's non-existent
 }
 
 // unwrap returns the internal memoryNode object.
-// nolint:unused
+// nolint: unused
 func (n *nodeWithPrev) unwrap() *memoryNode {
 	return n.memoryNode
 }
@@ -79,64 +86,69 @@ func (n *nodeWithPrev) unwrap() *memoryNode {
 // memorySize returns the total memory size used by this node. It overloads
 // the function in memoryNode by counting the size of previous value as well.
 // nolint: unused
-func (n *nodeWithPrev) memorySize(key int) int {
-	return n.memoryNode.memorySize(key) + len(n.prev)
-}
-
-// nodesWithOrder represents a collection of dirty nodes which includes
-// newly-inserted and updated nodes. The modification order of all nodes
-// is represented by order list.
-type nodesWithOrder struct {
-	order []string                 // the path list of dirty nodes, sort by insertion order
-	nodes map[string]*nodeWithPrev // the map of dirty nodes, keyed by node path
+func (n *nodeWithPrev) memorySize(pathlen int) int {
+	return n.memoryNode.memorySize(pathlen) + len(n.prev)
 }
 
 // NodeSet contains all dirty nodes collected during the commit operation.
 // Each node is keyed by path. It's not thread-safe to use.
 type NodeSet struct {
-	owner   common.Hash       // the identifier of the trie
-	updates *nodesWithOrder   // the set of updated nodes(newly inserted, updated)
-	deletes map[string][]byte // the map of deleted nodes, keyed by node
-	leaves  []*leaf           // the list of dirty leaves
+	owner      common.Hash            // the identifier of the trie
+	nodes      map[string]*memoryNode // the set of dirty nodes(inserted, updated, deleted)
+	leaves     []*leaf                // the list of dirty leaves
+	accessList map[string][]byte      // The list of accessed nodes, which records the original node value
 }
 
 // NewNodeSet initializes an empty node set to be used for tracking dirty nodes
-// from a specific account or storage trie. The owner is zero for the account
-// trie and the owning account address hash for storage tries.
-func NewNodeSet(owner common.Hash) *NodeSet {
+// for a specific account or storage trie. The owner is zero for the account trie
+// and the owning account address hash for storage tries. The provided accessList
+// represents the original value of accessed nodes, it can be optional but would
+// be beneficial for speeding up the construction of trie history.
+func NewNodeSet(owner common.Hash, accessList map[string][]byte) *NodeSet {
+	// Don't panic for lazy users
+	if accessList == nil {
+		accessList = make(map[string][]byte)
+	}
 	return &NodeSet{
-		owner: owner,
-		updates: &nodesWithOrder{
-			nodes: make(map[string]*nodeWithPrev),
-		},
-		deletes: make(map[string][]byte),
+		owner:      owner,
+		nodes:      make(map[string]*memoryNode),
+		accessList: accessList,
 	}
 }
 
-/*
-// NewNodeSetWithDeletion initializes the nodeset with provided deletion set.
-func NewNodeSetWithDeletion(owner common.Hash, paths [][]byte, prev [][]byte) *NodeSet {
-	set := NewNodeSet(owner)
-	for i, path := range paths {
-		set.markDeleted(path, prev[i])
+// forEachWithOrder iterates the dirty nodes with the specified order.
+// If topToBottom is true:
+//
+//	then the order of iteration is top to bottom, left to right.
+//
+// If topToBottom is false:
+//
+//	then the order of iteration is bottom to top, right to left.
+func (set *NodeSet) forEachWithOrder(topToBottom bool, callback func(path string, n *memoryNode)) {
+	var paths sort.StringSlice
+	for path := range set.nodes {
+		paths = append(paths, path)
+	}
+	if topToBottom {
+		paths.Sort()
+	} else {
+		sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(paths))
+	}
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		callback(path, set.nodes[path])
 	}
-	return set
 }
-*/
 
 // markUpdated marks the node as dirty(newly-inserted or updated) with provided
 // node path, node object along with its previous value.
-func (set *NodeSet) markUpdated(path []byte, node *memoryNode, prev []byte) {
-	set.updates.order = append(set.updates.order, string(path))
-	set.updates.nodes[string(path)] = &nodeWithPrev{
-		memoryNode: node,
-		prev:       prev,
-	}
+func (set *NodeSet) markUpdated(path []byte, node *memoryNode) {
+	set.nodes[string(path)] = node
 }
 
 // markDeleted marks the node as deleted with provided path and previous value.
-func (set *NodeSet) markDeleted(path []byte, prev []byte) {
-	set.deletes[string(path)] = prev
+// nolint: unused
+func (set *NodeSet) markDeleted(path []byte) {
+	set.nodes[string(path)] = &memoryNode{}
 }
 
 // addLeaf collects the provided leaf node into set.
@@ -144,16 +156,16 @@ func (set *NodeSet) addLeaf(node *leaf) {
 	set.leaves = append(set.leaves, node)
 }
 
-// Size returns the number of updated and deleted nodes contained in the set.
-func (set *NodeSet) Size() (int, int) {
-	return len(set.updates.order), len(set.deletes)
+// Size returns the number of dirty nodes contained in the set.
+func (set *NodeSet) Size() int {
+	return len(set.nodes)
 }
 
 // Hashes returns the hashes of all updated nodes. TODO(rjl493456442) how can
 // we get rid of it?
 func (set *NodeSet) Hashes() []common.Hash {
 	var ret []common.Hash
-	for _, node := range set.updates.nodes {
+	for _, node := range set.nodes {
 		ret = append(ret, node.hash)
 	}
 	return ret
@@ -163,19 +175,17 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Hashes() []common.Hash {
 func (set *NodeSet) Summary() string {
 	var out = new(strings.Builder)
 	fmt.Fprintf(out, "nodeset owner: %v\n", set.owner)
-	if set.updates != nil {
-		for _, key := range set.updates.order {
-			updated := set.updates.nodes[key]
-			if updated.prev != nil {
-				fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [*]: %x -> %v prev: %x\n", key, updated.hash, updated.prev)
-			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+]: %x -> %v\n", key, updated.hash)
+	if set.nodes != nil {
+		for path, n := range set.nodes {
+			// Deletion
+			if n.isDeleted() {
+				fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [-]: %x\n", path)
+				continue
 			}
+			// Update
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+]: %x -> %v\n", path, n.hash)
 		}
 	}
-	for k, n := range set.deletes {
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [-]: %x -> %x\n", k, n)
-	}
 	for _, n := range set.leaves {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "[leaf]: %v\n", n)
 	}
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index c467ac476622..65f89d91f8b4 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -51,12 +51,11 @@ type Trie struct {
 	// actually unhashed nodes.
 	unhashed int
 
+	// accessList tracks the loaded nodes from database.
+	accessList map[string][]byte
+
 	// reader is the handler trie can retrieve nodes from.
 	reader *trieReader
-
-	// tracer is the tool to track the trie changes.
-	// It will be reset after each commit operation.
-	tracer *tracer
 }
 
 // newFlag returns the cache flag value for a newly created node.
@@ -66,12 +65,16 @@ func (t *Trie) newFlag() nodeFlag {
 
 // Copy returns a copy of Trie.
 func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
+	accessList := make(map[string][]byte)
+	for path, blob := range t.accessList {
+		accessList[path] = common.CopyBytes(blob)
+	}
 	return &Trie{
-		root:     t.root,
-		owner:    t.owner,
-		unhashed: t.unhashed,
-		reader:   t.reader,
-		tracer:   t.tracer.copy(),
+		root:       t.root,
+		owner:      t.owner,
+		unhashed:   t.unhashed,
+		reader:     t.reader,
+		accessList: accessList,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -87,9 +90,9 @@ func New(id *ID, db NodeReader) (*Trie, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	trie := &Trie{
-		owner:  id.Owner,
-		reader: reader,
-		//tracer: newTracer(),
+		owner:      id.Owner,
+		reader:     reader,
+		accessList: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 	if id.Root != (common.Hash{}) && id.Root != emptyRoot {
 		rootnode, err := trie.resolveAndTrack(id.Root[:], nil)
@@ -326,11 +329,6 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		if matchlen == 0 {
 			return true, branch, nil
 		}
-		// New branch node is created as a child of the original short node.
-		// Track the newly inserted node in the tracer. The node identifier
-		// passed is the path from the root node.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...))
-
 		// Replace it with a short node leading up to the branch.
 		return true, &shortNode{key[:matchlen], branch, t.newFlag()}, nil
 
@@ -345,11 +343,6 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		return true, n, nil
 
 	case nil:
-		// New short node is created and track it in the tracer. The node identifier
-		// passed is the path from the root node. Note the valueNode won't be tracked
-		// since it's always embedded in its parent.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(prefix)
-
 		return true, &shortNode{key, value, t.newFlag()}, nil
 
 	case hashNode:
@@ -402,11 +395,6 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 			return false, n, nil // don't replace n on mismatch
 		}
 		if matchlen == len(key) {
-			// The matched short node is deleted entirely and track
-			// it in the deletion set. The same the valueNode doesn't
-			// need to be tracked at all since it's always embedded.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(prefix)
-
 			return true, nil, nil // remove n entirely for whole matches
 		}
 		// The key is longer than n.Key. Remove the remaining suffix
@@ -419,10 +407,6 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 		}
 		switch child := child.(type) {
 		case *shortNode:
-			// The child shortNode is merged into its parent, track
-			// is deleted as well.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, n.Key...))
-
 			// Deleting from the subtrie reduced it to another
 			// short node. Merge the nodes to avoid creating a
 			// shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}. Use concat (which
@@ -484,11 +468,6 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 					return false, nil, err
 				}
 				if cnode, ok := cnode.(*shortNode); ok {
-					// Replace the entire full node with the short node.
-					// Mark the original short node as deleted since the
-					// value is embedded into the parent now.
-					t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, byte(pos)))
-
 					k := append([]byte{byte(pos)}, cnode.Key...)
 					return true, &shortNode{k, cnode.Val, t.newFlag()}, nil
 				}
@@ -548,7 +527,7 @@ func (t *Trie) resolveAndTrack(n hashNode, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.tracer.onRead(prefix, blob)
+	t.accessList[string(prefix)] = blob
 	return mustDecodeNode(n, blob), nil
 }
 
@@ -567,16 +546,15 @@ func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
 // Once the trie is committed, it's not usable anymore. A new trie must
 // be created with new root and updated trie database for following usage
 func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *NodeSet) {
-	defer t.tracer.reset()
-
+	// Reset accessList at the end of commit
+	defer func() {
+		t.accessList = make(map[string][]byte)
+	}()
 	// Trie is empty and can be classified into two types of situations:
 	// - The trie was empty and no update happens
 	// - The trie was non-empty and all nodes are dropped
 	if t.root == nil {
-		// Wrap tracked deletions as the return
-		set := NewNodeSet(t.owner)
-		t.tracer.markDeletions(set)
-		return emptyRoot, set
+		return emptyRoot, nil
 	}
 	// Derive the hash for all dirty nodes first. We hold the assumption
 	// in the following procedure that all nodes are hashed.
@@ -590,8 +568,9 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *NodeSet) {
 		t.root = hashedNode
 		return rootHash, nil
 	}
-	h := newCommitter(t.owner, t.tracer, collectLeaf)
-	newRoot, nodes := h.Commit(t.root)
+	nodes := NewNodeSet(t.owner, t.accessList)
+	h := newCommitter(nodes, collectLeaf)
+	newRoot := h.Commit(t.root)
 	t.root = newRoot
 	return rootHash, nodes
 }
@@ -614,5 +593,5 @@ func (t *Trie) Reset() {
 	t.root = nil
 	t.owner = common.Hash{}
 	t.unhashed = 0
-	t.tracer.reset()
+	t.accessList = make(map[string][]byte)
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index 2fb97eebbf49..b87b7d3cd6c9 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -410,7 +410,6 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) bool {
 		values   = make(map[string]string) // tracks content of the trie
 		origTrie = NewEmpty(triedb)
 	)
-	tr.tracer = newTracer()
 
 	for i, step := range rt {
 		// fmt.Printf("{op: %d, key: common.Hex2Bytes(\"%x\"), value: common.Hex2Bytes(\"%x\")}, // step %d\n",
@@ -449,21 +448,14 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) bool {
 			root, nodes := tr.Commit(true)
 			// Validity the returned nodeset
 			if nodes != nil {
-				for path, node := range nodes.updates.nodes {
+				for path := range nodes.nodes {
 					blob, _, _ := origTrie.TryGetNode(hexToCompact([]byte(path)))
-					got := node.prev
+					got := nodes.accessList[path]
 					if !bytes.Equal(blob, got) {
 						rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("prevalue mismatch for 0x%x, got 0x%x want 0x%x", path, got, blob)
 						panic(rt[i].err)
 					}
 				}
-				for path, prev := range nodes.deletes {
-					blob, _, _ := origTrie.TryGetNode(hexToCompact([]byte(path)))
-					if !bytes.Equal(blob, prev) {
-						rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("prevalue mismatch for 0x%x, got 0x%x want 0x%x", path, prev, blob)
-						return false
-					}
-				}
 			}
 			if nodes != nil {
 				triedb.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
@@ -477,7 +469,6 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) bool {
 
 			// Enable node tracing. Resolve the root node again explicitly
 			// since it's not captured at the beginning.
-			tr.tracer = newTracer()
 			tr.resolveAndTrack(root.Bytes(), nil)
 
 			origTrie = tr.Copy()
@@ -490,59 +481,6 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) bool {
 			if tr.Hash() != checktr.Hash() {
 				rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("hash mismatch in opItercheckhash")
 			}
-		case opNodeDiff:
-			var (
-				inserted = tr.tracer.insertList()
-				deleted  = tr.tracer.deleteList()
-				origIter = origTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
-				curIter  = tr.NodeIterator(nil)
-				origSeen = make(map[string]struct{})
-				curSeen  = make(map[string]struct{})
-			)
-			for origIter.Next(true) {
-				if origIter.Leaf() {
-					continue
-				}
-				origSeen[string(origIter.Path())] = struct{}{}
-			}
-			for curIter.Next(true) {
-				if curIter.Leaf() {
-					continue
-				}
-				curSeen[string(curIter.Path())] = struct{}{}
-			}
-			var (
-				insertExp = make(map[string]struct{})
-				deleteExp = make(map[string]struct{})
-			)
-			for path := range curSeen {
-				_, present := origSeen[path]
-				if !present {
-					insertExp[path] = struct{}{}
-				}
-			}
-			for path := range origSeen {
-				_, present := curSeen[path]
-				if !present {
-					deleteExp[path] = struct{}{}
-				}
-			}
-			if len(insertExp) != len(inserted) {
-				rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("insert set mismatch")
-			}
-			if len(deleteExp) != len(deleted) {
-				rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("delete set mismatch")
-			}
-			for _, insert := range inserted {
-				if _, present := insertExp[string(insert)]; !present {
-					rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("missing inserted node")
-				}
-			}
-			for _, del := range deleted {
-				if _, present := deleteExp[string(del)]; !present {
-					rt[i].err = fmt.Errorf("missing deleted node")
-				}
-			}
 		}
 		// Abort the test on error.
 		if rt[i].err != nil {
diff --git a/trie/util_test.go b/trie/util_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 01a46553aa68..000000000000
--- a/trie/util_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package trie
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-)
-
-// Tests if the trie diffs are tracked correctly.
-func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	trie := NewEmpty(db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	// Insert a batch of entries, all the nodes should be marked as inserted
-	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
-		{"do", "verb"},
-		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
-		{"horse", "stallion"},
-		{"shaman", "horse"},
-		{"doge", "coin"},
-		{"dog", "puppy"},
-		{"somethingveryoddindeedthis is", "myothernodedata"},
-	}
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
-	}
-	trie.Hash()
-
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
-	it := trie.NodeIterator(nil)
-	for it.Next(true) {
-		if it.Leaf() {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[string(it.Path())] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	inserted := trie.tracer.insertList()
-	if len(inserted) != len(seen) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected inserted node tracked want %d got %d", len(seen), len(inserted))
-	}
-	for _, k := range inserted {
-		_, ok := seen[string(k)]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected inserted node")
-		}
-	}
-	deleted := trie.tracer.deleteList()
-	if len(deleted) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected deleted node tracked %d", len(deleted))
-	}
-
-	// Commit the changes and re-create with new root
-	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
-	if err := db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	// Delete all the elements, check deletion set
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Delete([]byte(val.k))
-	}
-	trie.Hash()
-
-	inserted = trie.tracer.insertList()
-	if len(inserted) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected inserted node tracked %d", len(inserted))
-	}
-	deleted = trie.tracer.deleteList()
-	if len(deleted) != len(seen) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected deleted node tracked want %d got %d", len(seen), len(deleted))
-	}
-	for _, k := range deleted {
-		_, ok := seen[string(k)]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected inserted node")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()))
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	// Insert a batch of entries, all the nodes should be marked as inserted
-	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
-		{"do", "verb"},
-		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
-		{"horse", "stallion"},
-		{"shaman", "horse"},
-		{"doge", "coin"},
-		{"dog", "puppy"},
-		{"somethingveryoddindeedthis is", "myothernodedata"},
-	}
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
-	}
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Delete([]byte(val.k))
-	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.insertList()) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected inserted node tracked %d", len(trie.tracer.insertList()))
-	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.deleteList()) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected deleted node tracked %d", len(trie.tracer.deleteList()))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestTrieTracePrevValue(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	trie := NewEmpty(db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	paths, blobs := trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != 0 || len(blobs) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Nothing should be tracked")
-	}
-	// Insert a batch of entries, all the nodes should be marked as inserted
-	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
-		{"do", "verb"},
-		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
-		{"horse", "stallion"},
-		{"shaman", "horse"},
-		{"doge", "coin"},
-		{"dog", "puppy"},
-		{"somethingveryoddindeedthis is", "myothernodedata"},
-	}
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
-	}
-	paths, blobs = trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != 0 || len(blobs) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Nothing should be tracked")
-	}
-
-	// Commit the changes and re-create with new root
-	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
-	if err := db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-	trie.resolveAndTrack(root.Bytes(), nil)
-
-	// Load all nodes in trie
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.TryGet([]byte(val.k))
-	}
-
-	// Ensure all nodes are tracked by tracer with correct prev-values
-	iter := trie.NodeIterator(nil)
-	seen := make(map[string][]byte)
-	for iter.Next(true) {
-		// Embedded nodes are ignored since they are not present in
-		// database.
-		if iter.Hash() == (common.Hash{}) {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[string(iter.Path())] = common.CopyBytes(iter.NodeBlob())
-	}
-
-	paths, blobs = trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != len(seen) || len(blobs) != len(seen) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected tracked values")
-	}
-	for i, path := range paths {
-		blob := blobs[i]
-		prev, ok := seen[string(path)]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("Missing node %v", path)
-		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(blob, prev) {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected value path: %v, want: %v, got: %v", path, prev, blob)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Re-open the trie and iterate the trie, ensure nothing will be tracked.
-	// Iterator will not link any loaded nodes to trie.
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	iter = trie.NodeIterator(nil)
-	for iter.Next(true) {
-	}
-	paths, blobs = trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != 0 || len(blobs) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Nothing should be tracked")
-	}
-
-	// Re-open the trie and generate proof for entries, ensure nothing will
-	// be tracked. Prover will not link any loaded nodes to trie.
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Prove([]byte(val.k), 0, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	}
-	paths, blobs = trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != 0 || len(blobs) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Nothing should be tracked")
-	}
-
-	// Delete entries from trie, ensure all previous values are correct.
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-	trie.resolveAndTrack(root.Bytes(), nil)
-
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.TryDelete([]byte(val.k))
-	}
-	paths, blobs = trie.tracer.prevList()
-	if len(paths) != len(seen) || len(blobs) != len(seen) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected tracked values")
-	}
-	for i, path := range paths {
-		blob := blobs[i]
-		prev, ok := seen[string(path)]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("Missing node %v", path)
-		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(blob, prev) {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected value path: %v, want: %v, got: %v", path, prev, blob)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDeleteAll(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	trie := NewEmpty(db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-
-	// Insert a batch of entries, all the nodes should be marked as inserted
-	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
-		{"do", "verb"},
-		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
-		{"horse", "stallion"},
-		{"shaman", "horse"},
-		{"doge", "coin"},
-		{"dog", "puppy"},
-		{"somethingveryoddindeedthis is", "myothernodedata"},
-	}
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Update([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
-	}
-	root, set := trie.Commit(false)
-	if err := db.Update(NewWithNodeSet(set)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	// Delete entries from trie, ensure all values are detected
-	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-	trie.tracer = newTracer()
-	trie.resolveAndTrack(root.Bytes(), nil)
-
-	// Iterate all existent nodes
-	var (
-		it    = trie.NodeIterator(nil)
-		nodes = make(map[string][]byte)
-	)
-	for it.Next(true) {
-		if it.Hash() != (common.Hash{}) {
-			nodes[string(it.Path())] = common.CopyBytes(it.NodeBlob())
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Perform deletion to purge the entire trie
-	for _, val := range vals {
-		trie.Delete([]byte(val.k))
-	}
-	root, set = trie.Commit(false)
-	if root != emptyRoot {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid trie root %v", root)
-	}
-	for path, blob := range set.deletes {
-		prev, ok := nodes[path]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("Extra node deleted %v", []byte(path))
-		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(prev, blob) {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected previous value %v", []byte(path))
-		}
-	}
-	if len(set.deletes) != len(nodes) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected deletion set")
-	}
-}
diff --git a/trie/utils.go b/trie/utils.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5dce65cd2971..000000000000
--- a/trie/utils.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package trie
-
-// tracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
-// some nodes can be deleted from the trie, while these deleted nodes
-// won't be captured by trie.Hasher or trie.Committer. Thus, these deleted
-// nodes won't be removed from the disk at all. Tracer is an auxiliary tool
-// used to track all insert and delete operations of trie and capture all
-// deleted nodes eventually.
-//
-// The changed nodes can be mainly divided into two categories: the leaf
-// node and intermediate node. The former is inserted/deleted by callers
-// while the latter is inserted/deleted in order to follow the rule of trie.
-// This tool can track all of them no matter the node is embedded in its
-// parent or not, but valueNode is never tracked.
-//
-// Besides, it's also used for recording the original value of the nodes
-// when they are resolved from the disk. The pre-value of the nodes will
-// be used to construct reverse-diffs in the future.
-//
-// Note tracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for handling
-// the concurrency issues by themselves.
-type tracer struct {
-	insert map[string]struct{}
-	delete map[string]struct{}
-	origin map[string][]byte
-}
-
-// newTracer initializes the tracer for capturing trie changes.
-func newTracer() *tracer {
-	return &tracer{
-		insert: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		delete: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		origin: make(map[string][]byte),
-	}
-}
-
-// onRead tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches the rlp-encoded blob internally.
-// Don't change the value outside of function since it's not deep-copied.
-func (t *tracer) onRead(path []byte, val []byte) {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	t.origin[string(path)] = val
-}
-
-// onInsert tracks the newly inserted trie node. If it's already in the deletion set
-// (resurrected node), then just wipe it from the deletion set as the "untouched".
-func (t *tracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if _, present := t.delete[string(path)]; present {
-		delete(t.delete, string(path))
-		return
-	}
-	t.insert[string(path)] = struct{}{}
-}
-
-// onDelete tracks the newly deleted trie node. If it's already
-// in the addition set, then just wipe it from the addition set
-// as it's untouched.
-func (t *tracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if _, present := t.insert[string(path)]; present {
-		delete(t.insert, string(path))
-		return
-	}
-	t.delete[string(path)] = struct{}{}
-}
-
-// insertList returns the tracked inserted trie nodes in list format.
-func (t *tracer) insertList() [][]byte {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var ret [][]byte
-	for path := range t.insert {
-		ret = append(ret, []byte(path))
-	}
-	return ret
-}
-
-// deleteList returns the tracked deleted trie nodes in list format.
-func (t *tracer) deleteList() [][]byte {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var ret [][]byte
-	for path := range t.delete {
-		ret = append(ret, []byte(path))
-	}
-	return ret
-}
-
-// prevList returns the tracked node blobs in list format.
-func (t *tracer) prevList() ([][]byte, [][]byte) {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	var (
-		paths [][]byte
-		blobs [][]byte
-	)
-	for path, blob := range t.origin {
-		paths = append(paths, []byte(path))
-		blobs = append(blobs, blob)
-	}
-	return paths, blobs
-}
-
-// getPrev returns the cached original value of the specified node.
-func (t *tracer) getPrev(path []byte) []byte {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return t.origin[string(path)]
-}
-
-// reset clears the content tracked by tracer.
-func (t *tracer) reset() {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	t.insert = make(map[string]struct{})
-	t.delete = make(map[string]struct{})
-	t.origin = make(map[string][]byte)
-}
-
-// copy returns a deep copied tracer instance.
-func (t *tracer) copy() *tracer {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var (
-		insert = make(map[string]struct{})
-		delete = make(map[string]struct{})
-		origin = make(map[string][]byte)
-	)
-	for key := range t.insert {
-		insert[key] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	for key := range t.delete {
-		delete[key] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	for key, val := range t.origin {
-		origin[key] = val
-	}
-	return &tracer{
-		insert: insert,
-		delete: delete,
-		origin: origin,
-	}
-}
-
-// markDeletions puts all tracked deletions into the provided nodeset.
-func (t *tracer) markDeletions(set *NodeSet) {
-	// Tracer isn't used right now, remove this check later.
-	if t == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	for _, path := range t.deleteList() {
-		// There are a few possibilities for this scenario(the node is deleted
-		// but not present in database previously), for example the node was
-		// embedded in the parent and now deleted from the trie. In this case
-		// it's noop from database's perspective.
-		val := t.getPrev(path)
-		if len(val) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		set.markDeleted(path, val)
-	}
-}