[material-next][ProgressIndicator] Add CircularProgress component

[lhilgert9]

This issue is to track the work for adding the CircularProgress component to @mui/material-next, moving forward the Material You effort (#29345)

Material You ProgressIndicator specification: https://m3.material.io/components/progress-indicators/overview

Migration Guide steps

• Copy component files from material (v5) to material-next: [material-next][ProgressIndicator] Copy CircularProgress to material next #39780
• Remove deprecated components and componentsProps props: Skipped, no props to remove
• Drop support for ThemeProvider in favor of CssVarsProvider: [material-next][ProgressIndicator] Apply MD3 style to CircularProgress #39825
• Migrate component to Typescript: [material-next][ProgressIndicator] Change CircularProgress files to ts #39791
• Refactor component to use Base UI’s hook if it exists: Skipped, no hooks exists
• Implement Material You design specs: [material-next][ProgressIndicator] Apply MD3 style to CircularProgress #39825
• Add component playground to v5 docs: [material-next][ProgressIndicator] Apply MD3 style to CircularProgress #39825

Note: This comment will be updated to show the progress and list possible issues.

@DiegoAndai

[mnajdova]

@lhilgert9 we can skope the work to only one component at this step (for e.g. LinearProgress), and tackle the CircularProgress in a future pull request (or vice versa). It will be easier to review and track the progress. Can you update the issue please?

[lhilgert9]

@mnajdova I have now opened a second issue for the CircularProgress as suggested and have now only changed this one for the LinearProgress. I have also adjusted the PRs accordingly.

[DiegoAndai]

Completed 🎉