diff --git a/clippy.toml b/clippy.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f7ae210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clippy.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+disallowed-methods = [
+    { path = "std::env::var_os", reason = "Please use Build::getenv" },
+    { path = "std::env::var", reason = "Please use Build::getenv" },
+]
diff --git a/dev-tools/cc-test/build.rs b/dev-tools/cc-test/build.rs
index d8fc08c0..4adb870c 100644
--- a/dev-tools/cc-test/build.rs
+++ b/dev-tools/cc-test/build.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+
 use std::env;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
diff --git a/src/bin/gcc-shim.rs b/src/bin/gcc-shim.rs
index f0d219f4..da7a8b35 100644
--- a/src/bin/gcc-shim.rs
+++ b/src/bin/gcc-shim.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! It is not intended for users and is not published with the library code to crates.io.
 
 #![cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code))]
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
 
 use std::env;
 use std::fs::File;
diff --git a/src/command_helpers.rs b/src/command_helpers.rs
index e9bd27af..4296d771 100644
--- a/src/command_helpers.rs
+++ b/src/command_helpers.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub(crate) struct CargoOutput {
 
 impl CargoOutput {
     pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
         Self {
             metadata: true,
             warnings: true,
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index dbeb4468..426e37e4 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/cc/1.0")]
 #![cfg_attr(test, deny(warnings))]
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
+#![deny(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 #[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
 use std::process::Child;
 use std::process::Command;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
 mod parallel;
@@ -249,6 +250,8 @@ struct CompilerFlag {
     flag: Box<OsStr>,
 }
 
+type Env = Option<Arc<OsStr>>;
+
 /// A builder for compilation of a native library.
 ///
 /// A `Build` is the main type of the `cc` crate and is used to control all the
@@ -261,7 +264,7 @@ pub struct Build {
     objects: Vec<Arc<Path>>,
     flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
     flags_supported: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
-    known_flag_support_status_cache: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<CompilerFlag, bool>>>,
+    known_flag_support_status_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<CompilerFlag, bool>>>,
     ar_flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
     asm_flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
     no_default_flags: bool,
@@ -293,11 +296,11 @@ pub struct Build {
     warnings_into_errors: bool,
     warnings: Option<bool>,
     extra_warnings: Option<bool>,
-    env_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Option<Arc<OsStr>>>>>,
-    apple_sdk_root_cache: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, OsString>>>,
-    apple_versions_cache: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, String>>>,
+    env_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Env>>>,
+    apple_sdk_root_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Arc<OsStr>>>>,
+    apple_versions_cache: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Arc<str>>>>,
     emit_rerun_if_env_changed: bool,
-    cached_compiler_family: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>>,
+    cached_compiler_family: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>>,
 }
 
 /// Represents the types of errors that may occur while using cc-rs.
@@ -385,7 +388,7 @@ impl Build {
             objects: Vec::new(),
             flags: Vec::new(),
             flags_supported: Vec::new(),
-            known_flag_support_status_cache: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
+            known_flag_support_status_cache: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
             ar_flags: Vec::new(),
             asm_flags: Vec::new(),
             no_default_flags: false,
@@ -418,8 +421,8 @@ impl Build {
             extra_warnings: None,
             warnings_into_errors: false,
             env_cache: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
-            apple_sdk_root_cache: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
-            apple_versions_cache: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
+            apple_sdk_root_cache: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
+            apple_versions_cache: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
             emit_rerun_if_env_changed: true,
             cached_compiler_family: Arc::default(),
         }
@@ -616,7 +619,7 @@ impl Build {
 
         if let Some(is_supported) = self
             .known_flag_support_status_cache
-            .lock()
+            .read()
             .unwrap()
             .get(&compiler_flag)
             .cloned()
@@ -680,7 +683,7 @@ impl Build {
         let is_supported = output.status.success() && output.stderr.is_empty();
 
         self.known_flag_support_status_cache
-            .lock()
+            .write()
             .unwrap()
             .insert(compiler_flag, is_supported);
 
@@ -1037,7 +1040,7 @@ impl Build {
         cpp_set_stdlib: V,
     ) -> &mut Build {
         let cpp_set_stdlib = cpp_set_stdlib.into().map(Arc::from);
-        self.cpp_set_stdlib = cpp_set_stdlib.clone();
+        self.cpp_set_stdlib.clone_from(&cpp_set_stdlib);
         self.cpp_link_stdlib = Some(cpp_set_stdlib);
         self
     }
@@ -1348,7 +1351,7 @@ impl Build {
             None => "none",
         };
         if cudart != "none" {
-            if let Some(nvcc) = which(&self.get_compiler().path, None) {
+            if let Some(nvcc) = self.which(&self.get_compiler().path, None) {
                 // Try to figure out the -L search path. If it fails,
                 // it's on user to specify one by passing it through
                 // RUSTFLAGS environment variable.
@@ -1356,7 +1359,7 @@ impl Build {
                 let mut libdir = nvcc;
                 libdir.pop(); // remove 'nvcc'
                 libdir.push("..");
-                let target_arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").unwrap();
+                let target_arch = self.getenv_unwrap_str("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH")?;
                 if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
                     libdir.push("targets");
                     libdir.push(target_arch.to_owned() + "-linux");
@@ -2432,7 +2435,9 @@ impl Build {
         } else {
             "ml.exe"
         };
-        let mut cmd = windows_registry::find(&target, tool).unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd(tool));
+        let mut cmd = self
+            .windows_registry_find(&target, tool)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd(tool));
         cmd.arg("-nologo"); // undocumented, yet working with armasm[64]
         for directory in self.include_directories.iter() {
             cmd.arg("-I").arg(&**directory);
@@ -2736,13 +2741,13 @@ impl Build {
             let sdk_path = self.apple_sdk_root(&sdk_details.sdk)?;
 
             cmd.args.push("-isysroot".into());
-            cmd.args.push(sdk_path.clone());
+            cmd.args.push(OsStr::new(&sdk_path).to_owned());
 
             if let AppleArchSpec::Catalyst(_) = arch {
                 // Mac Catalyst uses the macOS SDK, but to compile against and
                 // link to iOS-specific frameworks, we should have the support
                 // library stubs in the include and library search path.
-                let ios_support = PathBuf::from(sdk_path).join("System/iOSSupport");
+                let ios_support = Path::new(&sdk_path).join("System/iOSSupport");
 
                 cmd.args.extend([
                     // Header search path
@@ -2812,7 +2817,7 @@ impl Build {
             traditional
         };
 
-        let cl_exe = windows_registry::find_tool(target, "cl.exe");
+        let cl_exe = self.windows_registry_find_tool(target, "cl.exe");
 
         let tool_opt: Option<Tool> = self
             .env_tool(env)
@@ -2835,7 +2840,7 @@ impl Build {
                     out_dir,
                 );
                 if let Some(cc_wrapper) = wrapper {
-                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(PathBuf::from(cc_wrapper));
+                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(Path::new(&cc_wrapper).to_owned());
                 }
                 for arg in args {
                     t.cc_wrapper_args.push(arg.into());
@@ -2926,8 +2931,8 @@ impl Build {
                     &self.cargo_output,
                     out_dir,
                 );
-                if let Some(cc_wrapper) = Self::rustc_wrapper_fallback() {
-                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(PathBuf::from(cc_wrapper));
+                if let Some(cc_wrapper) = self.rustc_wrapper_fallback() {
+                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(Path::new(&cc_wrapper).to_owned());
                 }
                 t
             }
@@ -3026,25 +3031,25 @@ impl Build {
     }
 
     /// Returns a fallback `cc_compiler_wrapper` by introspecting `RUSTC_WRAPPER`
-    fn rustc_wrapper_fallback() -> Option<String> {
+    fn rustc_wrapper_fallback(&self) -> Option<Arc<OsStr>> {
         // No explicit CC wrapper was detected, but check if RUSTC_WRAPPER
         // is defined and is a build accelerator that is compatible with
         // C/C++ compilers (e.g. sccache)
         const VALID_WRAPPERS: &[&str] = &["sccache", "cachepot"];
 
-        let rustc_wrapper = std::env::var_os("RUSTC_WRAPPER")?;
+        let rustc_wrapper = self.getenv("RUSTC_WRAPPER")?;
         let wrapper_path = Path::new(&rustc_wrapper);
         let wrapper_stem = wrapper_path.file_stem()?;
 
         if VALID_WRAPPERS.contains(&wrapper_stem.to_str()?) {
-            Some(rustc_wrapper.to_str()?.to_owned())
+            Some(rustc_wrapper)
         } else {
             None
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns compiler path, optional modifier name from whitelist, and arguments vec
-    fn env_tool(&self, name: &str) -> Option<(PathBuf, Option<String>, Vec<String>)> {
+    fn env_tool(&self, name: &str) -> Option<(PathBuf, Option<Arc<OsStr>>, Vec<String>)> {
         let tool = self.getenv_with_target_prefixes(name).ok()?;
         let tool = tool.to_string_lossy();
         let tool = tool.trim();
@@ -3059,7 +3064,7 @@ impl Build {
         if Path::new(tool).exists() {
             return Some((
                 PathBuf::from(tool),
-                Self::rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
+                self.rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
                 Vec::new(),
             ));
         }
@@ -3092,16 +3097,12 @@ impl Build {
             None => return None,
         };
 
-        let file_stem = Path::new(maybe_wrapper)
-            .file_stem()
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_str()
-            .unwrap();
+        let file_stem = Path::new(maybe_wrapper).file_stem()?.to_str()?;
         if known_wrappers.contains(&file_stem) {
             if let Some(compiler) = parts.next() {
                 return Some((
                     compiler.into(),
-                    Some(maybe_wrapper.to_string()),
+                    Some(Arc::<OsStr>::from(OsStr::new(&maybe_wrapper))),
                     parts.map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
                 ));
             }
@@ -3109,7 +3110,7 @@ impl Build {
 
         Some((
             maybe_wrapper.into(),
-            Self::rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
+            self.rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
             parts.map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
         ))
     }
@@ -3284,8 +3285,12 @@ impl Build {
                     let compiler = self.get_base_compiler().ok()?;
                     if compiler.is_like_clang() {
                         name = format!("llvm-{}", tool).into();
-                        search_programs(&mut self.cmd(&compiler.path), &name, &self.cargo_output)
-                            .map(|name| self.cmd(name))
+                        self.search_programs(
+                            &mut self.cmd(&compiler.path),
+                            &name,
+                            &self.cargo_output,
+                        )
+                        .map(|name| self.cmd(name))
                     } else {
                         None
                     }
@@ -3319,10 +3324,10 @@ impl Build {
                         // next to 'clang-cl' and use 'search_programs()' to locate
                         // 'llvm-lib'. This is because 'clang-cl' doesn't support
                         // the -print-search-dirs option.
-                        if let Some(mut cmd) = which(&compiler.path, None) {
+                        if let Some(mut cmd) = self.which(&compiler.path, None) {
                             cmd.pop();
                             cmd.push("llvm-lib.exe");
-                            if let Some(llvm_lib) = which(&cmd, None) {
+                            if let Some(llvm_lib) = self.which(&cmd, None) {
                                 llvm_lib.to_str().unwrap().clone_into(&mut lib);
                             }
                         }
@@ -3330,7 +3335,7 @@ impl Build {
 
                     if lib.is_empty() {
                         name = PathBuf::from("lib.exe");
-                        let mut cmd = match windows_registry::find(&target, "lib.exe") {
+                        let mut cmd = match self.windows_registry_find(&target, "lib.exe") {
                             Some(t) => t,
                             None => self.cmd("lib.exe"),
                         };
@@ -3386,142 +3391,143 @@ impl Build {
     }
 
     fn prefix_for_target(&self, target: &str) -> Option<Cow<'static, str>> {
-        // Put aside RUSTC_LINKER's prefix to be used as second choice, after CROSS_COMPILE
-        let linker_prefix = self.getenv("RUSTC_LINKER").and_then(|var| {
-            var.to_string_lossy()
-                .strip_suffix("-gcc")
-                .map(str::to_string)
-                .map(Cow::Owned)
-        });
         // CROSS_COMPILE is of the form: "arm-linux-gnueabi-"
-        let cc_env = self.getenv("CROSS_COMPILE");
-        let cross_compile = cc_env
+        self.getenv("CROSS_COMPILE")
             .as_deref()
             .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().trim_end_matches('-').to_owned())
-            .map(Cow::Owned);
-        cross_compile.or(linker_prefix).or_else(|| {
-            match target {
-                // Note: there is no `aarch64-pc-windows-gnu` target, only `-gnullvm`
-                "aarch64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
-                "aarch64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
-                "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("aarch64-linux-gnu"),
-                "aarch64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("aarch64-linux-musl"),
-                "aarch64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("aarch64--netbsd"),
-                "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "armv4t-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "armv5te-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "armv5te-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "arm-frc-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-frc-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
-                "arm-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-musleabi"),
-                "arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
-                "arm-unknown-netbsd-eabi" => Some("arm--netbsdelf-eabi"),
-                "armv6-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv6--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
-                "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
-                "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
-                "armv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
-                "armv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
-                "armv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
-                "thumbv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
-                "thumbv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
-                "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
-                "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
-                "armv7-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv7--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
-                "hexagon-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("hexagon-linux-musl"),
-                "i586-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
-                "i686-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
-                "i686-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
-                "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "i686-linux-gnu",
-                    "x86_64-linux-gnu", // transparently support gcc-multilib
-                ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
-                "i686-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
-                "i686-unknown-netbsd" => Some("i486--netbsdelf"),
-                "loongarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("loongarch64-linux-gnu"),
-                "mips-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mips-linux-gnu"),
-                "mips-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mips-linux-musl"),
-                "mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsel-linux-gnu"),
-                "mipsel-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mipsel-linux-musl"),
-                "mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64-linux-gnuabi64"),
-                "mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64el-linux-gnuabi64"),
-                "mipsisa32r6-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6-linux-gnu"),
-                "mipsisa32r6el-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6el-linux-gnu"),
-                "mipsisa64r6-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6-linux-gnuabi64"),
-                "mipsisa64r6el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6el-linux-gnuabi64"),
-                "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
-                "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnuspe" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnuspe"),
-                "powerpc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("powerpc--netbsd"),
-                "powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
-                "powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc64le-linux-gnu"),
-                "riscv32i-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv32imac-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
-                "riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv32imac-unknown-xous-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv32imc-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
-                "riscv32imc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "riscv64-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv32-unknown-elf",
-                    "riscv-none-embed",
-                ]),
-                "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv64-linux-gnu"),
-                "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv32-linux-gnu"),
-                "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv64-linux-musl"),
-                "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv32-linux-musl"),
-                "riscv64gc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("riscv64--netbsd"),
-                "s390x-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("s390x-linux-gnu"),
-                "sparc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc-linux-gnu"),
-                "sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc64-linux-gnu"),
-                "sparc64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("sparc64--netbsd"),
-                "sparcv9-sun-solaris" => Some("sparcv9-sun-solaris"),
-                "armv7a-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armv7a-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armebv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armebv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "armv8r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv6m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv7em-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv7em-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv7m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv8m.base-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv8m.main-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
-                "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
-                "x86_64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
-                "x86_64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
-                "x86_64-rumprun-netbsd" => Some("x86_64-rumprun-netbsd"),
-                "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
-                    "x86_64-linux-gnu", // rustfmt wrap
-                ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
-                "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
-                "x86_64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("x86_64--netbsd"),
-                _ => None,
-            }
-            .map(Cow::Borrowed)
-        })
+            .map(Cow::Owned)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                // Put aside RUSTC_LINKER's prefix to be used as second choice, after CROSS_COMPILE
+                self.getenv("RUSTC_LINKER").and_then(|var| {
+                    var.to_string_lossy()
+                        .strip_suffix("-gcc")
+                        .map(str::to_string)
+                        .map(Cow::Owned)
+                })
+            })
+            .or_else(|| {
+                match target {
+                    // Note: there is no `aarch64-pc-windows-gnu` target, only `-gnullvm`
+                    "aarch64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "aarch64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("aarch64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("aarch64-linux-musl"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("aarch64--netbsd"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv4t-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv5te-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv5te-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "arm-frc-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-frc-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-musleabi"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "arm-unknown-netbsd-eabi" => Some("arm--netbsdelf-eabi"),
+                    "armv6-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv6--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "armv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "armv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv7--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
+                    "hexagon-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("hexagon-linux-musl"),
+                    "i586-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "i686-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "i686-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "i686-linux-gnu",
+                        "x86_64-linux-gnu", // transparently support gcc-multilib
+                    ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
+                    "i686-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "i686-unknown-netbsd" => Some("i486--netbsdelf"),
+                    "loongarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("loongarch64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mips-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mips-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mips-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mips-linux-musl"),
+                    "mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsel-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsel-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mipsel-linux-musl"),
+                    "mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64el-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mipsisa32r6-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsisa32r6el-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6el-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsisa64r6-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mipsisa64r6el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6el-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnuspe" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnuspe"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("powerpc--netbsd"),
+                    "powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc64le-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv32i-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imac-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
+                    "riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imac-unknown-xous-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imc-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
+                    "riscv32imc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv32-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv64-linux-musl"),
+                    "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv32-linux-musl"),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("riscv64--netbsd"),
+                    "s390x-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("s390x-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("sparc64--netbsd"),
+                    "sparcv9-sun-solaris" => Some("sparcv9-sun-solaris"),
+                    "armv7a-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7a-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armebv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armebv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv8r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv6m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7em-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7em-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.base-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.main-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-rumprun-netbsd" => Some("x86_64-rumprun-netbsd"),
+                    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "x86_64-linux-gnu", // rustfmt wrap
+                    ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
+                    "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "x86_64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("x86_64--netbsd"),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+                .map(Cow::Borrowed)
+            })
     }
 
     /// Some platforms have multiple, compatible, canonical prefixes. Look through
@@ -3534,7 +3540,7 @@ impl Build {
         // Loop through PATH entries searching for each toolchain. This ensures that we
         // are more likely to discover the toolchain early on, because chances are good
         // that the desired toolchain is in one of the higher-priority paths.
-        env::var_os("PATH")
+        self.getenv("PATH")
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|path_entries| {
                 env::split_paths(path_entries).find_map(|path_entry| {
@@ -3555,16 +3561,6 @@ impl Build {
             .or_else(|| prefixes.first().copied())
     }
 
-    fn getenv_unwrap_str(&self, v: &str) -> Result<String, Error> {
-        let env = self.getenv_unwrap(v)?;
-        env.to_str().map(String::from).ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::new(
-                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
-                format!("Environment variable {} is not valid utf-8.", v),
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
     fn get_target(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, Error> {
         match &self.target {
             Some(t) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(t)),
@@ -3619,7 +3615,9 @@ impl Build {
     fn get_out_dir(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, Path>, Error> {
         match &self.out_dir {
             Some(p) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(&**p)),
-            None => env::var_os("OUT_DIR")
+            None => self
+                .getenv("OUT_DIR")
+                .as_deref()
                 .map(PathBuf::from)
                 .map(Cow::Owned)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
@@ -3631,6 +3629,7 @@ impl Build {
         }
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
     fn getenv(&self, v: &str) -> Option<Arc<OsStr>> {
         // Returns true for environment variables cargo sets for build scripts:
         // https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html#environment-variables-cargo-sets-for-build-scripts
@@ -3673,6 +3672,16 @@ impl Build {
         }
     }
 
+    fn getenv_unwrap_str(&self, v: &str) -> Result<String, Error> {
+        let env = self.getenv_unwrap(v)?;
+        env.to_str().map(String::from).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                format!("Environment variable {} is not valid utf-8.", v),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
     fn getenv_with_target_prefixes(&self, var_base: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
         let target = self.get_target()?;
         let host = self.get_host()?;
@@ -3698,7 +3707,7 @@ impl Build {
             .getenv_with_target_prefixes(name)?
             .to_string_lossy()
             .split_ascii_whitespace()
-            .map(|slice| slice.to_string())
+            .map(ToString::to_string)
             .collect())
     }
 
@@ -3714,54 +3723,39 @@ impl Build {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn apple_sdk_root(&self, sdk: &str) -> Result<OsString, Error> {
+    fn apple_sdk_root_inner(&self, sdk: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
         // Code copied from rustc's compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs.
-        if let Some(sdkroot) = env::var_os("SDKROOT") {
-            let p = PathBuf::from(sdkroot);
-            let sdkroot = p.to_string_lossy();
+        if let Some(sdkroot) = self.getenv("SDKROOT") {
+            let p = Path::new(&sdkroot);
+            let does_sdkroot_contain = |strings: &[&str]| {
+                let sdkroot_str = p.to_string_lossy();
+                strings.iter().any(|s| sdkroot_str.contains(s))
+            };
             match sdk {
                 // Ignore `SDKROOT` if it's clearly set for the wrong platform.
                 "appletvos"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("TVSimulator.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["TVSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 "appletvsimulator"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("TVOS.platform") || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {
-                }
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["TVOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 "iphoneos"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("iPhoneSimulator.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 "iphonesimulator"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("iPhoneOS.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 "macosx10.15"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("iPhoneOS.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("iPhoneSimulator.platform") => {}
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneOS.platform", "iPhoneSimulator.platform"]) => {
+                }
                 "watchos"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("WatchSimulator.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["WatchSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 "watchsimulator"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("WatchOS.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
-                "xros"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("XRSimulator.platform")
-                        || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {}
-                "xrsimulator"
-                    if sdkroot.contains("XROS.platform") || sdkroot.contains("MacOSX.platform") => {
-                }
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["WatchOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "xros" if does_sdkroot_contain(&["XRSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "xrsimulator" if does_sdkroot_contain(&["XROS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
                 // Ignore `SDKROOT` if it's not a valid path.
                 _ if !p.is_absolute() || p == Path::new("/") || !p.exists() => {}
-                _ => return Ok(p.into()),
+                _ => return Ok(sdkroot),
             }
         }
 
-        let mut cache = self
-            .apple_sdk_root_cache
-            .lock()
-            .expect("apple_sdk_root_cache lock failed");
-        if let Some(ret) = cache.get(sdk) {
-            return Ok(ret.clone());
-        }
-
         let sdk_path = run_output(
             self.cmd("xcrun")
                 .arg("--show-sdk-path")
@@ -3780,22 +3774,39 @@ impl Build {
                 ));
             }
         };
-        let ret: OsString = sdk_path.trim().into();
-        cache.insert(sdk.into(), ret.clone());
-        Ok(ret)
+        Ok(Arc::from(OsStr::new(sdk_path.trim())))
     }
 
-    fn apple_deployment_version(&self, os: AppleOs, arch_str: Option<&str>, sdk: &str) -> String {
-        let default_deployment_from_sdk = || {
-            let mut cache = self
-                .apple_versions_cache
-                .lock()
-                .expect("apple_versions_cache lock failed");
+    fn apple_sdk_root(&self, sdk: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        if let Some(ret) = self
+            .apple_sdk_root_cache
+            .read()
+            .expect("apple_sdk_root_cache lock failed")
+            .get(sdk)
+            .cloned()
+        {
+            return Ok(ret);
+        }
+        let sdk_path = self.apple_sdk_root_inner(sdk)?;
+        self.apple_sdk_root_cache
+            .write()
+            .expect("apple_sdk_root_cache lock failed")
+            .insert(sdk.into(), sdk_path.clone());
+        Ok(sdk_path)
+    }
 
-            if let Some(ret) = cache.get(sdk) {
-                return Some(ret.clone());
-            }
+    fn apple_deployment_version(&self, os: AppleOs, arch_str: Option<&str>, sdk: &str) -> Arc<str> {
+        if let Some(ret) = self
+            .apple_versions_cache
+            .read()
+            .expect("apple_versions_cache lock failed")
+            .get(sdk)
+            .cloned()
+        {
+            return ret;
+        }
 
+        let default_deployment_from_sdk = || -> Option<Arc<str>> {
             let version = run_output(
                 self.cmd("xcrun")
                     .arg("--show-sdk-version")
@@ -3806,27 +3817,27 @@ impl Build {
             )
             .ok()?;
 
-            let version = std::str::from_utf8(&version).ok()?.trim().to_owned();
-
-            cache.insert(sdk.into(), version.clone());
-            Some(version)
+            Some(Arc::from(std::str::from_utf8(&version).ok()?.trim()))
         };
 
-        let deployment_from_env = |name: &str| {
-            // note this isn't hit in production codepaths, its mostly just for tests which don't
+        let deployment_from_env = |name: &str| -> Option<Arc<str>> {
+            // note that self.env isn't hit in production codepaths, its mostly just for tests which don't
             // set the real env
-            if let Some((_, v)) = self.env.iter().find(|(k, _)| &**k == OsStr::new(name)) {
-                Some(v.to_str().unwrap().to_string())
-            } else {
-                env::var(name).ok()
-            }
+            self.env
+                .iter()
+                .find(|(k, _)| &**k == OsStr::new(name))
+                .map(|(_, v)| v)
+                .cloned()
+                .or_else(|| self.getenv(name))?
+                .to_str()
+                .map(Arc::from)
         };
 
         // Determines if the acquired deployment target is too low to support modern C++ on some Apple platform.
         //
         // A long time ago they used libstdc++, but since macOS 10.9 and iOS 7 libc++ has been the library the SDKs provide to link against.
         // If a `cc`` config wants to use C++, we round up to these versions as the baseline.
-        let maybe_cpp_version_baseline = |deployment_target_ver: String| -> Option<String> {
+        let maybe_cpp_version_baseline = |deployment_target_ver: Arc<str>| -> Option<Arc<str>> {
             if !self.cpp {
                 return Some(deployment_target_ver);
             }
@@ -3880,7 +3891,7 @@ impl Build {
         //
         // The ordering of env -> XCode SDK -> old rustc defaults is intentional for performance when using
         // an explicit target.
-        match os {
+        let version: Arc<str> = match os {
             AppleOs::MacOs => deployment_from_env("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
                 .and_then(maybe_cpp_version_baseline)
                 .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
@@ -3888,8 +3899,8 @@ impl Build {
                     if arch_str == Some("aarch64") {
                         "11.0".into()
                     } else {
-                        let default = "10.7";
-                        maybe_cpp_version_baseline(default.into()).unwrap_or_else(|| default.into())
+                        let default: Arc<str> = Arc::from("10.7");
+                        maybe_cpp_version_baseline(default.clone()).unwrap_or(default)
                     }
                 }),
 
@@ -3909,7 +3920,14 @@ impl Build {
             AppleOs::VisionOS => deployment_from_env("XROS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
                 .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "1.0".into()),
-        }
+        };
+
+        self.apple_versions_cache
+            .write()
+            .expect("apple_versions_cache lock failed")
+            .insert(sdk.into(), version.clone());
+
+        version
     }
 
     fn wasi_sysroot(&self) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
@@ -3929,6 +3947,71 @@ impl Build {
             .filter(|file| file.extension() == Some(OsStr::new("cu")))
             .count()
     }
+
+    fn which(&self, tool: &Path, path_entries: Option<&OsStr>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        fn check_exe(mut exe: PathBuf) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+            let exe_ext = std::env::consts::EXE_EXTENSION;
+            let check =
+                exe.exists() || (!exe_ext.is_empty() && exe.set_extension(exe_ext) && exe.exists());
+            check.then_some(exe)
+        }
+
+        // Loop through PATH entries searching for the |tool|.
+        let find_exe_in_path = |path_entries: &OsStr| -> Option<PathBuf> {
+            env::split_paths(path_entries).find_map(|path_entry| check_exe(path_entry.join(tool)))
+        };
+
+        // If |tool| is not just one "word," assume it's an actual path...
+        if tool.components().count() > 1 {
+            check_exe(PathBuf::from(tool))
+        } else {
+            path_entries
+                .and_then(find_exe_in_path)
+                .or_else(|| find_exe_in_path(&self.getenv("PATH")?))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// search for |prog| on 'programs' path in '|cc| -print-search-dirs' output
+    fn search_programs(
+        &self,
+        cc: &mut Command,
+        prog: &Path,
+        cargo_output: &CargoOutput,
+    ) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        let search_dirs = run_output(
+            cc.arg("-print-search-dirs"),
+            "cc",
+            // this doesn't concern the compilation so we always want to show warnings.
+            cargo_output,
+        )
+        .ok()?;
+        // clang driver appears to be forcing UTF-8 output even on Windows,
+        // hence from_utf8 is assumed to be usable in all cases.
+        let search_dirs = std::str::from_utf8(&search_dirs).ok()?;
+        for dirs in search_dirs.split(|c| c == '\r' || c == '\n') {
+            if let Some(path) = dirs.strip_prefix("programs: =") {
+                return self.which(prog, Some(OsStr::new(path)));
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn windows_registry_find(&self, target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Command> {
+        self.windows_registry_find_tool(target, tool)
+            .map(|c| c.to_command())
+    }
+
+    fn windows_registry_find_tool(&self, target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Tool> {
+        struct BuildEnvGetter<'s>(&'s Build);
+
+        impl windows_registry::EnvGetter for BuildEnvGetter<'_> {
+            fn get_env(&self, name: &str) -> Option<windows_registry::Env> {
+                self.0.getenv(name).map(windows_registry::Env::Arced)
+            }
+        }
+
+        windows_registry::find_tool_inner(target, tool, &BuildEnvGetter(self))
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for Build {
@@ -4028,27 +4111,6 @@ fn android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(clang_path: &Path) -> bool
     false
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally() {
-    for version in 16..21 {
-        assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
-            &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang", version))
-        ));
-        assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
-            &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang++", version))
-        ));
-    }
-    assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
-        &PathBuf::from("clang-i686-linux-android")
-    ));
-    assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
-        &PathBuf::from("clang")
-    ));
-    assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
-        &PathBuf::from("clang++")
-    ));
-}
-
 fn autodetect_android_compiler(target: &str, host: &str, gnu: &str, clang: &str) -> String {
     let new_clang_key = match target {
         "aarch64-linux-android" => Some("aarch64"),
@@ -4117,50 +4179,6 @@ fn map_darwin_target_from_rust_to_compiler_architecture(target: &str) -> Option<
     }
 }
 
-fn which(tool: &Path, path_entries: Option<OsString>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    fn check_exe(exe: &mut PathBuf) -> bool {
-        let exe_ext = std::env::consts::EXE_EXTENSION;
-        exe.exists() || (!exe_ext.is_empty() && exe.set_extension(exe_ext) && exe.exists())
-    }
-
-    // If |tool| is not just one "word," assume it's an actual path...
-    if tool.components().count() > 1 {
-        let mut exe = PathBuf::from(tool);
-        return if check_exe(&mut exe) { Some(exe) } else { None };
-    }
-
-    // Loop through PATH entries searching for the |tool|.
-    let path_entries = path_entries.or(env::var_os("PATH"))?;
-    env::split_paths(&path_entries).find_map(|path_entry| {
-        let mut exe = path_entry.join(tool);
-        if check_exe(&mut exe) {
-            Some(exe)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    })
-}
-
-// search for |prog| on 'programs' path in '|cc| -print-search-dirs' output
-fn search_programs(cc: &mut Command, prog: &Path, cargo_output: &CargoOutput) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    let search_dirs = run_output(
-        cc.arg("-print-search-dirs"),
-        "cc",
-        // this doesn't concern the compilation so we always want to show warnings.
-        cargo_output,
-    )
-    .ok()?;
-    // clang driver appears to be forcing UTF-8 output even on Windows,
-    // hence from_utf8 is assumed to be usable in all cases.
-    let search_dirs = std::str::from_utf8(&search_dirs).ok()?;
-    for dirs in search_dirs.split(|c| c == '\r' || c == '\n') {
-        if let Some(path) = dirs.strip_prefix("programs: =") {
-            return which(prog, Some(OsString::from(path)));
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 enum AsmFileExt {
     /// `.asm` files. On MSVC targets, we assume these should be passed to MASM
@@ -4185,3 +4203,29 @@ impl AsmFileExt {
         None
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally() {
+        for version in 16..21 {
+            assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+                &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang", version))
+            ));
+            assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+                &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang++", version))
+            ));
+        }
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang-i686-linux-android")
+        ));
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang")
+        ));
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang++")
+        ));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/tool.rs b/src/tool.rs
index f0f5b952..72fc23b5 100644
--- a/src/tool.rs
+++ b/src/tool.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
     io::Write,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     process::{Command, Stdio},
-    sync::Mutex,
+    sync::RwLock,
 };
 
 use crate::{
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct Tool {
 impl Tool {
     pub(crate) fn new(
         path: PathBuf,
-        cached_compiler_family: &Mutex<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
+        cached_compiler_family: &RwLock<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
         cargo_output: &CargoOutput,
         out_dir: Option<&Path>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Tool {
     pub(crate) fn with_clang_driver(
         path: PathBuf,
         clang_driver: Option<&str>,
-        cached_compiler_family: &Mutex<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
+        cached_compiler_family: &RwLock<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
         cargo_output: &CargoOutput,
         out_dir: Option<&Path>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl Tool {
         path: PathBuf,
         clang_driver: Option<&str>,
         cuda: bool,
-        cached_compiler_family: &Mutex<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
+        cached_compiler_family: &RwLock<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
         cargo_output: &CargoOutput,
         out_dir: Option<&Path>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -186,13 +186,13 @@ impl Tool {
             }
         }
         let detect_family = |path: &Path| -> Result<ToolFamily, Error> {
-            if let Some(family) = cached_compiler_family.lock().unwrap().get(path) {
+            if let Some(family) = cached_compiler_family.read().unwrap().get(path) {
                 return Ok(*family);
             }
 
             let family = detect_family_inner(path, cargo_output, out_dir)?;
             cached_compiler_family
-                .lock()
+                .write()
                 .unwrap()
                 .insert(path.into(), family);
             Ok(family)
diff --git a/src/utilities.rs b/src/utilities.rs
index d09ffff4..073e617b 100644
--- a/src/utilities.rs
+++ b/src/utilities.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ where
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let len = self.slice.len();
-        for (index, os_str) in self.slice.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (index, os_str) in self.slice.iter().enumerate() {
             // TODO: Use OsStr::display once it is stablised,
             // Path and OsStr has the same `Display` impl
             write!(f, "{}", Path::new(os_str).display())?;
diff --git a/src/windows/find_tools.rs b/src/windows/find_tools.rs
index 015b01df..a7be3c32 100644
--- a/src/windows/find_tools.rs
+++ b/src/windows/find_tools.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,14 @@
 
 #![allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 
-use std::process::Command;
+use std::{
+    env,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    ops::Deref,
+    path::PathBuf,
+    process::Command,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
 
 use crate::Tool;
 use crate::ToolFamily;
@@ -36,6 +43,50 @@ impl<'a> From<TargetArch<'a>> for &'a str {
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) enum Env {
+    Owned(OsString),
+    Arced(Arc<OsStr>),
+}
+
+impl AsRef<OsStr> for Env {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &OsStr {
+        self.deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Env {
+    type Target = OsStr;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        match self {
+            Env::Owned(os_str) => os_str,
+            Env::Arced(os_str) => os_str,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Env> for PathBuf {
+    fn from(env: Env) -> Self {
+        match env {
+            Env::Owned(os_str) => PathBuf::from(os_str),
+            Env::Arced(os_str) => PathBuf::from(os_str.deref()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait EnvGetter {
+    fn get_env(&self, name: &'static str) -> Option<Env>;
+}
+
+struct StdEnvGetter;
+
+impl EnvGetter for StdEnvGetter {
+    #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+    fn get_env(&self, name: &'static str) -> Option<Env> {
+        env::var_os(name).map(Env::Owned)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Attempts to find a tool within an MSVC installation using the Windows
 /// registry as a point to search from.
 ///
@@ -56,6 +107,14 @@ pub fn find(target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Command> {
 /// operation (finding a MSVC tool in a local install) but instead returns a
 /// `Tool` which may be introspected.
 pub fn find_tool(target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Tool> {
+    find_tool_inner(target, tool, &StdEnvGetter)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn find_tool_inner(
+    target: &str,
+    tool: &str,
+    env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+) -> Option<Tool> {
     // This logic is all tailored for MSVC, if we're not that then bail out
     // early.
     if !target.contains("msvc") {
@@ -68,13 +127,13 @@ pub fn find_tool(target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Tool> {
     // Looks like msbuild isn't located in the same location as other tools like
     // cl.exe and lib.exe.
     if tool.contains("msbuild") {
-        return impl_::find_msbuild(target);
+        return impl_::find_msbuild(target, env_getter);
     }
 
     // Looks like devenv isn't located in the same location as other tools like
     // cl.exe and lib.exe.
     if tool.contains("devenv") {
-        return impl_::find_devenv(target);
+        return impl_::find_devenv(target, env_getter);
     }
 
     // Ok, if we're here, now comes the fun part of the probing. Default shells
@@ -84,10 +143,10 @@ pub fn find_tool(target: &str, tool: &str) -> Option<Tool> {
     // environment variables like `LIB`, `INCLUDE`, and `PATH` to ensure that
     // the tool is actually usable.
 
-    impl_::find_msvc_environment(tool, target)
-        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_15plus(tool, target))
-        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_14(tool, target))
-        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_12(tool, target))
+    impl_::find_msvc_environment(tool, target, env_getter)
+        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_15plus(tool, target, env_getter))
+        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_14(tool, target, env_getter))
+        .or_else(|| impl_::find_msvc_12(tool, target, env_getter))
 }
 
 /// A version of Visual Studio
@@ -110,7 +169,12 @@ pub enum VsVers {
 ///
 /// This is used by the cmake crate to figure out the correct
 /// generator.
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
 pub fn find_vs_version() -> Result<VsVers, String> {
+    fn has_msbuild_version(version: &str) -> bool {
+        impl_::has_msbuild_version(version, &StdEnvGetter)
+    }
+
     match std::env::var("VisualStudioVersion") {
         Ok(version) => match &version[..] {
             "17.0" => Ok(VsVers::Vs17),
@@ -131,15 +195,15 @@ pub fn find_vs_version() -> Result<VsVers, String> {
         _ => {
             // Check for the presence of a specific registry key
             // that indicates visual studio is installed.
-            if impl_::has_msbuild_version("17.0") {
+            if has_msbuild_version("17.0") {
                 Ok(VsVers::Vs17)
-            } else if impl_::has_msbuild_version("16.0") {
+            } else if has_msbuild_version("16.0") {
                 Ok(VsVers::Vs16)
-            } else if impl_::has_msbuild_version("15.0") {
+            } else if has_msbuild_version("15.0") {
                 Ok(VsVers::Vs15)
-            } else if impl_::has_msbuild_version("14.0") {
+            } else if has_msbuild_version("14.0") {
                 Ok(VsVers::Vs14)
-            } else if impl_::has_msbuild_version("12.0") {
+            } else if has_msbuild_version("12.0") {
                 Ok(VsVers::Vs12)
             } else {
                 Err("\n\n\
@@ -178,7 +242,7 @@ mod impl_ {
     use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
     use std::sync::Once;
 
-    use super::{TargetArch, MSVC_FAMILY};
+    use super::{EnvGetter, TargetArch, MSVC_FAMILY};
     use crate::Tool;
 
     struct MsvcTool {
@@ -261,7 +325,7 @@ mod impl_ {
             }
         }
 
-        fn into_tool(self) -> Tool {
+        fn into_tool(self, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Tool {
             let MsvcTool {
                 tool,
                 libs,
@@ -269,17 +333,17 @@ mod impl_ {
                 include,
             } = self;
             let mut tool = Tool::with_family(tool, MSVC_FAMILY);
-            add_env(&mut tool, "LIB", libs);
-            add_env(&mut tool, "PATH", path);
-            add_env(&mut tool, "INCLUDE", include);
+            add_env(&mut tool, "LIB", libs, env_getter);
+            add_env(&mut tool, "PATH", path, env_getter);
+            add_env(&mut tool, "INCLUDE", include, env_getter);
             tool
         }
     }
 
     /// Checks to see if the `VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH` environment variable matches the
     /// given target's arch. Returns `None` if the variable does not exist.
-    fn is_vscmd_target(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<bool> {
-        let vscmd_arch = env::var("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH").ok()?;
+    fn is_vscmd_target(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<bool> {
+        let vscmd_arch = env_getter.get_env("VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH")?;
         // Convert the Rust target arch to its VS arch equivalent.
         let arch = match target.into() {
             "x86_64" => "x64",
@@ -289,23 +353,28 @@ mod impl_ {
             // An unrecognized arch.
             _ => return Some(false),
         };
-        Some(vscmd_arch == arch)
+        Some(vscmd_arch.as_ref() == arch)
     }
 
     /// Attempt to find the tool using environment variables set by vcvars.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_environment(tool: &str, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_environment(
+        tool: &str,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         // Early return if the environment doesn't contain a VC install.
-        env::var_os("VCINSTALLDIR")?;
-        let vs_install_dir: PathBuf = env::var_os("VSINSTALLDIR")?.into();
+        env_getter.get_env("VCINSTALLDIR")?;
+        let vs_install_dir: PathBuf = env_getter.get_env("VSINSTALLDIR")?.into();
 
         // If the vscmd target differs from the requested target then
         // attempt to get the tool using the VS install directory.
-        if is_vscmd_target(target) == Some(false) {
+        if is_vscmd_target(target, env_getter) == Some(false) {
             // We will only get here with versions 15+.
-            tool_from_vs15plus_instance(tool, target, &vs_install_dir)
+            tool_from_vs15plus_instance(tool, target, &vs_install_dir, env_getter)
         } else {
             // Fallback to simply using the current environment.
-            env::var_os("PATH")
+            env_getter
+                .get_env("PATH")
                 .and_then(|path| {
                     env::split_paths(&path)
                         .map(|p| p.join(tool))
@@ -315,16 +384,17 @@ mod impl_ {
         }
     }
 
-    fn find_msbuild_vs17(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        find_tool_in_vs16plus_path(r"MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target, "17")
+    fn find_msbuild_vs17(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
+        find_tool_in_vs16plus_path(r"MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target, "17", env_getter)
     }
 
     #[allow(bare_trait_objects)]
     fn vs16plus_instances(
         target: TargetArch<'_>,
         version: &'static str,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
     ) -> Box<Iterator<Item = PathBuf>> {
-        let instances = if let Some(instances) = vs15plus_instances(target) {
+        let instances = if let Some(instances) = vs15plus_instances(target, env_getter) {
             instances
         } else {
             return Box::new(iter::empty());
@@ -345,8 +415,9 @@ mod impl_ {
         tool: &str,
         target: TargetArch<'_>,
         version: &'static str,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
     ) -> Option<Tool> {
-        vs16plus_instances(target, version)
+        vs16plus_instances(target, version, env_getter)
             .filter_map(|path| {
                 let path = path.join(tool);
                 if !path.is_file() {
@@ -364,8 +435,8 @@ mod impl_ {
             .next()
     }
 
-    fn find_msbuild_vs16(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        find_tool_in_vs16plus_path(r"MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target, "16")
+    fn find_msbuild_vs16(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
+        find_tool_in_vs16plus_path(r"MSBuild\Current\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target, "16", env_getter)
     }
 
     // In MSVC 15 (2017) MS once again changed the scheme for locating
@@ -380,8 +451,12 @@ mod impl_ {
     //
     // However, on ARM64 this method doesn't work because VS Installer fails to register COM component on ARM64.
     // Hence, as the last resort we try to use vswhere.exe to list available instances.
-    fn vs15plus_instances(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<VsInstances> {
-        vs15plus_instances_using_com().or_else(|| vs15plus_instances_using_vswhere(target))
+    fn vs15plus_instances(
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<VsInstances> {
+        vs15plus_instances_using_com()
+            .or_else(|| vs15plus_instances_using_vswhere(target, env_getter))
     }
 
     fn vs15plus_instances_using_com() -> Option<VsInstances> {
@@ -393,11 +468,15 @@ mod impl_ {
         Some(VsInstances::ComBased(enum_setup_instances))
     }
 
-    fn vs15plus_instances_using_vswhere(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<VsInstances> {
-        let program_files_path: PathBuf = env::var("ProgramFiles(x86)")
-            .or_else(|_| env::var("ProgramFiles"))
-            .ok()?
-            .into();
+    fn vs15plus_instances_using_vswhere(
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<VsInstances> {
+        let program_files_path = env_getter
+            .get_env("ProgramFiles(x86)")
+            .or_else(|| env_getter.get_env("ProgramFiles"))?;
+
+        let program_files_path = Path::new(program_files_path.as_ref());
 
         let vswhere_path =
             program_files_path.join(r"Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe");
@@ -443,13 +522,17 @@ mod impl_ {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_15plus(tool: &str, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        let iter = vs15plus_instances(target)?;
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_15plus(
+        tool: &str,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
+        let iter = vs15plus_instances(target, env_getter)?;
         iter.into_iter()
             .filter_map(|instance| {
                 let version = parse_version(&instance.installation_version()?)?;
                 let instance_path = instance.installation_path()?;
-                let tool = tool_from_vs15plus_instance(tool, target, &instance_path)?;
+                let tool = tool_from_vs15plus_instance(tool, target, &instance_path, env_getter)?;
                 Some((version, tool))
             })
             .max_by(|(a_version, _), (b_version, _)| a_version.cmp(b_version))
@@ -463,8 +546,12 @@ mod impl_ {
     // we keep the registry method as a fallback option.
     //
     // [more reliable]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/331
-    fn find_tool_in_vs15_path(tool: &str, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        let mut path = match vs15plus_instances(target) {
+    fn find_tool_in_vs15_path(
+        tool: &str,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
+        let mut path = match vs15plus_instances(target, env_getter) {
             Some(instances) => instances
                 .into_iter()
                 .filter_map(|instance| instance.installation_path())
@@ -498,9 +585,10 @@ mod impl_ {
         tool: &str,
         target: TargetArch<'_>,
         instance_path: &Path,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
     ) -> Option<Tool> {
         let (root_path, bin_path, host_dylib_path, lib_path, alt_lib_path, include_path) =
-            vs15plus_vc_paths(target, instance_path)?;
+            vs15plus_vc_paths(target, instance_path, env_getter)?;
         let tool_path = bin_path.join(tool);
         if !tool_path.exists() {
             return None;
@@ -520,14 +608,15 @@ mod impl_ {
             tool.include.push(atl_include_path);
         }
 
-        add_sdks(&mut tool, target)?;
+        add_sdks(&mut tool, target, env_getter)?;
 
-        Some(tool.into_tool())
+        Some(tool.into_tool(env_getter))
     }
 
     fn vs15plus_vc_paths(
         target: TargetArch<'_>,
         instance_path: &Path,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
     ) -> Option<(PathBuf, PathBuf, PathBuf, PathBuf, Option<PathBuf>, PathBuf)> {
         let version = vs15plus_vc_read_version(instance_path)?;
 
@@ -566,7 +655,7 @@ mod impl_ {
         // architecture, because it contains dlls like mspdb140.dll compiled for
         // the host architecture.
         let host_dylib_path = host_path.join(host.to_lowercase());
-        let lib_fragment = if use_spectre_mitigated_libs() {
+        let lib_fragment = if use_spectre_mitigated_libs(env_getter) {
             r"lib\spectre"
         } else {
             "lib"
@@ -621,8 +710,11 @@ mod impl_ {
         Some(version)
     }
 
-    fn use_spectre_mitigated_libs() -> bool {
-        env::var("VSCMD_ARG_VCVARS_SPECTRE").as_deref() == Ok("spectre")
+    fn use_spectre_mitigated_libs(env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> bool {
+        env_getter
+            .get_env("VSCMD_ARG_VCVARS_SPECTRE")
+            .map(|env| env.as_ref() == "spectre")
+            .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
     fn atl_paths(target: TargetArch<'_>, path: &Path) -> Option<(PathBuf, PathBuf)> {
@@ -637,14 +729,22 @@ mod impl_ {
 
     // For MSVC 14 we need to find the Universal CRT as well as either
     // the Windows 10 SDK or Windows 8.1 SDK.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_14(tool: &str, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_14(
+        tool: &str,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         let vcdir = get_vc_dir("14.0")?;
         let mut tool = get_tool(tool, &vcdir, target)?;
-        add_sdks(&mut tool, target)?;
-        Some(tool.into_tool())
+        add_sdks(&mut tool, target, env_getter)?;
+        Some(tool.into_tool(env_getter))
     }
 
-    fn add_sdks(tool: &mut MsvcTool, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<()> {
+    fn add_sdks(
+        tool: &mut MsvcTool,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<()> {
         let sub = lib_subdir(target)?;
         let (ucrt, ucrt_version) = get_ucrt_dir()?;
 
@@ -664,7 +764,7 @@ mod impl_ {
         let ucrt_lib = ucrt.join("lib").join(&ucrt_version);
         tool.libs.push(ucrt_lib.join("ucrt").join(sub));
 
-        if let Some((sdk, version)) = get_sdk10_dir() {
+        if let Some((sdk, version)) = get_sdk10_dir(env_getter) {
             tool.path.push(sdk.join("bin").join(host));
             let sdk_lib = sdk.join("lib").join(&version);
             tool.libs.push(sdk_lib.join("um").join(sub));
@@ -687,7 +787,11 @@ mod impl_ {
     }
 
     // For MSVC 12 we need to find the Windows 8.1 SDK.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_12(tool: &str, target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_12(
+        tool: &str,
+        target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         let vcdir = get_vc_dir("12.0")?;
         let mut tool = get_tool(tool, &vcdir, target)?;
         let sub = lib_subdir(target)?;
@@ -699,11 +803,17 @@ mod impl_ {
         tool.include.push(sdk_include.join("shared"));
         tool.include.push(sdk_include.join("um"));
         tool.include.push(sdk_include.join("winrt"));
-        Some(tool.into_tool())
+        Some(tool.into_tool(env_getter))
     }
 
-    fn add_env(tool: &mut Tool, env: &str, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) {
-        let prev = env::var_os(env).unwrap_or_default();
+    fn add_env(
+        tool: &mut Tool,
+        env: &'static str,
+        paths: Vec<PathBuf>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) {
+        let prev = env_getter.get_env(env);
+        let prev = prev.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref).unwrap_or_default();
         let prev = env::split_paths(&prev);
         let new = paths.into_iter().chain(prev);
         tool.env
@@ -788,10 +898,18 @@ mod impl_ {
     // Before doing that, we check the "WindowsSdkDir" and "WindowsSDKVersion"
     // environment variables set by vcvars to use the environment sdk version
     // if one is already configured.
-    fn get_sdk10_dir() -> Option<(PathBuf, String)> {
-        if let (Ok(root), Ok(version)) = (env::var("WindowsSdkDir"), env::var("WindowsSDKVersion"))
-        {
-            return Some((root.into(), version.trim_end_matches('\\').to_string()));
+    fn get_sdk10_dir(env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<(PathBuf, String)> {
+        if let (Some(root), Some(version)) = (
+            env_getter.get_env("WindowsSdkDir"),
+            env_getter
+                .get_env("WindowsSDKVersion")
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|version| version.as_ref().to_str()),
+        ) {
+            return Some((
+                PathBuf::from(root),
+                version.trim_end_matches('\\').to_string(),
+            ));
         }
 
         let key = r"SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v10.0";
@@ -933,22 +1051,23 @@ mod impl_ {
         max_key
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn has_msbuild_version(version: &str) -> bool {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn has_msbuild_version(version: &str, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> bool {
         match version {
             "17.0" => {
-                find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("x86_64")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("i686")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("aarch64")).is_some()
+                find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("x86_64"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("i686"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs17(TargetArch("aarch64"), env_getter).is_some()
             }
             "16.0" => {
-                find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("x86_64")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("i686")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("aarch64")).is_some()
+                find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("x86_64"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("i686"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs16(TargetArch("aarch64"), env_getter).is_some()
             }
             "15.0" => {
-                find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("x86_64")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("i686")).is_some()
-                    || find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("aarch64")).is_some()
+                find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("x86_64"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("i686"), env_getter).is_some()
+                    || find_msbuild_vs15(TargetArch("aarch64"), env_getter).is_some()
             }
             "12.0" | "14.0" => LOCAL_MACHINE
                 .open(&OsString::from(format!(
@@ -960,30 +1079,30 @@ mod impl_ {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn find_devenv(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        find_devenv_vs15(target)
+    pub(super) fn find_devenv(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
+        find_devenv_vs15(target, env_getter)
     }
 
-    fn find_devenv_vs15(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        find_tool_in_vs15_path(r"Common7\IDE\devenv.exe", target)
+    fn find_devenv_vs15(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
+        find_tool_in_vs15_path(r"Common7\IDE\devenv.exe", target, env_getter)
     }
 
     // see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328017/path-to-msbuild
-    pub(super) fn find_msbuild(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    pub(super) fn find_msbuild(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
         // VS 15 (2017) changed how to locate msbuild
-        if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs17(target) {
+        if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs17(target, env_getter) {
             Some(r)
-        } else if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs16(target) {
+        } else if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs16(target, env_getter) {
             return Some(r);
-        } else if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs15(target) {
+        } else if let Some(r) = find_msbuild_vs15(target, env_getter) {
             return Some(r);
         } else {
             find_old_msbuild(target)
         }
     }
 
-    fn find_msbuild_vs15(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
-        find_tool_in_vs15_path(r"MSBuild\15.0\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target)
+    fn find_msbuild_vs15(target: TargetArch<'_>, env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
+        find_tool_in_vs15_path(r"MSBuild\15.0\Bin\MSBuild.exe", target, env_getter)
     }
 
     fn find_old_msbuild(target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
@@ -1009,60 +1128,88 @@ mod impl_ {
 /// Non-Windows Implementation.
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 mod impl_ {
-    use std::{env, ffi::OsString};
+    use std::{env, ffi::OsStr};
 
-    use super::{TargetArch, MSVC_FAMILY};
+    use super::{EnvGetter, TargetArch, MSVC_FAMILY};
     use crate::Tool;
 
     /// Finding msbuild.exe tool under unix system is not currently supported.
     /// Maybe can check it using an environment variable looks like `MSBUILD_BIN`.
-    pub(super) fn find_msbuild(_target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn find_msbuild(_target: TargetArch<'_>, _: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
         None
     }
 
     // Finding devenv.exe tool under unix system is not currently supported.
     // Maybe can check it using an environment variable looks like `DEVENV_BIN`.
-    pub(super) fn find_devenv(_target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn find_devenv(_target: TargetArch<'_>, _: &dyn EnvGetter) -> Option<Tool> {
         None
     }
 
     /// Attempt to find the tool using environment variables set by vcvars.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_environment(tool: &str, _target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_environment(
+        tool: &str,
+        _target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        env_getter: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         // Early return if the environment doesn't contain a VC install.
-        let vc_install_dir = env::var_os("VCINSTALLDIR")?;
-        let vs_install_dir = env::var_os("VSINSTALLDIR")?;
+        let vc_install_dir = env_getter.get_env("VCINSTALLDIR")?;
+        let vs_install_dir = env_getter.get_env("VSINSTALLDIR")?;
 
-        let get_tool = |install_dir: OsString| {
-            env::split_paths(&install_dir)
+        let get_tool = |install_dir: &OsStr| {
+            env::split_paths(install_dir)
                 .map(|p| p.join(tool))
                 .find(|p| p.exists())
                 .map(|path| Tool::with_family(path, MSVC_FAMILY))
         };
 
         // Take the path of tool for the vc install directory.
-        get_tool(vc_install_dir)
+        get_tool(vc_install_dir.as_ref())
             // Take the path of tool for the vs install directory.
-            .or_else(|| get_tool(vs_install_dir))
+            .or_else(|| get_tool(vs_install_dir.as_ref()))
             // Take the path of tool for the current path environment.
-            .or_else(|| env::var_os("PATH").and_then(get_tool))
+            .or_else(|| {
+                env_getter
+                    .get_env("PATH")
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|path| path.as_ref())
+                    .and_then(get_tool)
+            })
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_15plus(_tool: &str, _target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_15plus(
+        _tool: &str,
+        _target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        _: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         None
     }
 
     // For MSVC 14 we need to find the Universal CRT as well as either
     // the Windows 10 SDK or Windows 8.1 SDK.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_14(_tool: &str, _target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_14(
+        _tool: &str,
+        _target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        _: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         None
     }
 
     // For MSVC 12 we need to find the Windows 8.1 SDK.
-    pub(super) fn find_msvc_12(_tool: &str, _target: TargetArch<'_>) -> Option<Tool> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn find_msvc_12(
+        _tool: &str,
+        _target: TargetArch<'_>,
+        _: &dyn EnvGetter,
+    ) -> Option<Tool> {
         None
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn has_msbuild_version(version: &str) -> bool {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(super) fn has_msbuild_version(version: &str, _: &dyn EnvGetter) -> bool {
         match version {
             "17.0" => false,
             "16.0" => false,
diff --git a/tests/support/mod.rs b/tests/support/mod.rs
index 4bdef027..5e87001e 100644
--- a/tests/support/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/support/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
 
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
diff --git a/tests/test.rs b/tests/test.rs
index 8fc8da64..4c070889 100644
--- a/tests/test.rs
+++ b/tests/test.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+
 use crate::support::Test;
 
 mod support;
@@ -575,8 +577,8 @@ fn clang_apple_tvos() {
         let test = Test::clang();
         test.gcc()
             .__set_env("TVOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "9.0")
-            .target(&target)
-            .host(&target)
+            .target(target)
+            .host(target)
             .file("foo.c")
             .compile("foo");
 
@@ -628,8 +630,8 @@ fn clang_apple_tvsimulator() {
         let test = Test::clang();
         test.gcc()
             .__set_env("TVOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET", "9.0")
-            .target(&target)
-            .host(&target)
+            .target(target)
+            .host(target)
             .file("foo.c")
             .compile("foo");