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+feedback link: https://github.com/sigmacomputing/sigmaquickstarts/issues +tags: +lastUpdated: 2024-09-27 + +# Discounted Cash Flow + +## Overview +Duration: 5 + +A discounted cash flow (**DCF**) is an analysis that values some type of asset over a period of time. + +More simply put, it allows someone to understand how much future money is worth in today’s terms. + +Historically, this type of analysis has been done in traditional spreadsheet tools like Excel. While a reliable tool, financial analysts and accountants often encounter challenges when performing a DCF in Excel: + +- Scalability Issues: Large datasets must be rolled up/aggregated to fit within Excel’s ~1 million row limit, leading to a loss of crucial data granularity. + +- Manual Updates: The process must be repeated periodically (e.g., monthly or quarterly) as new data needs to be incorporated into the original model, making it time-consuming. + +- Lack of Governance: Excel lacks built-in governance features, making it difficult to prevent mistakes and ensure accuracy both proactively and retroactively. + +**That is where Sigma comes in.** + +With a familiar spreadsheet interface, Excel power users can seamlessly transition to Sigma and recreate their work in an intuitive format. + +Our cloud-based architecture offers: + +- Performance and Scalability: Handle datasets well beyond Excel's limits, leveraging the full compute power of your cloud data warehouse, maintaining crucial data granularity for more detailed insights. + +- Automated Real-time Updates: Your DCF analysis automatically updates as new data flows into your cloud data warehouse, ensuring timely and accurate financial modeling. + +- Enhanced Governance and Security: Sigma inherits all the governance features from your cloud data warehouse, including audit trails and version history, ensuring data accuracy and reducing risks associated with manual errors. + +This QuickStart will provides an example of DCF, based on Sigma provided sample data, so users can build on their own. + +### Target Audience +Sigma users who are in a finance role or have interest in a discounted cash flow analysis. + +### Prerequisites + + + + + + + +![Footer](assets/sigma_footer.png) + +## Demonstration +Duration: 5 + +We will be using sample data provided by Sigma, which is included with all trial and production accounts. + + +### Workbook Setup +Log into Sigma and Create a new workbook. + +Click the + and select TABLE; search for hands and select the `PLUGS_ELECTRONICS_HANDS_ON_LAB_DATA` table: + + + +### Initial Setup +For this table, we have data from 2020 through 2024. + +We want to create part of a DCF for each year, for each of the store regions. + +First, we will group by `Store Region` and then create a second grouping on `Date`: + +Set the formula for `Date` to: +```code +DateTrunc("year", [Date]) +``` + +This gives us a row for each `Store Region` and `Year`: + + + +Filter on `Year of Date` for the last three years only: + + + +Add one more column as a `CALCULATION` in the `Year of Date`, setting its formula to: +```code +Rank([Year of Date], "desc") +``` + +This ensures that the most recent year is always numbered as `1`: + + + +To start, we'll focus on three key components of the calculation: + +- Carry Value (CV): represents the initial carrying value, which is essential for understanding the starting point of each period. +- Ending Carry Value (ECV): represents the value at the end of the period, before any reductions. +- Reduction: a change applied after establishing the beginning and ending carry values for the period. + +The final step will be to calculate the actual Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) value. + +### Create Columns +Add three new `CALCULATION` columns in the `Year of Date` group called ``CV 0``, `ECV 0` and `Reduction`. + + + +### Calculate Values for the First Year +Since we're starting with the first year, there won't be any `CV 0` initially. Therefore, there will only be an `ECV 0`, and no `Reduction` at this stage. + +In the `ECV 0` column, insert the following formula: +```code +Subtotal(Sum([Price] * [Quantity]), "row_parent") +``` + +This calculation will give you the `ECV 0` for each `Store Region`, but keep in mind, this is only accurate for the first year. + +The calculation needs to be dynamic, as in year two, we'll introduce a carrying value, which in turn means we'll have a `Reduction`, resulting in an updated `ECV`. + + + + + +### Addressing the Recursive Logic +Here is where the challenge arises: the `ECV 0` column will inform the `CV 0` column, which then informs the `Reduction` column, and in turn, influences the `ECV` again. + +This cycle moves down row by row for each year, but since Sigma operates on a columnar basis, we need to handle this differently. + +We will use helper columns to simulate this recursive logic. + +### Adjusting the Ending Carry Value +Let’s first adjust `ECV 0` to ensure it is correctly calculated only for the first year. + +Change the formula in `ECV 0` to: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 1, Subtotal(Sum([Price] * [Quantity]), "row_parent")) +``` + +This gives us: + + + +### Moving the Calculation Forward to Year 2 +Now, let’s transfer this calculation as our carrying value for year two. + +In the `CV 0` column, insert: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] > 1, Lag([ECV 0], 1, Null)) +``` + +This gives us: + + + +### Creating the Reduction Column +Next, define the `Reduction` column with the following formula: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 1, Null, Sum([Quantity] * [Price])) +``` + +This gives us: + + + +### Using Helper Columns for Subsequent Years +Now, we'll create additional helper columns to handle the recursive logic. + +Add a new column in `CALCULATIONS` named `CV 1`; set its formula to: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 2, Lag([ECV 0], 1, Null) - [Reduction], Null) +``` + +Add a new column named `ECV 1`; set its formula to: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 2, [CV 1] - [Reduction], Null) +``` + +#### Repeat This Process for Last Year in the Table +Add a new column named `CV 2`; set its formula to: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 3, Lag([ECV 1], 1, Null) - [Reduction], Null) +``` + +Add a new column named `ECV 2`; set its formula to: +```code +If([Rank of Year of Date] = 3, [CV 2] - [Reduction], Null) +``` + +This gives us: + + + +![Footer](assets/sigma_footer.png) + + +## Calculating the Final Carrying and Ending Value +Duration: 5 + +Now that we’ve created all the necessary columns for carrying values (CV) and ending carry values (ECV) across multiple years, let's consolidate them into a single `Final CV` and `Final EV` column to represent the complete discounted cash flow analysis. + +### Step 1: Create the Final Carrying and Ending Value Columns +Create two new columns in `CALCULATIONS` and rename them to `Final CV` and `Final ECV`. + +Use the the following formulas for each: + +**For Final CV:** +```code +Coalesce([CV 0], [CV 1], [CV 2]) +``` + +This formula will select the first non-null carrying value from the available years. It effectively gathers the carrying value for each row across all years in one column. + +**For Final ECV:** +```code +If(IsNotNull(Coalesce([CV 0], [CV 1], [CV 2])), Coalesce([ECV 0], [ECV 1], [ECV 2]), Null) +``` + +Similarly, this formula picks the first non-null ending value from all available EV columns, consolidating them into a single `Final ECV` column. + +This gives us: + + + +Hide all other `CV`, `ECV` and detail columns, now that the values are consolidated into `Final CV` and `Final EV`. + +This step will make your data cleaner and more user-friendly, ensuring the focus remains on the final results. + + + +Unhide the `Reduction` column; we want to see that too. + +This gives us: + + + +We can also replace the `null` values with a blank space, to clean up the table more. + +Select the `Reduction`, `Final VC` and `Final ECV` columns (shift + click on each column), then open one of the column menus and select `Format` > `Custom`: + + + +In the `Display null as`, just add one space (blank text) and click `Apply`: + + + +This gives us: + + + +![Footer](assets/sigma_footer.png) + + + +## Adding the Discount Rate and Calculating the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) +Duration: 5 + +Now we’ll calculate the discounted cash flow, which is the ultimate goal of this analysis. + +### Create a Control Element for the Discount Rate: +Click the `+` to add a new `Control` element called at the top of your Sigma workbook. + +Rename the control to `Discount Rate (WACC)` + + + +This control will allow you to input different discount rates interactively, giving you the flexibility to test various scenarios. + +#### Configure the Control +Set the control's configuration as shown. + +Enter a percentage value that represents the discount rate (for example: .10). This rate will be applied to your DCF calculations: + + + +The `Discount Rate` is used to adjust future cash flows back to their present value. The higher the discount rate, the lower the present value, reflecting the time value of money. + +### DCF Calculation: +Add a new column in `CALCULATIONS` and rename this column to `DCF`. + +Enter the following formula into the DCF column: +```code +[Final ECV] / Power((1 + [Discount]), Number([Rank of Year of Date])) +``` + +This formula calculates the present value of the future cash flow (Final EV) by applying the discount rate over the specified number of years. + +The `Power` function adjusts the discount rate over the given year, which correctly discounts future values to the present. + +The DCF column now represents the value of your asset, project, or investment discounted back to today's terms, using the specified discount rate. + +The table now looks like this: + + + +The `DCF` values now reflect a properly discounted cash flow analysis over time, with larger discounting applied to years further into the future. + +At this point, we should give the table a more appropriate name, so that it is clear to user. + +Rename the table to `Multi-Year DCF Analysis for Store Regions` and `Publish` the workbook. + +Save the workbook as `Discounted Cash Flow QuickStart`: + + + +![Footer](assets/sigma_footer.png) + + + + +## What we've covered +Duration: 5 + +In this QuickStart, we covered how to create a discounted cash flow (**DCF**) in Sigma, using sample data. + +**Additional Resource Links** + +[Blog](https://www.sigmacomputing.com/blog/)
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