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deploy-master.md

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Deploy Kubernetes Master Node(s)

Boot a single CoreOS machine which will be used as the Kubernetes master node. You must use a CoreOS version 962.0.0+ for the /usr/lib/coreos/kubelet-wrapper script to be present in the image. See kubelet-wrapper for more information.

See the CoreOS Documentation for guides on launching nodes on supported platforms.

Manual configuration of the required master node services is explained below, but most of the configuration could also be done with cloud-config, aside from placing the TLS assets on disk. For security reasons, these secrets should not be stored in cloud-config.

The instructions below configure the required master node components using manifests stored in /etc/kubernetes/manifests. The kubelet will watch this location for new or modified manifests and run them automatically.

High-availability is achieved by repeating these instructions for each master node. Each of the master components is safe to run on multiple nodes.

The apiserver is stateless, but handles recording the results of leader elections to etcd on behalf of other master components. The controller-manager and scheduler use the leader election mechanism to ensure only one of each is active, leaving the inactive master components ready to assume responsibility in case of failure.

Configure Service Components

TLS Assets

Create the required directory and place the keys generated previously in the following locations:

$ mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/ssl
  • File: /etc/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem
  • File: /etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver.pem
  • File: /etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver-key.pem

And make sure you've set proper permission for private key:

$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/kubernetes/ssl/*-key.pem
$ sudo chown root:root /etc/kubernetes/ssl/*-key.pem

Network Configuration

Networking is provided by Flannel and Calico.

  • flannel provides a software-defined overlay network for routing traffic to/from the pods
  • Calico secures the overlay network by restricting traffic to/from the pods based on fine-grained network policy.

Note: If the pod-network is being managed independently of flannel, then the flannel parts of this guide can be skipped. In this case, Calico may still be used for providing network policy. See Kubernetes networking for more detail.

We will configure flannel to source its local configuration in /etc/flannel/options.env and cluster-level configuration in etcd. Create this file and edit the contents:

  • Replace ${ADVERTISE_IP} with this machine's publicly routable IP.
  • Replace ${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}

/etc/flannel/options.env

FLANNELD_IFACE=${ADVERTISE_IP}
FLANNELD_ETCD_ENDPOINTS=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}

Next create a systemd drop-in, which is a method for appending or overriding parameters of a systemd unit. In this case we're appending two dependency rules. Create the following drop-in, which will use the above configuration when flannel starts:

/etc/systemd/system/flanneld.service.d/40-ExecStartPre-symlink.conf

[Service]
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/ln -sf /etc/flannel/options.env /run/flannel/options.env

Docker Configuration

In order for flannel to manage the pod network in the cluster, Docker needs to be configured to use it. All we need to do is require that flanneld is running prior to Docker starting.

Note: If the pod-network is being managed independently, this step can be skipped. See kubernetes networking for more detail.

Again, we will use a systemd drop-in:

/etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/40-flannel.conf

[Unit]
Requires=flanneld.service
After=flanneld.service

Create the kubelet Unit

The kubelet is the agent on each machine that starts and stops Pods and other machine-level tasks. The kubelet communicates with the API server (also running on the master nodes) with the TLS certificates we placed on disk earlier.

On the master node, the kubelet is configured to communicate with the API server, but not register for cluster work, as shown in the --register-schedulable=false line in the YAML excerpt below. This prevents user pods being scheduled on the master nodes, and ensures cluster work is routed only to task-specific worker nodes.

When using Calico, the kubelet is configured to use the Container Networking Interface (CNI) standard for networking. This makes Calico aware of each pod that is created and allows it to network the pods into the flannel overlay. Both flannel and Calico communicate via CNI interfaces to ensure the correct IP range (managed by flannel) is used for each node.

Note that the kubelet running on a master node may log repeated attempts to post its status to the API server. These warnings are expected behavior and can be ignored. Future Kubernetes releases plan to handle this common deployment consideration more gracefully.

/etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service

[Service]
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/manifests
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /var/log/containers

Environment=KUBELET_VERSION=${K8S_VER}
Environment="RKT_OPTS=--volume var-log,kind=host,source=/var/log \
  --mount volume=var-log,target=/var/log \
  --volume dns,kind=host,source=/etc/resolv.conf \
  --mount volume=dns,target=/etc/resolv.conf"

ExecStart=/usr/lib/coreos/kubelet-wrapper \
  --api-servers=http://127.0.0.1:8080 \
  --network-plugin-dir=/etc/kubernetes/cni/net.d \
  --network-plugin=${NETWORK_PLUGIN} \
  --register-schedulable=false \
  --allow-privileged=true \
  --config=/etc/kubernetes/manifests \
  --hostname-override=${ADVERTISE_IP} \
  --cluster-dns=${DNS_SERVICE_IP} \
  --cluster-domain=cluster.local
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Set Up the kube-apiserver Pod

The API server is where most of the magic happens. It is stateless by design and takes in API requests, processes them and stores the result in etcd if needed, and then returns the result of the request.

We're going to use a unique feature of the kubelet to launch a Pod that runs the API server. Above we configured the kubelet to watch a local directory for pods to run with the --config=/etc/kubernetes/manifests flag. All we need to do is place our Pod manifest in that location, and the kubelet will make sure it stays running, just as if the Pod was submitted via the API. The cool trick here is that we don't have an API running yet, but the Pod will function the exact same way, which simplifies troubleshooting later on.

If this is your first time looking at a Pod manifest, don't worry, they aren't all this complicated. But, this shows off the power and flexibility of the Pod concept. Create /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml with the following settings:

  • Replace ${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
  • Replace ${SERVICE_IP_RANGE}
  • Replace ${ADVERTISE_IP} with this node's publicly routable IP.

/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube-apiserver
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  containers:
  - name: kube-apiserver
    image: quay.io/coreos/hyperkube:v1.4.0_coreos.0
    command:
    - /hyperkube
    - apiserver
    - --bind-address=0.0.0.0
    - --etcd-servers=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
    - --allow-privileged=true
    - --service-cluster-ip-range=${SERVICE_IP_RANGE}
    - --secure-port=443
    - --advertise-address=${ADVERTISE_IP}
    - --admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota
    - --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver.pem
    - --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver-key.pem
    - --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem
    - --service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver-key.pem
    - --runtime-config=extensions/v1beta1=true,extensions/v1beta1/networkpolicies=true
    ports:
    - containerPort: 443
      hostPort: 443
      name: https
    - containerPort: 8080
      hostPort: 8080
      name: local
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/ssl
      name: ssl-certs-kubernetes
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
      name: ssl-certs-host
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/kubernetes/ssl
    name: ssl-certs-kubernetes
  - hostPath:
      path: /usr/share/ca-certificates
    name: ssl-certs-host

Set Up the kube-proxy Pod

We're going to run the proxy just like we did the API server. The proxy is responsible for directing traffic destined for specific services and pods to the correct location. The proxy communicates with the API server periodically to keep up to date.

Both the master and worker nodes in your cluster will run the proxy.

All you have to do is create /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-proxy.yaml, there are no settings that need to be configured.

/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-proxy.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube-proxy
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  containers:
  - name: kube-proxy
    image: quay.io/coreos/hyperkube:v1.4.0_coreos.0
    command:
    - /hyperkube
    - proxy
    - --master=http://127.0.0.1:8080
    - --proxy-mode=iptables
    securityContext:
      privileged: true
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
      name: ssl-certs-host
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /usr/share/ca-certificates
    name: ssl-certs-host

Set Up the kube-controller-manager Pod

The controller manager is responsible for reconciling any required actions based on changes to Replication Controllers.

For example, if you increased the replica count, the controller manager would generate a scale up event, which would cause a new Pod to get scheduled in the cluster. The controller manager communicates with the API to submit these events.

Create /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml. It will use the TLS certificate placed on disk earlier.

/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube-controller-manager
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  containers:
  - name: kube-controller-manager
    image: quay.io/coreos/hyperkube:v1.4.0_coreos.0
    command:
    - /hyperkube
    - controller-manager
    - --master=http://127.0.0.1:8080
    - --leader-elect=true
    - --service-account-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/apiserver-key.pem
    - --root-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        host: 127.0.0.1
        path: /healthz
        port: 10252
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 1
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/ssl
      name: ssl-certs-kubernetes
      readOnly: true
    - mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
      name: ssl-certs-host
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /etc/kubernetes/ssl
    name: ssl-certs-kubernetes
  - hostPath:
      path: /usr/share/ca-certificates
    name: ssl-certs-host

Set Up the kube-scheduler Pod

The scheduler monitors the API for unscheduled pods, finds them a machine to run on, and communicates the decision back to the API.

Create File /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml:

/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube-scheduler
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  containers:
  - name: kube-scheduler
    image: quay.io/coreos/hyperkube:v1.4.0_coreos.0
    command:
    - /hyperkube
    - scheduler
    - --master=http://127.0.0.1:8080
    - --leader-elect=true
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        host: 127.0.0.1
        path: /healthz
        port: 10251
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 1

Set Up Calico Node Container (optional)

This step can be skipped if you do not wish to provide network policy to your cluster using Calico.

The Calico node container runs on all hosts, including the master node. It performs two functions:

  • Connects containers to the flannel overlay network, which enables the "one IP per pod" concept.
  • Enforces network policy created through the Kubernetes policy API, ensuring pods talk to authorized resources only.

When creating /etc/systemd/system/calico-node.service:

  • Replace ${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
  • Replace ${ADVERTISE_IP} with this node's publicly routable IP.

/etc/systemd/system/calico-node.service

[Unit]
Description=Calico per-host agent
Requires=network-online.target
After=network-online.target

[Service]
Slice=machine.slice
Environment=CALICO_DISABLE_FILE_LOGGING=true
Environment=HOSTNAME=${ADVERTISE_IP}
Environment=IP=${ADVERTISE_IP}
Environment=FELIX_FELIXHOSTNAME=${ADVERTISE_IP}
Environment=CALICO_NETWORKING=false
Environment=NO_DEFAULT_POOLS=true
Environment=ETCD_ENDPOINTS=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}
ExecStart=/usr/bin/rkt run --inherit-env --stage1-from-dir=stage1-fly.aci \
--volume=modules,kind=host,source=/lib/modules,readOnly=false \
--mount=volume=modules,target=/lib/modules \
--volume=dns,kind=host,source=/etc/resolv.conf,readOnly=true \
--mount=volume=dns,target=/etc/resolv.conf \
--trust-keys-from-https quay.io/calico/node:v0.19.0

KillMode=mixed
Restart=always
TimeoutStartSec=0

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Set Up the policy-controller Pod (optional)

This step can be skipped if you do not wish to provide network policy to your cluster using Calico.

The policy agent is the last major piece of the master node. It monitors the API for changes related to network policy and configures Calico to implement that policy.

When creating /etc/kubernetes/manifests/policy-controller.yaml:

  • Replace ${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} with the same endpoints used in calico-node.service, above.

/etc/kubernetes/manifests/policy-controller.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: calico-policy-controller
  namespace: calico-system
spec:
  hostNetwork: true
  containers:
    # The Calico policy controller.
    - name: k8s-policy-controller
      image: calico/kube-policy-controller:v0.2.0
      env:
        - name: ETCD_ENDPOINTS
          value: "${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}"
        - name: K8S_API
          value: "http://127.0.0.1:8080"
        - name: LEADER_ELECTION
          value: "true"
    # Leader election container used by the policy controller.
    - name: leader-elector
      image: quay.io/calico/leader-elector:v0.1.0
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      args:
        - "--election=calico-policy-election"
        - "--election-namespace=calico-system"
        - "--http=127.0.0.1:4040"

Set Up the CNI config (optional)

This step can be skipped if you do not wish to provide network policy to your cluster using Calico.

The kubelet reads the CNI configuration on startup and uses that to determine which CNI plugin to call. Create the following file which tells the kubelet to call the flannel plugin but to then delegate control to the Calico plugin. Using the flannel plugin ensures that the Calico plugin is called with the IP range for the host that was selected by flannel.

  • Replace ${ADVERTISE_IP} with this node's publicly routable IP.
  • Replace ${ETCD_ENDPOINTS}

/etc/kubernetes/cni/net.d/10-calico.conf

{
    "name": "calico",
    "type": "flannel",
    "delegate": {
        "type": "calico",
        "etcd_endpoints": "$ETCD_ENDPOINTS",
        "log_level": "none",
        "log_level_stderr": "info",
        "hostname": "${ADVERTISE_IP}",
        "policy": {
            "type": "k8s",
            "k8s_api_root": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/v1/"
        }
    }
}

Start Services

Now that we've defined all of our units and written our TLS certificates to disk, we're ready to start the master components.

Load Changed Units

First, we need to tell systemd that we've changed units on disk and it needs to rescan everything:

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Configure flannel Network

Earlier it was mentioned that flannel stores cluster-level configuration in etcd. We need to configure our Pod network IP range now. Since etcd was started earlier, we can set this now. If you don't have etcd running, start it now.

  • Replace $POD_NETWORK
  • Replace $ETCD_SERVER with one url (http://ip:port) from $ETCD_ENDPOINTS
$ curl -X PUT -d "value={\"Network\":\"$POD_NETWORK\",\"Backend\":{\"Type\":\"vxlan\"}}" "$ETCD_SERVER/v2/keys/coreos.com/network/config"

After configuring flannel, we should restart it for our changes to take effect. Note that this will also restart the docker daemon and could impact running containers.

$ sudo systemctl start flanneld
$ sudo systemctl enable flanneld

Start kubelet

Now that everything is configured, we can start the kubelet, which will also start the Pod manifests for the API server, the controller manager, proxy and scheduler.

$ sudo systemctl start kubelet

Ensure that the kubelet will start after a reboot:

$ sudo systemctl enable kubelet
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/kubelet.service to /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.

Start Calico (optional)

This step can be skipped if you do not wish to provide network policy to your cluster using Calico.

Start Calico if you configured your kubelet to use CNI plugins earlier:

$ sudo systemctl start calico-node

Ensure that the Calico node container will start after a reboot:

$ sudo systemctl enable calico-node
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/calico-node.service to /etc/systemd/system/calico-node.service.

Create Namespaces

The Kubernetes Pods that make up the control plane will exist in their own namespace. We need to create this namespace so these components are discoverable by other hosts in the cluster.

Note: You will only need to do this once per-cluster. If deploying multiple master nodes, this step needs to happen only once.

First, we need to make sure the Kubernetes API is available (this could take a few minutes after starting the kubelet.service)

$ curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/version

A successful response should look something like:

{
  "major": "1",
  "minor": "1",
  "gitVersion": "v1.1.7_coreos.2",
  "gitCommit": "388061f00f0d9e4d641f9ed4971c775e1654579d",
  "gitTreeState": "clean"
}

Now we can create the kube-system namespace:

$ curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -XPOST -d'{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Namespace","metadata":{"name":"kube-system"}}' "http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/v1/namespaces"

The Calico policy-controller runs in its own calico-system namespace. Create this namespace:

$ curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -XPOST -d'{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Namespace","metadata":{"name":"calico-system"}}' "http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/v1/namespaces"

To check the health of the kubelet systemd unit that we created, run systemctl status kubelet.service.

Our Pods should now be starting up and downloading their containers. Once the kubelet has started, you can check it's creating its pods via the metadata api:

$ curl -s localhost:10255/pods | jq -r '.items[].metadata.name'
kube-scheduler-$node
kube-apiserver-$node
kube-controller-$node
kube-proxy-$node

Did the containers start downloading? As long as the kubelet knows about them, everything is working properly.

Yes, ready to deploy the Workers