diff --git a/knitr/dynamic-opinion/ClaassenBib.bib b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/ClaassenBib.bib
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+++ b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/ClaassenBib.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,11962 @@
+% Encoding: UTF-8
+
+@Article{anderson1997,
+  author        = {Anderson, Christopher J. and Guillory, Christine A.},
+  journal       = {American Political Science Review},
+  title         = {Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.},
+  year          = {1997},
+  number        = {1},
+  pages         = {66--81},
+  volume        = {91},
+  date-added    = {2020-07-03 12:07:19 +0100},
+  date-modified = {2020-07-03 12:14:11 +0100},
+}
+
+@booklet{vdem2019codebook,
+	Author = {{V-Dem Institute}},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-19 20:53:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-19 21:00:28 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/e6/d2/e6d27595-9d69-4312-b09f-63d2a0a65df2/v-dem_codebook_v9.pdf}},
+	Month = {April},
+	Title = {Codebook: v9 -- April 2019},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@book{boix2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Carles Boix},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-18 20:19:18 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-18 20:20:00 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Democracy and Redistribution},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{piketty2014,
+	Author = {Piketty, Thomas and Saez, Emmanuel},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-18 10:58:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-18 10:59:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {6186},
+	Pages = {838--843},
+	Title = {Inequality in the Long Run},
+	Volume = {344},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{abdollahian2012,
+	Author = {Abdollahian, Mark A. and Travis G. Coan and Hana Oh and Birol A. Yesilada},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-11 12:59:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-11 13:00:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {827--842},
+	Title = {Dynamics of Cultural Change: The Human Development Perspective},
+	Volume = {56},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{sokolov2018,
+	Author = {Boris Sokolov},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-11 12:57:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-11 12:58:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {395--408},
+	Title = {The Index of Emancipative Values: Measurement Model Misspecifications},
+	Volume = {112},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{dahlum2017,
+	Author = {Sirianne Dahlum and Carl Henrik Knutsen},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-11 12:55:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-11 12:56:13 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {437--461},
+	Title = {Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{honaker2010,
+	Author = {James Honaker and Gary King},
+	Date-Added = {2020-02-11 12:53:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-11 12:54:50 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {561--581},
+	Title = {What to Do about Missing Values in Time-Series Cross-Section Data},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{fukuyama2011,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Francis Fukuyama},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-20 10:10:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-20 10:23:25 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Profile Books},
+	Title = {The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{vanhanen2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Vanhanen, Tatu},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-19 19:14:01 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-19 19:14:32 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Routledge},
+	Title = {Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{bowman2005,
+	Author = {Kirk Bowman and Fabrice Lehoucq and James Mahoney},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-15 13:56:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-15 13:57:57 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {8},
+	Pages = {939--970},
+	Title = {Measuring Political Democracy: Case Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America},
+	Volume = {38},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@booklet{vdem2018methodology,
+	Author = {{V-Dem Institute}},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-15 13:53:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-15 13:54:11 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/5a/f1/5af198e9-f3e8-4619-b9fd-a8387fdc22a5/v-dem_methodology_v8.pdf}},
+	Title = {Methodology, v8},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{rose2001,
+	Author = {Richard Rose and Doh Chull Shin},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-13 10:59:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-13 10:59:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {331--354},
+	Title = {Democratization Backwards: The Problem of Third-Wave Democracies},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{newman2015,
+	Author = {Benjamin J. Newman and Todd K. Hartman and Patrick L. Lown and Stanley Feldman},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-10 14:07:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-10 14:07:46 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {583--607},
+	Title = {Easing the Heavy Hand: Humanitarian Concern, Empathy, and Opinion on Immigration},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{duch1992,
+	Author = {Raymond M. Duch and James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-08 12:26:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-08 12:27:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {Western Political Quarterly},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {237--273},
+	Title = {`Putting Up With' Fascists in Western Europe: A Comparative, Cross-Level Analysis of Political Tolerance},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{bickel1986,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Alexander M. Bickel},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-07 15:53:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-07 15:54:16 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed.},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@article{solt2016,
+	Author = {Frederick Solt},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-07 11:04:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-07 11:05:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {1267--1281},
+	Title = {The Standardized World Income Inequality Database},
+	Volume = {97},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{luhrmann2018,
+	Author = {Anna L{\"u}hrmann and Marcus Tannenberg and Staffan I. Lindberg},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-06 16:44:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-06 16:52:24 +0000},
+	Journal = {Politics and Governance},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214}},
+	Title = {Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{gibson2003jop,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Gregory A. Caldeira},
+	Date-Added = {2019-02-06 11:50:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-06 11:54:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--30},
+	Title = {Defenders of Democracy? Legitimacy, Popular Acceptance, and the South African Constitutional Court},
+	Volume = {65},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@Article{teorell2019,
+  author        = {Jan Teorell and Michael Coppedge and Staffan Lindberg and Svend-Erik Skaaning},
+  journal       = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
+  title         = {Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900--2017},
+  year          = {2019},
+  pages         = {71--95},
+  volume        = {54},
+  date-added    = {2019-01-30 10:59:37 +0000},
+  date-modified = {2019-01-30 11:01:25 +0000},
+}
+
+@article{morlino2010,
+	Author = {Leonardo Morlino},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:22:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:23:50 +0000},
+	Journal = {Southern European Society and Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {507--529},
+	Title = {Authoritarian Legacies, Politics of the Past and the Quality of Democracy in Southern Europe: Open Conclusions},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{arendt1951,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Hannah Arendt},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:21:20 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:32:02 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Harcourt, Brace and Co.},
+	Title = {The Origins of Totalitarianism},
+	Year = {1951}}
+
+@article{graham2004,
+	Author = {Carol Graham and Sandip Sukhtankar},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:19:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:20:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Latin American Studies},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {349--377},
+	Title = {Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America? Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and Well Being},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{armingeon2014,
+	Author = {Klaus Armingeon and Kai Guthmann},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:18:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:19:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {423--442},
+	Title = {Democracy in Crisis? The Declining Support for National Democracy in European Countries, 2007--2011},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{gibson1998ajps,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:15:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:16:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {819--850},
+	Title = {A Sober Second Thought: An Experiment in Persuading Russians to Tolerate},
+	Volume = {42},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{gibson2008ajps,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 14:14:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 14:15:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {96--108},
+	Title = {Intolerance and Political Repression in the United States: A Half Century after McCarthyism},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{claassen2020ajps,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 13:54:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 13:55:17 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Working Paper, University of Glasgow, \url{http://chrisclaassen.com/Claassen_democracy_public_support.pdf}},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {118-134},
+	Title = {Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive?},
+	Volume = {64},
+	Year = {2020}}
+
+@article{bratton2010,
+	Author = {Michael Bratton},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 13:53:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 13:53:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {106--113},
+	Title = {The Meanings of Democracy: Anchoring the `D-Word' in Africa},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{huntington1991,
+	Author = {Samuel P. Huntington},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 11:13:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 11:14:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {12--34},
+	Title = {Democracy's Third Wave},
+	Volume = {2},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@book{wood2000,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Elisabeth Jean Wood},
+	Date-Added = {2019-01-29 11:12:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 11:12:46 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{hartman2018,
+	Author = {Erin Hartman and {F. Daniel} Hidalgo},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-27 12:57:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-27 12:58:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Title = {An Equivalence Approach to Balance and Placebo Tests},
+	Volume = {forthcoming, \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12387}},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{bobo1989,
+	Author = {Lawrence Bobo and Frederick C. Licari},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-26 17:29:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-26 17:30:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {285--308},
+	Title = {Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{strabac2014,
+	Author = {Zan Strabac and Toril Aalberg and Marko Valenta},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-26 16:36:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-26 16:38:05 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {100--118},
+	Title = {Attitudes towards Muslim Immigrants: Evidence from Survey Experiments across Four Countries},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@Article{helbing2020,
+  author        = {Marc Helbing and Richard Traunm\"{u}ller},
+  journal       = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title         = {What is Islamophobia? Disentangling Citizens' Feelings Toward Ethnicity, Religion and Religiosity Using a Survey Experiment},
+  year          = {2020},
+  number        = {3},
+  pages         = {811--28},
+  volume        = {50},
+  date-added    = {2018-12-26 16:05:31 +0000},
+  date-modified = {2018-12-26 16:06:14 +0000},
+}
+
+@Article{dennisongeddes2019,
+  author        = {James Dennison and Andrew Geddes},
+  journal       = {The Political Quarterly},
+  title         = {A Rising Tide? The Salience of Immigration and the Rise of Anti-Immigration Political Parties in Western Europe},
+  year          = {2019},
+  number        = {1},
+  pages         = {107--16},
+  volume        = {90},
+  date-added    = {2018-12-26 16:00:45 +0000},
+  date-modified = {2018-12-26 16:03:49 +0000},
+}
+
+@article{kentmen2017,
+	Author = {Cigdem Kentmen-Cin and Cengiz Erisen},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-19 11:32:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-19 11:33:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Union Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {3--25},
+	Title = {Anti-Immigration Attitudes and the Opposition to European Integration: A Critical Assessment},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{azrout2017,
+	Author = {Rachid Azrout and Magdalena E Wojcieszak},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-19 11:30:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-19 11:32:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Union Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {51--72},
+	Title = {What's Islam Got To Do With It? Attitudes Toward Specific Religious and National Out-Groups, and Support for EU Policies},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@book{angrist2009,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Joshua D. Angrist and J\"{o}rn-Steffen Pischke},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-18 16:03:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-18 16:04:44 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{beck1995,
+	Author = {Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-18 11:05:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-18 11:05:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {634--647},
+	Title = {What To Do (And Not To Do) With Time-Series Cross-Section Data},
+	Volume = {89},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{jamal2016,
+	Author = {Amal Jamal and Anna Kensicki},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-12 11:54:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 11:55:36 +0000},
+	Journal = {Law \& Ethics of Human Rights},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {185--222},
+	Title = {A Theory of Critical Junctures for Democratization: A Comparative Examination of Constitution-Making in Egypt and Tunisia},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{wilke2018,
+	Author = {Richard Wilke and Janell Fetterolf},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-12 11:43:32 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 12:04:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {136--150},
+	Title = {Liberal Democracy's Crisis of Confidence},
+	Volume = {29},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@booklet{vdem2018report,
+	Author = {{V-Dem Institute}},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-12 11:38:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 11:45:02 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/3f/19/3f19efc9-e25f-4356-b159-b5c0ec894115/v-dem_democracy_report_2018.pdf}},
+	Title = {Democracy for All? V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@booklet{claassenmagalhaes2021rep,
+	Author = {Claassen, Christopher and Magalh{\~a}es, Pedro C.},
+	Howpublished = {Harvard Dataverse, \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MOERTC}},
+	Title = {Replication Data for: Effective Government and Evaluations of Democracy},
+	Year = {2021}}
+
+	
+
+@article{lewis2018,
+	Author = {Paul Lewis and Se{\'a}n Clarke and Caelainn Barr and Josh Holder and Niko Kommenda},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-12 11:01:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 11:06:27 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Guardian,},
+	Title = {Revealed: One in Four Europeans Vote Populist},
+	Volume = {November 20, \url{https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2018/nov/20/revealed-one-in-four-europeans-vote-populist}},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{green1993,
+	Author = {Donald P. Green and Susan L. Goldman and Peter Salovey},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-11 12:17:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-11 12:18:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1029--1041},
+	Title = {Measurement Error Masks Bipolarity in Affect Ratings},
+	Volume = {64},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{bellemare2017,
+	Author = {Marc F. Bellemare and Takaaki Masaki and Thomas B. Pepinsky},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-10 11:31:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-18 12:36:03 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {949--963},
+	Title = {Lagged Explanatory Variables and the Estimation of Causal Effects},
+	Volume = {79},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@incollection{klingemann2014,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
+	Booktitle = {The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizenship},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-10 11:29:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-10 11:35:22 +0000},
+	Editor = {Russell J. Dalton and Christian Welzel},
+	Pages = {116--157},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Dissatisfied Democrats: Democratic Maturation in Old and New Democracies},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@Article{schedler2007,
+  author        = {Andreas Schedler and Rodolfo Sarsfield},
+  journal       = {European Journal of Political Research},
+  title         = {Democrats With Adjectives: Linking Direct and Indirect Measures of Democratic Support},
+  year          = {2007},
+  number        = {5},
+  pages         = {637--659},
+  volume        = {46},
+  date-added    = {2018-12-10 11:25:20 +0000},
+  date-modified = {2018-12-10 11:26:19 +0000},
+}
+
+@article{anderson2003,
+	Author = {Christopher J. Anderson and Yuliya V. Tverdova},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-10 09:57:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-10 09:58:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {91--109},
+	Title = {Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{roodman2009,
+	Author = {David Roodman},
+	Date-Added = {2018-12-05 09:56:23 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-05 09:57:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {135--158},
+	Title = {A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments},
+	Volume = {71},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{blundell1998,
+	Author = {Richard Blundell and Stephen Bond􏰋},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-26 13:54:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-10 11:34:07 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {115--143},
+	Title = {Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models},
+	Volume = {87},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{bai2009,
+	Author = {Jushan Bai},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-26 13:52:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-26 13:53:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Econometrica},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1229--1279},
+	Title = {Panel Data Models With Interactive Fixed Effects},
+	Volume = {77},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{freeman2012,
+	Author = {John R. Freeman and Dennis P. Quinn},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-23 11:00:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-23 11:01:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {58--80},
+	Title = {The Economic Origins of Democracy Reconsidered},
+	Volume = {106},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{aslaksen2010,
+	Author = {Silje Aslaksen},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-23 10:57:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-23 10:58:58 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {421--431},
+	Title = {Oil and Democracy: More Than a Cross-Country Correlation?},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@booklet{pemstein2015,
+	Author = {Daniel Pemstein and Kyle L. Marquardt and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Farhad Miri},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-19 18:12:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-19 18:14:41 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/41350/4/gupea_2077_41350_4.pdf}},
+	Title = {The Varieties of Democracy Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@book{wooldridge2002,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Jeffrey M. Wooldridge},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-16 13:37:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-16 13:37:50 +0000},
+	Publisher = {MIT Press},
+	Title = {Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@incollection{heckman1981,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {James J. Heckman},
+	Booktitle = {Structural Analysis of Discrete Data with Econometric Applications},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-16 12:42:24 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-18 12:35:54 +0000},
+	Editor = {Manski, Charles F. and McFadden, Daniel},
+	Publisher = {MIT Press},
+	Title = {The Incidental Parameters Problem and the Problem of Initial Conditions in Estimating a Discrete Time-Discrete Data Stochastic Process},
+	Year = {1981}}
+
+@book{morgan2015,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Morgan, Stephen L. and Winship, Christopher},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-15 19:05:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-15 19:06:47 +0000},
+	Edition = {2nd},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@booklet{ipsos2017,
+	Author = {{Ipsos MORI}},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-04 09:49:54 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-04 09:51:21 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Available at \url{https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2017-09/ipsos-global-advisor-immigration-refugee-crisis-slides_0.pdf} (accessed 17 October 2018).},
+	Title = {Global Views on Immigration and the Refugee Crisis},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@incollection{spolaore2016,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Enrico Spolaore and Romain Wacziarg},
+	Booktitle = {The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 23:53:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 23:56:36 +0000},
+	Editor = {Ginsburgh, Victor and Weber, Shlomo},
+	Pages = {174--211},
+	Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
+	Title = {Ancestry, Language and Culture},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{fearon2003jeg,
+	Author = {Fearon, James D.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 23:51:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-05 12:39:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {195--222},
+	Title = {Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country},
+	Volume = {8},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{ford2019,
+	Author = {Robert Ford and Jonathan Mellon},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 19:20:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-23 10:23:30 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Working Paper, University of Manchester},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Title = {The Skills Premium and the Ethnic Premium: A Cross-National Experiment on European Attitudes to Immigrants},
+	Volume = {forthcoming, \url{ https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550148}},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{duckitt2009,
+	Author = {John Duckitt and Chris G. Sibley},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:45:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:47:46 +0000},
+	Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {98--109},
+	Title = {A Dual-Process Motivational Model of Ideology, Politics, and Prejudice},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{pettigrew2007b,
+	Author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F., Ulrich Wagner and Oliver Christ},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:30:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:31:03 +0000},
+	Journal = {Du Bois Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {19--39},
+	Title = {Who Opposes Immigration? Comparing German with North Americans},
+	Volume = {4},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{adida2016,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Adida, Claire L. and David D. Laitin and Marie-Anne Valfort},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:29:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:30:19 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
+	Title = {Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{feather1996,
+	Author = {Feather, Norman T.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:28:38 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:29:44 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {571--587},
+	Title = {Reactions to Penalties for an Offense in Relation to Authoritarianism, Values, Perceived Responsibility, Perceived Seriousness, and Deservingness},
+	Volume = {71},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@incollection{schwartz1996,
+	Address = {Mahwah, NJ},
+	Author = {Schwartz, Shalom H.},
+	Booktitle = {The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:27:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-04 10:00:52 +0000},
+	Editor = {Clive Seligman and James M. Olson and Mark P. Zanna},
+	Pages = {1--24},
+	Publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
+	Title = {Value Priorities and Behaviour: Applying a Theory of Integrated Value Systems},
+	Volume = {8},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{esses2001,
+	Author = {Esses, Victoria M. and John F. Dovidio and Lynne M. Jackson and Tamara L. Armstrong},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:26:32 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 23:51:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {389--412},
+	Title = {The Immigration Dilemma: The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice, and National Identity},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{sidanius1999,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:24:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:25:40 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{davidov2008,
+	Author = {Eldad Davidov and Bart Meuleman and Jaak Billiet and Peter Schmidt},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:23:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-02-10 14:14:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Sociological Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {583--599},
+	Title = {Values and Support for Immigration: A Cross-Country Comparison},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@book{norris2019,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:23:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-26 17:20:27 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian-Populism},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{feather2012,
+	Author = {Feather, Norman T. and McKee, Ian R.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:21:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:22:57 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
+	Number = {10},
+	Pages = {2479--2504},
+	Title = {Values, Right‐Wing Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation, and Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Women},
+	Volume = {42},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{cohrs2005,
+	Author = {Cohrs, J. Christopher and Barbara Moschner and J\"{u}rgen Maes and Sven Kielmann},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:20:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 19:27:03 +0000},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {10},
+	Pages = {1425--2434},
+	Title = {The Motivational Bases of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation: Relations to Values and Attitudes in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001.},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@incollection{schwartz1992,
+	Address = {Orlando, FL},
+	Author = {Schwartz, Shalom H.},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:18:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-04 10:01:08 +0000},
+	Editor = {Mark P. Zanna},
+	Pages = {1--65},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@booklet{ESS2015,
+	Author = {{European Social Survey}},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:17:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:18:31 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Available at \url{https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round7/questionnaire/ESS7_immigration_final_module_template.pdf} (accessed 4 October 2018).},
+	Title = {Round 7 Module on Attitudes towards Immigration and their Antecedents - Question Design Final Module in Template},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@booklet{newport2018,
+	Author = {Frank Newport},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:15:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:17:33 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Gallup, available at \url{https://news.gallup.com/poll/237389/immigration-surges-top-important-problem-list.aspx} (accessed 8 October 2018).},
+	Title = {Immigration Surges to Top of Most Important Problem List},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{ford2015,
+	Author = {Ford, Robert and Will Jennings and Will Somerville},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:15:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:15:42 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Number = {9},
+	Pages = {1391--1411},
+	Title = {Public Opinion, Responsiveness and Constraint: Britain's Three Immigration Policy Regimes},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{gelmancarlin2014,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman and John Carlin},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:14:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-26 16:07:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {641--651},
+	Title = {Beyond Power Calculations: Assessing Type S (Sign) and Type M (Magnitude) Errors},
+	Volume = {9},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{jost2003,
+	Author = {Jost, John T. and Glaser, Jack and Kruglanski, Arie R. and Sulloway, Frank R.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 18:13:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 18:14:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {339--375},
+	Title = {Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition},
+	Volume = {129},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{nail2009,
+	Author = {Nail, Paul R. and Ian McGregor and April E. Drinkwater and Garrett M. Steele and Anthony W. Thompson},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:33:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 19:18:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {901--907},
+	Title = {Threat Causes Liberals to Think Like Conservatives},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{hetherington2009,
+	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
+	Author = {Hetherington, Marc and Weiler, Jonathan D.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:32:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:33:08 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{sales1973,
+	Author = {Sales, Stephen M.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:31:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:32:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {44--57},
+	Title = {Threat as a Factor in Authoritarianism: An Analysis of Archival Data},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {1973}}
+
+@article{mccann1997,
+	Author = {McCann, Stewart},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:29:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:31:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {160--170},
+	Title = {Threatening Times, `Strong' Presidential Vote Winners, and the Victory Margin, 1824--1964},
+	Volume = {73},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{merolla2009,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Merolla, Jennifer L. and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:28:56 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:29:40 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats Affect the Public},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{vasilopoulos2018,
+	Author = {Pavlos Vasilopoulos and George E. Marcus and Martial Foucault},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:28:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:28:44 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {557--575},
+	Title = {Emotional Responses to the Charlie Hebdo Attacks: Addressing the Authoritarianism Puzzle},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{ford2011,
+	Author = {Robert Ford},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:27:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:28:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Number = {7},
+	Pages = {1017--1037},
+	Title = {Acceptable and Unacceptable Immigrants: How Opposition to Immigration in Britain is Affected by Migrants' Region of Origin},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{dinesen2016,
+	Author = {Peter Thisted Dinesen and Robert Klemmensen and Asbj{\o}rn Sonne N{\o}rgaard},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:25:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 17:26:09 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {55--72},
+	Title = {Attitudes Toward Immigration: The Role of Personal Predispositions},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{cohrs2010,
+	Author = {Cohrs, J. Christopher and Monika Stelzl},
+	Date-Added = {2018-11-03 17:23:54 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-03 19:27:09 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {673--694},
+	Title = {How Ideological Attitudes Predict Host Society Members' Attitudes toward Immigrants: Exploring Cross‐National Differences},
+	Volume = {66},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{williams2012,
+	Author = {Laron K. Williams and Guy D. Whitten},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-12 09:24:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-12 09:24:35 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {685--693},
+	Title = {But Wait, There's More! Maximizing Substantive Inferences from TSCS Models},
+	Volume = {74},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@book{norris1999ed,
+	Address = {Oxford},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-11 15:28:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-11 15:29:12 +0000},
+	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{stimson1991,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Author = {James A. Stimson},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-11 09:34:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-11 09:35:09 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Westview Press},
+	Title = {Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings, Transforming American Politics},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@booklet{svolik2018,
+	Author = {Milan Svolik},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-11 09:14:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-10 16:41:43 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Working Paper, Yale University, \url{https://campuspress.yale.edu/svolik/files/2018/09/polarization_manuscript-2ex9y63.pdf}},
+	Title = {When Polarization Trumps Civic Virtue: Partisan Conflict and the Subversion of Democracy by Incumbents},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@book{kinder2010,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Donald R. Kinder and Cindy D. Kam},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-10 14:23:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-10 14:23:55 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Us Against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{soroka2010,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Stuart N. Soroka and Christopher Wlezien},
+	Date-Added = {2018-06-09 11:23:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-09 11:26:00 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{tverdova2012,
+	Author = {Yuliya V. Tverdova},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 15:44:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 15:45:22 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Behavior},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {137--158},
+	Title = {The Formation of Economic Perceptions in Post-Communist Countries of East Central Europe},
+	Volume = {34},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{kunda1990,
+	Author = {Kunda, Ziva},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 15:38:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 15:38:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {480--498},
+	Title = {The Case for Motivated Reasoning},
+	Volume = {108},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{duch2000,
+	Author = {Raymond M. Duch and Harvey D. Palmer and Christopher J. Anderson},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 15:28:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 15:29:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {635--652},
+	Title = {Heterogeneity in Perceptions of National Economic Conditions},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{evans2006,
+	Author = {Geoffrey Evans and Robert Andersen},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 15:25:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 15:31:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {194--207},
+	Title = {The Political Conditioning of Economic Perceptions},
+	Volume = {68},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@book{noelle1984,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 11:51:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 11:51:50 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion -- Our Social Skin},
+	Year = {1984}}
+
+@book{wintrobe1998,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Ronald Wintrobe},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 11:49:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 11:50:11 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press.},
+	Title = {The Political Economy of Dictatorship},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{levitsky2002,
+	Author = {Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 11:42:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 11:43:40 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {51--65},
+	Title = {The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {13},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{gandhi2009,
+	Author = {Jennifer Gandhi and Ellen Lust-Okar},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-29 11:37:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-29 11:39:42 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {403--422},
+	Title = {Elections Under Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@incollection{mattes2016.ch1,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Author = {Robert Mattes and David Denemark and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Booktitle = {Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference?},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-23 17:26:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-23 17:27:54 +0000},
+	Editor = {David Denemark and Robert Mattes and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Pages = {1--26},
+	Publisher = {Lynne Rienner},
+	Title = {Growing Up Democratic?},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{voeten2017,
+	Author = {Erik Voeten},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-23 16:06:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-23 16:07:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Title = {Are People Really Turning Away from Democracy?},
+	Volume = {Online Exchange on ``Democratic Deconsolidation'', \url{https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exchange-democratic-deconsolidation}},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{norris2017,
+	Author = {Pippa Norris},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-23 09:36:20 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-23 09:38:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Title = {Is Western Democarcy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risk},
+	Volume = {Online Exchange on ``Democratic Deconsolidation'', \url{https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exchange-democratic-deconsolidation}},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{alexander2017,
+	Author = {Amy Alexander and Christian Welzel},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-23 09:20:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-23 09:36:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Title = {The Myth of De-Consolidation: Rising Liberalism and the Populist Reaction},
+	Volume = {Online Exchange on ``Democratic Deconsolidation'', \url{https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exchange-democratic-deconsolidation}},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{mechkova2017,
+	Author = {Valeriya Mechkova and Anna L\"{u}hrmann and Staffan I. Lindberg},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-22 15:29:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-22 15:30:38 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {162-169},
+	Title = {How Much Democratic Backsliding?},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@booklet{vdem2017report,
+	Author = {{Varieties of Democracy}},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-22 15:26:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-22 15:29:22 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://www.v-dem.net/en/reference/version-7-1-july-2017/}},
+	Title = {Democracy at Dusk? V-Dem Annual Report 2017},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{philips2017,
+	Author = {Andrew J. Philips},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-16 13:48:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-16 13:49:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Title = {Have Your Cake and Eat It Too? Cointegration and Dynamic Inference from Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models},
+	Volume = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12318}},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{levitsky2006,
+	Author = {Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-16 09:55:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-16 09:56:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {379--400},
+	Title = {Linkage versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change},
+	Volume = {38},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{ariely2011,
+	Author = {Gal Ariely and Eldad Davidov},
+	Date-Added = {2018-05-16 09:20:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-16 09:21:38 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Indicators Research},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {271--286},
+	Title = {Can We Rate Public Support for Democracy in a Comparable Way? Cross-National Equivalence of Democratic Attitudes in the World Value Survey},
+	Volume = {104},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{krieckhaus2014,
+	Author = {Jonathan Krieckhaus and Byunghwan Son and Nisha Mukherjee Bellinger and Jason M. Wells},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-27 09:26:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-27 09:27:35 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {139--151},
+	Title = {Economic Inequality and Democratic Support},
+	Volume = {76},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@incollection{stimson2007,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {James Stimson},
+	Booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-26 16:56:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-06-11 07:12:16 +0000},
+	Editor = {Russell J. Dalton and Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
+	Pages = {850--862},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Perspectives on Representation: Asking the Right Questions and Getting the Right Answers},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{denemark2016,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-26 16:14:41 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-26 16:55:08 +0000},
+	Editor = {David Denemark and Robert Mattes and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Publisher = {Lynne Rienner},
+	Title = {Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference?},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@book{dalton2006,
+	Address = {Oxford},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-26 10:33:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-26 10:34:06 +0000},
+	Editor = {Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Citizens, Democracy, and Markets Around the Pacific Rim: Congruence Theory and Political Culture},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{magalhaes2014,
+	Author = {Pedro C. Magalh{\~a}es},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:57:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 11:06:07 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {77--97},
+	Title = {Government Effectiveness and Support for Democracy},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{mishler2001,
+	Author = {Mishler, William and Rose, Richard},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:55:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 10:55:59 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {303--320},
+	Title = {Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{dalton1994,
+	Author = {Dalton, Russell},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:53:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 10:54:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {469--93},
+	Title = {Communists and Democrats: Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanies},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{mishler2002,
+	Author = {William Mishler and Richard Rose},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:51:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 10:52:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--36},
+	Title = {Learning and Re-Learning Regime Support: The Dynamics of Post-Communist Regimes},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{evans1995,
+	Author = {Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:49:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 10:50:40 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {485--514},
+	Title = {The Politics and Economics of Democratic Commitment: Support for Democracy in Transition Societies},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{wlezien1995,
+	Author = {Christopher Wlezien},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:48:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 11:04:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {981--1000},
+	Title = {The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{erikson2002,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Robert S. Erikson and Michael B. Mackuen and James A. Stimson},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-25 10:47:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 10:47:40 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Macro Polity},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{bratton2001,
+	Author = {Michael Bratton and Robert Mattes},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:49:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:50:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {447--474},
+	Title = {Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{gibson1992,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Raymond M. Duch and Kent L. Tedin},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:39:38 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:41:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {329-371},
+	Title = {Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{gibson1996,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:38:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:39:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {396-420},
+	Title = {`A Mile Wide But an Inch Deep'(?): The Structure of Democratic Commitments in the Former USSR},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@book{popeleches2017,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:35:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:35:31 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{montero1997,
+	Author = {Jos\'{e} Ram\'{o}n Montero and Richard Gunther and Mariano Torcal},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:14:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:16:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {124--160},
+	Title = {Democracy in Spain: Legitimacy, Discontent, and Disaffection},
+	Volume = {32},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{baker1981,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Kendall L. Baker and Russell J. Dalton and Kai Hildebrandt},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-20 10:06:56 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:08:08 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
+	Title = {Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics},
+	Year = {1981}}
+
+@book{welzel2013,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Christian Welzel},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 12:07:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-27 18:35:12 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{rose1996,
+	Author = {Richard Rose and William Mishler},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 12:05:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-19 12:06:16 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Public Policy},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {29--58},
+	Title = {Testing the Churchill Hypothesis: Popular Support for Democracy and Its Alternatives},
+	Volume = {16},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{mishler2007,
+	Author = {William Mishler and Richard Rose},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 12:04:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-19 12:04:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {822--834},
+	Title = {Generation, Age, and Time: The Dynamics of Political Learning during Russia's Transformation},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@incollection{mannheim1952,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Mannheim, Karl},
+	Booktitle = {Karl Mannheim: Essays},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 11:55:54 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 11:08:26 +0000},
+	Editor = {Paul Kecskemeti},
+	Pages = {276--322},
+	Publisher = {Routledge},
+	Title = {The Problem of Generations},
+	Year = {1952}}
+
+@book{jennings1974,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Jennings, M. Kent and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 11:54:56 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-19 11:55:28 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {The Political Character of Adolescence},
+	Year = {1974}}
+
+@incollection{mattes2018,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Robert Mattes},
+	Booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia in Politics},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 11:06:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-25 11:07:45 +0000},
+	Editor = {William Thompson},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Support for Democracy},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@incollection{mattes2016.ch11,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Author = {Robert Mattes and David Denemark and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Booktitle = {Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference?},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 10:27:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-05-23 17:26:16 +0000},
+	Editor = {David Denemark and Robert Mattes and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Pages = {263--282},
+	Publisher = {Lynne Rienner},
+	Title = {Generational Change in Postauthoritarian Democracies?},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@incollection{denemark2016chap,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Author = {David Denemark and Todd Donovan and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Booktitle = {Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference?},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-19 10:24:31 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-26 16:54:19 +0000},
+	Editor = {David Denemark and Robert Mattes and Richard G. Niemi},
+	Pages = {181--206},
+	Publisher = {Lynne Rienner},
+	Title = {Advanced Democracies: The Erosion of Traditional Democratic Citizenship},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{claassen2020apsr,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-10 11:16:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 10:10:31 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Working Paper, University of Glasgow, \url{http://chrisclaassen.com/Claassen_democratic_mood.pdf}},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {36-53},
+	Title = {In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion},
+	Volume = {114},
+	Year = {2020}}
+
+@book{linz1996,
+	Address = {Baltimore},
+	Author = {Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-10 11:12:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-10 11:16:41 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
+	Title = {Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{svolik2008,
+	Author = {Milan Svolik},
+	Date-Added = {2018-04-10 11:11:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-10 11:12:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {153--168},
+	Title = {Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation},
+	Volume = {102},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{ross2001,
+	Author = {Michael L. Ross},
+	Date-Added = {2018-02-26 17:33:24 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-02-26 17:34:36 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {325--361},
+	Title = {Does Oil Hinder Democracy?},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{imai2019,
+	Author = {Kosuke Imai and {In Song} Kim},
+	Date-Added = {2018-02-26 16:57:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-22 17:19:42 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Title = {When Should We Use Unit Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Longitudinal Data?},
+	Volume = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12417}},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{diamond1987,
+	Author = {Larry Diamond and Seymour Martin Lipset and Juan Linz},
+	Date-Added = {2018-02-26 16:24:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-02-26 16:42:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Affairs},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--19},
+	Title = {Building and Sustaining Democratic Government in Developing Countries: Some Tentative Findings},
+	Volume = {150},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@incollection{mishler1999,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {William Mishler and Richard Rose},
+	Booktitle = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance},
+	Chapter = {4},
+	Date-Added = {2018-02-21 16:36:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-02-21 16:39:42 +0000},
+	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Five Years After the Fall: Trajectories of Support for Democracy in Post-Communist Europe},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@incollection{dalton1999,
+	Author = {Russell J. Dalton},
+	Booktitle = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance},
+	Chapter = {3},
+	Date-Added = {2018-02-21 16:17:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-02-21 16:19:10 +0000},
+	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{beck2001,
+	Author = {Beck, Nathaniel and Jonathan N. Katz},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-18 11:32:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-18 11:33:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Organization},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {487--495},
+	Title = {Throwing out the Baby with the Bath Water: A Comment on Green, Kim, and Yoon},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{foa2017,
+	Author = {Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-14 11:46:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-14 11:47:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--16},
+	Title = {The Signs of Deconsolidation},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{plattner2017,
+	Author = {Marc F. Plattner},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-14 11:12:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-14 11:14:00 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {5--14},
+	Title = {Liberal Democracy's Fading Allure},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{stimson1985,
+	Author = {James A. Stimson},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-14 10:30:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-14 10:30:59 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {914--947},
+	Title = {Regression in Space and Time: A Statistical Essay},
+	Volume = {29},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{fish2002,
+	Author = {M. Steven Fish},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-09 13:34:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-09 13:34:46 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {4--37},
+	Title = {Islam and Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@booklet{bratton2014,
+	Author = {Michael Bratton and Richard Houessou},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-09 11:48:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-09 11:57:28 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 11. \url{http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20paper/ab_r5_policypaperno11.pdf}},
+	Title = {Demand for Democracy Is Rising in Africa, But Most Political Leaders Fail to Deliver},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@book{hastie2009,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Hastie, Trevor and Robert Tibshirani and Jerome Friedman},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-06 15:50:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-06 15:51:46 +0000},
+	Edition = {2nd},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{jackman2005,
+	Author = {Jackman, Simon},
+	Date-Added = {2017-11-06 15:49:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-06 15:50:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Australian Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {499--517},
+	Title = {Pooling the Polls over an Election Campaign},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{diamond2015,
+	Author = {Larry Diamond},
+	Date-Added = {2017-10-20 10:50:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-10-20 10:52:18 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {141--155},
+	Title = {Facing Up To The Democratic Recession},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{plattner2015,
+	Author = {Marc F. Plattner},
+	Date-Added = {2017-10-20 10:49:56 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-10-20 10:50:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--10},
+	Title = {Is Democracy in Decline?},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@book{rueschemeyer1992,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Rueschemeyer, Dietrich and Evelyne Huber Stephens and John D. Stephens},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-28 10:32:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-28 10:36:36 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Capitalist Development and Democracy},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{carpenter2017,
+	Author = {Bob Carpenter and Andrew Gelman and Matthew Hoffman and Daniel Lee and Ben Goodrich and Michael Betancourt and Marcus Brubaker and Jiqiang Guo and Peter Li and Allen Riddell},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-27 09:20:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-27 09:22:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--32},
+	Title = {Stan: A Probabilistic Programming Language},
+	Volume = {76},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@book{skrondal2004,
+	Address = {Boca Raton, FL},
+	Author = {Anders Skrondal and Sophia Rabe-Hesketh},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-27 09:16:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-27 09:17:41 +0000},
+	Publisher = {CRC Press},
+	Title = {Generalized Latent Variable Modeling: Multilevel, Longitudinal, and Structural Equation Models},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@book{collier1999,
+	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
+	Author = {Ruth Berins Collier},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-26 10:07:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-26 10:07:35 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{finkel1995,
+	Address = {Thousand Oaks, CA},
+	Author = {Finkel, Steven E.},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-26 09:57:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-26 10:01:36 +0000},
+	Number = {105},
+	Publisher = {Sage},
+	Series = {Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences.},
+	Title = {Causal Analysis with Panel Data},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{beck1996,
+	Author = {Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-26 09:30:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-26 09:31:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Pages = {1--36},
+	Title = {Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{fuchs2015,
+	Author = {Nicola Fuchs-Sch\"{u}ndeln and Matthias Sch\"{u}ndeln},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-23 14:12:18 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-23 14:13:44 +0000},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {6226},
+	Pages = {1145--1148},
+	Title = {On the Endogeneity of Political Preferences: Evidence from Individual Experience with Democracy},
+	Volume = {347},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{caughey2015,
+	Author = {Devin Caughey and Christopher Warshaw},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-23 14:11:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-23 14:12:00 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {197--211},
+	Title = {Dynamic Estimation of Latent Opinion Using a Hierarchical Group-Level IRT Model},
+	Volume = {23},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{voeten2006,
+	Author = {Erik Voeten and Paul R. Brewer},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-23 14:09:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-23 14:10:44 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {809--830},
+	Title = {Public Opinion, the War in Iraq, and Presidential Accountability},
+	Volume = {50},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{mcgann2014,
+	Author = {McGann, Anthony J.},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-23 14:08:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-23 14:09:22 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {115--129},
+	Title = {Estimating the Political Center from Aggregate Data: An Item Response Theory Alternative to the Stimson Dyad Ratios Algorithm},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{beck1989,
+	Author = {Beck, Nathaniel},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-23 14:07:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-23 14:08:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Pages = {121--156},
+	Title = {Estimating Dynamic Models Using Kalman Filtering},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{stegmueller2011,
+	Author = {Stegmueller, Daniel},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-21 11:56:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-21 11:57:22 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {471--487},
+	Title = {Apples and Oranges? The Problem of Equivalence in Comparative Research},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{carothers1999,
+	Address = {Washington, D.C.},
+	Author = {Thomas Carothers},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-16 11:24:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-16 11:25:02 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Carnegie Endowment for International Peace},
+	Title = {Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{dahl1989,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Robert A. Dahl},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-16 11:23:03 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-16 11:23:25 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Democracy and Its Critics},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{baum2003,
+	Author = {Matthew A. Baum and David A. Lake},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-16 11:21:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-16 11:22:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {333--347},
+	Title = {The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{Ray1998,
+	Author = {James Lee Ray},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-16 11:20:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-16 11:21:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {27--46},
+	Title = {Does Democracy Cause Peace?},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{davenport2004,
+	Author = {Christian Davenport and David A. Armstrong},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-16 11:19:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-16 11:25:36 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {538--554},
+	Title = {Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996},
+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@book{haggard1995,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Stephen Haggard and Robert Kaufman},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-15 17:30:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-15 17:31:37 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{boix2011,
+	Author = {Carles Boix},
+	Date-Added = {2017-09-01 16:39:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-01 16:39:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {809--828},
+	Title = {Democracy, Development, and the International System},
+	Volume = {105},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{wright2009,
+	Author = {Joseph Wright},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-31 09:28:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-31 09:28:59 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {552--571},
+	Title = {How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{munck2002,
+	Author = {Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 12:31:01 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-29 12:31:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--34},
+	Title = {Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@booklet{vdem2018codebook,
+	Author = {{V-Dem Institute}},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 12:10:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 11:38:04 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, \url{https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/64/ad/64ad9308-45fa-473e-8e2b-e1c0c4e421e6/v-dem_codebook_v8.pdf}},
+	Month = {April},
+	Title = {Codebook: v8 -- April 2018},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{elkins2000,
+	Author = {Zachary Elkins},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 11:58:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-29 11:59:16 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {293--300},
+	Title = {Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{trier2008,
+	Author = {Shawn Treier and Simon Jackman},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 11:51:02 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-29 11:59:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {201--217},
+	Title = {Democracy as a Latent Variable},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{alexander2011,
+	Author = {Alexander, Amy C. and Welzel, Christian},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 10:25:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-29 10:26:40 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {271--289},
+	Title = {Measuring Effective Democracy: The Human Empowerment Approach},
+	Volume = {43},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{claassen2019pa,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 08:53:39 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-29 10:06:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--20},
+	Title = {Estimating Smooth Country-Year Panels of Public Opinion},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{casper2013,
+	Author = {Gretchen Casper and Claudiu Tufis},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-29 08:06:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-29 08:08:14 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {196--203},
+	Title = {Correlation Versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy Using Highly Correlated Data Sets},
+	Volume = {11},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{jensen2004,
+	Author = {Nathan Jensen and Leonard Wantchekon},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-16 15:17:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-16 15:18:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {7},
+	Pages = {816--841},
+	Title = {Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{beck2007,
+	Author = {Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-16 15:16:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-16 15:17:18 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {182--195},
+	Title = {Random Coefficient Models for Time-Series-Cross-Section Data: Monte Carlo Experiments},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{bell2015,
+	Author = {Andrew Bell and Kelvyn Jones},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-16 15:15:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-16 15:15:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {133--153},
+	Title = {Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross- Sectional and Panel Data},
+	Volume = {3},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{shor2007,
+	Author = {Boris Shor and Joseph Bafumi and Luke Keele and David Park},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-16 15:13:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-16 15:14:22 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {165--181},
+	Title = {A Bayesian Multilevel Modeling Approach to Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{easton1975,
+	Author = {David Easton},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:16:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:17:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {435--457},
+	Title = {A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support},
+	Volume = {5},
+	Year = {1975}}
+
+@article{wiens2014,
+	Author = {David Wiens and Paul Poast and William Roberts Clark},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:15:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:16:08 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {783--794},
+	Title = {The Political Resource Curse: An Empirical Re-evaluation},
+	Volume = {67},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{ulfelder2007,
+	Author = {Jay Ulfelder},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:14:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:15:09 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {8},
+	Pages = {995--1018},
+	Title = {Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{odonnell1986,
+	Address = {Baltimore, MD},
+	Author = {Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:11:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:26:33 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press.},
+	Title = {Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Outcomes},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@article{burkhart1994,
+	Author = {Ross E. Burkhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:08:24 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:09:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {903--910},
+	Title = {Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis},
+	Volume = {88},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{gonick1988,
+	Author = {Lev S. Gonick and Robert M. Rosh},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:07:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:27:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {171--199},
+	Title = {The Structural Constraints of the World-Economy on National Political Development},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{arat1988,
+	Author = {Zehra F. Arat},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:04:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:04:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {21--36},
+	Title = {Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Theory Revisited},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{jackman1973,
+	Author = {Robert W. Jackman},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:03:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:04:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {611--621},
+	Title = {On the Relation of Economic Development to Democratic Performance},
+	Volume = {17},
+	Year = {1973}}
+
+@article{cutright1963,
+	Author = {Phillips Cutright},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:02:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:02:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {253--264},
+	Title = {National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {1963}}
+
+@article{bollen1979,
+	Author = {Kenneth A. Bollen},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-15 12:00:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:01:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {572--587},
+	Title = {Political Democracy and the Timing of Development},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@article{qi2011,
+	Author = {Lingling Qi and Doh Chull Shin},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:35:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-26 10:57:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {245--262},
+	Title = {How Mass Political Attitudes Affect Democratization: Exploring the Facilitating Role Critical Democrats Play in the Process},
+	Volume = {32},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{acemoglu2009,
+	Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson and Pierre Yared},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:32:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:34:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
+	Number = {8},
+	Pages = {1043--1058},
+	Title = {Reevaluating the Modernization Hypothesis},
+	Volume = {56},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{fails2010,
+	Author = {Matthew D. Fails and Heather Nicole Pierce},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:21:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:22:13 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {174--187},
+	Title = {Changing Mass Attitudes and Democratic Deepening},
+	Volume = {63},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{kurzman2014,
+	Author = {Charles Kurzman},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:09:01 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-02-27 13:00:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {Washington Post},
+	Title = {World Values Lost in Translation},
+	Urldate = {2014/09/02},
+	Volume = {September 2, \url{https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/09/02/world-values-lost-in-translation/}},
+	Year = {2014},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/09/02/world-values-lost-in-translation/}}
+
+@article{hadenius2005,
+	Author = {Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:07:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:08:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {87--106},
+	Title = {Cultural and Economic Prerequisites of Democracy: Reassessing Recent Evidence},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{haber2011,
+	Author = {Stephen Haber and Victor A. Menaldo},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:04:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:05:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--26},
+	Title = {Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse},
+	Volume = {105},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{acemoglu2008,
+	Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson and Pierre Yared},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:01:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:03:07 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Economic Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {808--842},
+	Title = {Income and Democracy},
+	Volume = {98},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{epstein2006,
+	Author = {David L. Epstein and Robert Bates and Jack Goldstone and Ida Kristensen and Sharyn O'Halloran},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 11:00:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 11:01:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {551--569},
+	Title = {Democratic Transitions},
+	Volume = {50},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{boixstokes2003,
+	Author = {Carles Boix and Susan Stokes},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:59:04 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-18 20:19:13 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {517--549},
+	Title = {Endogenous Democratization},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{teorell2010,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Jan Teorell},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:57:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:58:10 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972-2006},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{przeworski2000,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Przeworski, Adam and Michael E. Alvarez and Jos\'{e} Antonio Cheibub and Fernando Limongi},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:55:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:57:06 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950--1990},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{deboef2008,
+	Author = {Susanna {De Boef} and Luke Keele},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:46:24 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-11-14 11:47:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {184--200},
+	Title = {Taking Time Seriously},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{beck2011,
+	Author = {Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:45:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:45:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {331--352},
+	Title = {Modeling Dynamics in Time-Series--Cross-Section Political Economy Data},
+	Volume = {14},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{canache2001,
+	Author = {Damarys Canache and Jeffery J. Mondak and Mitchell A. Seligson},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:44:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:45:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {506--528},
+	Title = {Meaning and Measurement in Cross-National Research on Satisfaction with Democracy},
+	Volume = {65},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{dahl1971,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Robert A. Dahl},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:43:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:43:53 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition},
+	Year = {1971}}
+
+@article{starr1991,
+	Author = {Harvey Starr},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:41:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:42:11 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {356--381},
+	Title = {Democratic dominoes: Diffusion approaches to the spread of democracy in the international system},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@book{rose1998,
+	Address = {Baltimore},
+	Author = {Richard Rose and William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:40:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:40:53 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
+	Title = {Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@incollection{norris1999,
+	Address = {Oxford},
+	Author = {Pippa Norris},
+	Booktitle = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:38:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:39:49 +0000},
+	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Institutional Explanations for Political Support},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{muller1994,
+	Author = {Edward N. Muller and Mitchell A. Seligson},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:37:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-30 09:40:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {635--652},
+	Title = {Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships},
+	Volume = {88},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{muller1977,
+	Author = {Edward N. Muller and Thomas O. Jukam},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:36:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:37:38 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1561--1595},
+	Title = {On the meaning of political support},
+	Volume = {71},
+	Year = {1977}}
+
+@article{mattes2007,
+	Author = {Robert Mattes and Michael Bratton},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:35:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:36:01 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {192--217},
+	Title = {Learning about Democracy in Africa: Awareness, Performance, and Experience},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{lindberg2014,
+	Author = {Staffan I. Lindberg and Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Jan Teorell and Daniel Pemstein and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Adam Glynn and David Altman and Michael Bernhard and Steven Fish and Alan Hicken and Matthew Kroenig and Kelly McMann and Pamela Paxton and Megan Reif and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:33:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:34:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {159--169},
+	Title = {V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{inglehart2003,
+	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:29:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:30:48 +0000},
+	Journal = {PS: Political Science \& Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {51--57},
+	Title = {How Solid is Mass Support for Democracy -- and How Can We Measure It?},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{foa2016,
+	Author = {Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:26:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-26 11:20:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {5--17},
+	Title = {The Danger of Deconsolidation: The Democratic Disconnect},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@book{eckstein1966,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Eckstein, Harry},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:26:03 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:26:37 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {A Theory of Stable Democracy},
+	Year = {1966}}
+
+@book{bratton2005,
+	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
+	Author = {Michael Bratton and Robert Mattes and E. Gyimah-Boadi},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:24:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-04-20 10:49:52 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Public Opinion, Democracy, and Market Reform in Africa},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@book{diamond1999,
+	Address = {Baltimore},
+	Author = {Larry Diamond},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:23:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:24:11 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
+	Title = {Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{almond1963,
+	Address = {Boston},
+	Author = {Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:22:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:23:03 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Little \& Brown},
+	Title = {The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations},
+	Year = {1963}}
+
+@book{booth2009,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {John A. Booth and Mitchell A. Seligson},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:21:26 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:22:09 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Political Support and Democracy in Eight Nations},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{dalton2004,
+	Address = {Oxford},
+	Author = {Russell J. Dalton},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:19:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:20:25 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@incollection{dalton2014,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Russell J. Dalton and Christian Welzel},
+	Booktitle = {The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:12:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:21:11 +0000},
+	Editor = {Russell J. Dalton and Christian Welzel},
+	Pages = {1--16.},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Political Culture and Value Change},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@book{easton1965,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {David Easton},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:11:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:12:25 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {A Systems Analysis of Political Life},
+	Year = {1965}}
+
+@article{gleditsch2006,
+	Author = {Kristian Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:10:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:11:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Organization},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {911--33},
+	Title = {Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization},
+	Volume = {60},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@incollection{klingemann1999,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
+	Booktitle = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:09:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:10:32 +0000},
+	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{inglehart2005,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:08:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:09:06 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@book{norris2011,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Norris, Pippa},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:06:26 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:06:53 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press.},
+	Title = {Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{rustow1970,
+	Author = {Rustow, Dankwart A.},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:05:18 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-30 09:56:11 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {337---363},
+	Title = {Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model},
+	Volume = {2},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@article{welzel2007,
+	Author = {Christian Welzel},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:03:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-15 12:25:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {397--424},
+	Title = {Are Levels of Democracy Affected by Mass Attitudes? Testing Attainment and Sustainment Effects on Democracy},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{welzel2003,
+	Author = {Christian Welzel and Ronald Inglehart and Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 10:03:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:03:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {341--379},
+	Title = {The Theory of Human Development: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.},
+	Volume = {42},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{przeworski1997,
+	Author = {Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi},
+	Date-Added = {2017-08-09 09:58:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-09 10:02:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {155--183},
+	Title = {Modernization: Theories and Facts},
+	Volume = {49},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{huddy1995,
+	Author = {Leonie Huddy and David O. Sears},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:57:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:58:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {133--43},
+	Title = {Opposition to Bilingual Education: Prejudice or the Defence of Realistic Interests?},
+	Volume = {58},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@booklet{neocosmos2006,
+	Address = {Dakar},
+	Author = {Michael Neocosmos},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:55:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:56:50 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Monograph Series, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa},
+	Title = {From `Foreign Natives' to `Native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{huckfeldt1995,
+	Author = {Robert Huckfeldt and Paul Allen Beck and Russell J. Dalton and Jeffrey Levine},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:54:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:55:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1025--1054},
+	Title = {Political Environments, Cohesive Social Groups, and the Communication of Public Opinion},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{snow1980,
+	Author = {David A Snow and Louis A. Zurcher, Jr. and Sheldon Ekland-Olson},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:53:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:54:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {787--801},
+	Title = {Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {1980}}
+
+@booklet{csvr2008,
+	Address = {Cape Town},
+	Author = {{Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation}},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:50:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:52:39 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Presentation, Parliamentary Seminar on Migration and Xenophobia},
+	Month = {20 June},
+	Title = {Understanding Current Xenophobic Attacks and How South Africa Can Move Forward},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{essa2015,
+	Author = {Azad Essa and Khadija Patel},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:46:20 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:49:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {Mail \& Guardian},
+	Title = {South Africa and Nigeria Spar Over Xenophobic Violence},
+	Volume = {28 April},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{hall2015,
+	Author = {James Hall},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:45:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:46:16 +0000},
+	Journal = {Africa Conflict Monitor},
+	Pages = {71--77},
+	Title = {Anti-Foreigner Violence Exposes Festering Conflict in South Africa'},
+	Volume = {May},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{charman2012,
+	Author = {Andrew Charman and Laurence Piper},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:44:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:45:22 +0000},
+	Journal = {South African Review of Sociology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {81--105},
+	Title = {Xenophobia, Criminality and Violent Entrepreneurship: Violence Against Somali Shopkeepers in Delft South, Cape Town, South Africa},
+	Volume = {43},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@booklet{harris2001,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Bronwyn Harris},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:43:26 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:44:17 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Violence and Transition Series, vol. 5, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation},
+	Title = {A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia During South Africa's Transition},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{dodson2010,
+	Author = {Belinda Dodson},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:42:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:43:11 +0000},
+	Journal = {African Today},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {2--22},
+	Title = {Locating Xenophobia: Debate, Discourse, and Everyday Experience in Cape Town, South Africa},
+	Volume = {56},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{morris1998,
+	Author = {Alan Morris},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:41:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:42:17 +0000},
+	Journal = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1116--36},
+	Title = {Our Fellow Africans Make Our Lives Hell},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{crush2001,
+	Author = {Jonathan Crush},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:40:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:41:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Migration},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {103--33},
+	Title = {The Dark Side of Democracy: Migration, Xenophobia And Human Rights in South Africa},
+	Volume = {38},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@booklet{hsrc2008,
+	Address = {Pretoria},
+	Author = {{Human Sciences Research Council}},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:35:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:39:27 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Democracy and Governance Programme, Human Sciences Research Council},
+	Title = {Citizenship, Violence And Xenophobia in South Africa: Perceptions from South African Communities},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{parliament2008,
+	Address = {Pretoria},
+	Author = {{Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:34:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:39:04 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Parliament of the Republic of South Africa},
+	Title = {Report of the Task Team of Members of Parliament Probing Violence and Attacks on Foreign Nationals},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{sahrc2010,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {{South African Human Rights Commission}},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:32:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:39:59 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {South African Human Rights Commission},
+	Title = {Report on the SAHRC Investigation Into Issues Of Rule Of Law, Justice And Impunity Arising Out of the 2008 Public Violence Against Non-Nationals},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{landau2011,
+	Author = {Loren Landau},
+	Date-Added = {2015-11-14 21:31:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:32:17 +0000},
+	Journal = {African Affairs},
+	Number = {435},
+	Pages = {213--230},
+	Title = {Loving the Alien? Citizenship, Law, and The Future in South Africa's Demonic Society'},
+	Volume = {109},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{kunovich2004,
+	Author = {Robert M. Kunovich},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-19 09:30:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-19 09:31:57 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Science Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {20--44},
+	Title = {Social Structural Position and Prejudice: An Exploration of Cross-National Differences in Regression Slopes},
+	Volume = {33},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@Article{semyonov2006,
+  author        = {Semyonov, Moshe and Raijman, Rebeca and Gorodzeisky, Anastasia},
+  journal       = {American Sociological Review},
+  title         = {The Rise of Anti-Foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988-2000},
+  year          = {2006},
+  number        = {3},
+  pages         = {426--449},
+  volume        = {71},
+  date-added    = {2015-07-19 09:26:54 +0000},
+  date-modified = {2015-07-19 09:29:12 +0000},
+}
+
+@article{citrin1990,
+	Author = {Jack Citrin and Beth Reingold and Donald P. Green},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-19 08:31:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-19 08:33:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1124--54},
+	Title = {American Identity and the Politics of Ethnic Change},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@book{hochberg1987,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Yosef Hochberg and Ajit C. Tamhane},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-19 08:29:31 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-19 08:33:53 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Multiple Comparison Procedures},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@article{burns2000,
+	Author = {Peter Burns and James G. Gimpel},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 14:04:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 18:02:38 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {201--25},
+	Title = {Economic Insecurity, Prejudicial Stereotypes, And Public Opinion on Immigration Policy},
+	Volume = {115},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{schissel1989,
+	Author = {Bernard Schissel and Richard Wanner and James S. Frideres},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 13:13:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 13:15:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Migration Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {289--308},
+	Title = {Social and Economic Context and Attitudes toward Immigrants in Canadian Cities},
+	Volume = {23},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{campbell1976,
+	Author = {Campbell, Angus},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 13:06:01 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 13:06:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Psychologist},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {117--124},
+	Title = {Subjective Measures of Well-Being},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {1976}}
+
+@article{bertrand2001,
+	Author = {Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 12:57:32 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 13:01:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Economic Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {67--72},
+	Title = {Do People Mean What They Say? Implications for Subjective Survey Data},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{grabb1979,
+	Author = {Edward G. Grabb},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 12:38:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 14:19:17 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {36--47},
+	Title = {Working-Class Authoritarianism and Tolerance of Outgroups: A Reassessment},
+	Volume = {43},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@book{lipset1960,
+	Address = {Garden City, NY},
+	Author = {Seymour Martin Lipset},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-18 12:36:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 12:37:22 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Doubleday},
+	Title = {Political Man},
+	Year = {1960}}
+
+@booklet{arda,
+	Address = {\url{http://www.thearda.com/}},
+	Author = {ARDA},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-17 12:11:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-17 12:57:44 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {{Association of Religion Data Archives}. July 17, 2015},
+	Title = {Association of Religion Data Archives},
+	Year = {ND}}
+
+@article{rindskopf1988,
+	Author = {David Rindskopf and Tedd Rose},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-16 18:10:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-16 18:11:08 +0000},
+	Journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {51--67},
+	Title = {Some Theory and Applications of Confirmatory Second-Order Factor Analysis},
+	Volume = {23},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{beck1990,
+	Author = {E. M. Beck and Stewart E. Tolnay},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-16 11:43:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-16 11:44:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {526--39},
+	Title = {The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882-1930},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{hepworth1988,
+	Author = {Hepworth, Joseph T. and West, Stephen G.},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-16 11:40:20 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-16 11:41:54 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {239--47},
+	Title = {Lynchings and the economy: A time-series reanalysis of Hovland and Sears (1940)},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{whitaker2015,
+	Author = {Beth Elise Whitaker and Jason Giersch},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-16 09:45:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-16 09:49:42 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Number = {10},
+	Pages = {1536--1557},
+	Title = {Political Competition and Attitudes towards Immigration in Africa},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@book{guthrie1948,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Guthrie, Malcolm},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-01 17:01:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-01 17:02:26 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {The Classification of the Bantu Languages},
+	Year = {1948}}
+
+@book{melton2010,
+	Address = {Santa Barbara, CA},
+	Date-Added = {2015-07-01 16:58:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-01 17:03:18 +0000},
+	Edition = {2nd},
+	Editor = {J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann},
+	Publisher = {ABC-CLIO},
+	Title = {Religions of the World},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{card2011,
+	Author = {David Card and Gordon B. Dahl},
+	Date-Added = {2015-06-30 14:48:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-06-30 14:50:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {103--143},
+	Title = {Family Violence and Football: The Effect of Unexpected Emotional Cues on Violent Behavior},
+	Volume = {126},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{mclaren2003,
+	Author = {Lauren M. McLaren},
+	Date-Added = {2015-06-30 14:47:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-06-30 14:48:33 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Forces},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {909-936},
+	Title = {Anti-Immigrant Prejudice in Europe: Contact, Threat Perception, and Preferences for the Exclusion of Migrants},
+	Volume = {81},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{benjamini1995,
+	Author = {Benjamini, Yoav and Hochberg, Yosef},
+	Date-Added = {2015-06-30 14:45:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 14:18:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {289--300.},
+	Title = {Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{soh2011,
+	Author = {Kaycheng Soh},
+	Date-Added = {2015-01-07 17:09:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-01-07 17:10:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Higher Education Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {15--29},
+	Title = {Don't Read University Rankings Like Reading Football League Tables: Taking a Close Look at the Indicators},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{goldstein1996,
+	Author = {Harvey Goldstein and David J. Spiegelhalter},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-15 10:24:01 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-15 10:24:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society)},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {385--443},
+	Title = {League Tables and Their Limitations: Statistical Issues in Comparisons of Institutional Performance},
+	Volume = {159},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{bafumi2005,
+	Author = {Joseph Bafumi and Andrew Gelman and David K. Park and Noah Kaplan},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-14 21:08:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-14 21:10:35 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {171--87},
+	Title = {Practical Issues in Implementing and Understanding Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation},
+	Volume = {13},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{gelman1992,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman and Donald B. Rubin},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:47:04 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-12 20:48:05 +0000},
+	Journal = {Statistical Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {457--72},
+	Title = {Inference from Iterative Simulation Using Multiple Sequences.},
+	Volume = {7},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{gelman2006,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:46:00 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-12 20:46:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {Bayesian Analysis},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {515--33},
+	Title = {Prior Distributions for Variance Parameters in Hierarchical Models},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{rist2009,
+	Author = {Angelika Glockner-Rist and Herbert Hoijtink},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:44:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-12 20:45:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {Structural Equation Modeling},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {544--65},
+	Title = {The Best of Both Worlds: Factor Analysis of Dichotomous Data Using Item Response Theory and Structural Equation Modeling},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{mellenbergh1994,
+	Author = {Gideon J. Mellenbergh},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-12 20:43:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-12 20:44:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {223--36},
+	Title = {A Unidimensional Latent Trait Model for Continuous Item Responses},
+	Volume = {29},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{hallinger2014,
+	Author = {Philip Hallinger},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 15:54:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-10 15:55:40 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Journal of Educational Management},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {230--45},
+	Title = {Riding the Tiger of World University Rankings in East Asia: Where Are We Heading?},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{soh2014,
+	Author = {Kaycheng Soh},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 15:52:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-01-07 14:48:03 +0000},
+	Journal = {Higher Education Quarterly},
+	Title = {Multicolinearity and Indicator Redundancy Problem in World University Rankings: An Example Using Times Higher Education World University Ranking 2013--2014 Data},
+	Volume = {forthcoming},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{bornmann2013,
+	Author = {Lutz Bornmann and R\"{u}diger Mutz and Hans-Dieter Daniel},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 15:51:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-10 15:52:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
+	Number = {8},
+	Pages = {1649--58},
+	Title = {Multilevel-Statistical Reformulation of Citation-Based University Rankings: The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012},
+	Volume = {64},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{lewandowski2009,
+	Author = {Daniel Lewandowski and Dorota Kurowicka and Harry Joe},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 15:44:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-10 15:47:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Multivariate Analysis},
+	Number = {9},
+	Pages = {1989--2001},
+	Title = {Generating Random Correlation Matrices Based on Vines and Extended Onion Method},
+	Volume = {100},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{grewal2008,
+	Author = {Rajdeep Grewala and James A Deardena and Gary L Lliliena},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 15:32:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-10 15:32:58 +0000},
+	Journal = {The American Statistician},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {232--7},
+	Title = {The University Rankings Game: Modeling the Competition Among Universities for Ranking},
+	Volume = {62},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@techreport{usher2006,
+	Address = {Toronto, ON},
+	Author = {Usher, Alex and Savino, Massimo},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-10 14:52:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-10 14:53:44 +0000},
+	Institution = {Educational Policy Institute},
+	Title = {A World of Difference: A Global Survey of University League Tables},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{enserink2007,
+	Author = {Martin Enserink},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 15:37:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 15:38:27 +0000},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {5841},
+	Pages = {1026--28},
+	Title = {Who Ranks the University Rankers?},
+	Volume = {317},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{waltman2012,
+	Author = {Ludo Waltman and Clara Calero-Medina and Joost Kosten and Ed C.M. Noyons and Robert J.W. Tijssen and Nees Jan van Eck and Thed N. van Leeuwen and Anthony F.J. van Raan and Martijn S. Visser and Paul Wouters},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 15:27:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 15:29:51 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
+	Number = {12},
+	Pages = {2419--32},
+	Title = {The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012: Data Collection, Indicators, and Interpretation},
+	Volume = {63},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{aguillo2010,
+	Author = {Isidro F. Aguillo and Judit Bar-Ilan and Mark Levene and Jos\'{e} Luis Ortega},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 15:17:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 15:19:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Scientometrics},
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+	Pages = {243--56},
+	Title = {Comparing University Rankings},
+	Volume = {85},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{vught2012,
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 15:14:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 15:15:20 +0000},
+	Editor = {van Vught, Frans A. and Ziegele, Frank},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {Multidimensional Ranking: The Design and Development of U-Multirank},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{bowman2009,
+	Author = {Nicholas A. Bowman and Michael N. Bastedo},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:57:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:58:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Research in Higher Education},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {415--36},
+	Title = {Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of \emph{U.S. News and World Report} on Student Decisions},
+	Volume = {50},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{salmi2007,
+	Author = {Jamil Salmi and Alenoush Saroyan},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:52:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:54:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Higher Education Management and Policy},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {31--68},
+	Title = {League Tables as Policy Instruments: Uses and Misuses},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@webpage{economist2006ranking,
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:48:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:50:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Economist},
+	Number = {October 26},
+	Title = {Survey on France: Lessons from the Campus},
+	Url = {http://www.economist.com/node/8048376},
+	Year = {2006},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.economist.com/node/8048376}}
+
+@article{hazelkorn2007,
+	Author = {Ellen Hazelkorn},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:36:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:38:03 +0000},
+	Journal = {Higher Education Management and Policy},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {1--24},
+	Title = {The Impact of League Tables and Ranking System on Higher Education Decision Making},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{monks1999,
+	Author = {James Monks and Ronald G. Ehrenberg},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:27:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:32:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {NBER Working Paper},
+	Number = {7227},
+	Title = {The Impact of US News and World Report College Rankings on Admission Outcomes and Pricing Decisions at Selective Private Institutions},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{lee2009,
+	Author = {Stephanie Lee},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:24:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:26:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {Inside Higher Ed},
+	Number = {August 19},
+	Title = {Reputation Without Rigor},
+	Url = {https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/08/19/rankings},
+	Year = {2009},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/08/19/rankings}}
+
+@article{bowman2011,
+	Author = {Nicholas A. Bowman and Michael N. Bastedo},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:12:31 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:14:18 +0000},
+	Journal = {Higher Education},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {431--44},
+	Title = {Anchoring Effects in World University Rankings: Exploring Biases in Reputation Scores},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{leeuwen2001,
+	Author = {Thed N. Van Leeuwen and Henk F. Moed and Robert J. W. Tijssen and Martijn S. Visser and Anthony F. J. Van Raan},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 14:07:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:09:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Scientometrics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {335--46},
+	Title = {Language Biases in the Coverage of the Science Citation Index and its Consequences for International Comparisons of National Research Performance},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{altbach2010,
+	Author = {Philip G. Altbach},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 13:58:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 14:04:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {Inside Higher Ed},
+	Number = {November 11},
+	Title = {The State of the Rankings},
+	Url = {https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/11/11/altbach},
+	Year = {2010},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/11/11/altbach}}
+
+@techreport{rauhvargers2013,
+	Address = {Brussels},
+	Author = {Andrejs Rauhvargers},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 12:57:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 13:45:36 +0000},
+	Institution = {European University Association},
+	Title = {Global University Rankings and their Impact: Report II},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@techreport{ireg2011,
+	Author = {{International Ranking Expert Group}},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 12:47:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 12:52:30 +0000},
+	Institution = {IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence. www.ireg-observatory.org},
+	Month = {November},
+	Title = {IREG Ranking Audit Manual},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{gelmanbda2014,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman and John B. Carlin and Hal S. Stern and David B. Dunson and Aki Vehtari and Donald B. Rubin},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 12:10:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 12:13:41 +0000},
+	Publisher = {CRC Press},
+	Title = {Bayesian Data Analysis, 3rd Ed.},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@manual{stan2017,
+	Author = {{Stan Development Team}},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 12:07:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2017-09-27 09:21:53 +0000},
+	Organization = {{Stan Development Team}},
+	Title = {Stan Modeling Language: User's Guide and Reference Manual: Stan 2.15.0},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{pemstein2010,
+	Author = {Daniel Pemstein and Stephen Meserve and James Melton},
+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 12:01:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-12-05 12:12:18 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
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+	Pages = {426--49},
+	Title = {Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {2010}}
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+@article{ansari2000,
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+	Date-Added = {2014-12-05 11:58:57 +0000},
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+	Pages = {475--96},
+	Title = {Bayesian Factor Analysis for Multilevel Binary Observations},
+	Volume = {65},
+	Year = {2000}}
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+@article{kinderkiewiet1981,
+	Author = {Donald R. Kinder and D. Roderick Kiewiet},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-26 10:14:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-26 10:15:24 +0000},
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+	Title = {Sociotropic Politics: The American Case},
+	Volume = {11},
+	Year = {1981}}
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+@incollection{glick2002,
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+	Booktitle = {Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-25 15:23:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-25 15:25:23 +0000},
+	Editor = {Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber},
+	Pages = {113--42},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Sacrificial Lambs Dressed in Wolves' Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews},
+	Year = {2002}}
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+@article{moller1998,
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+	Date-Added = {2014-06-25 14:21:57 +0000},
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+	Pages = {27--68},
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+	Volume = {43},
+	Year = {1998}}
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+@book{seekings2005,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattress},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-25 14:17:03 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-25 14:17:37 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{lodge1995,
+	Author = {Tom Lodge},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-25 12:13:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-25 12:13:40 +0000},
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+	Number = {377},
+	Pages = {471--500},
+	Title = {The South African General Election, April 1994: Results, Analysis and Implications},
+	Volume = {94},
+	Year = {1995}}
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+@article{alexander2010,
+	Author = {Peter Alexander},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-24 13:05:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-24 13:06:00 +0000},
+	Journal = {Review of African Political Economy},
+	Number = {123},
+	Pages = {25--40},
+	Title = {Rebellion of the Poor: South Africa's Service Delivery Protests -- A Preliminary Analysis},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{krueger1997,
+	Author = {Alan B. Krueger and J\"{o}rn-Steffen Pischke},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-23 13:55:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-16 09:48:14 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {182--209},
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+	Volume = {32},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{Jefferson1999,
+	Author = {Philip N. Jefferson and Frederic L. Pryor},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-23 13:53:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-23 13:55:08 +0000},
+	Journal = {Economics Letters},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {389--95},
+	Title = {On the Geography of Hate},
+	Volume = {65},
+	Year = {1999}}
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+@article{malhotra2013,
+	Author = {Neil Malhotra and Yotam Margalit and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-20 13:48:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-20 13:49:40 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {391--410},
+	Title = {Economic Explanations for Opposition to Immigration: Distinguishing Between Prevalence and Conditional Impact},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{strabac2008,
+	Author = {Zan Strabac and Ola Listhaug},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-20 13:42:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2019-01-23 10:24:24 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Science Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {268--86},
+	Title = {Anti-Muslim Prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Survey Data From 30 Countries},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{enders2007,
+	Author = {Craig K. Enders and Davood Tofighi},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-17 14:43:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-17 14:44:49 +0000},
+	Journal = {Psychological Methods},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {121--38},
+	Title = {Centering Predictor Variables in Cross-Sectional Multilevel Models: A New Look at an Old Issue},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{pettigrew2008,
+	Author = {Thomas F. Pettigrew and Oliver Christ and Ulrich Wagner and Roel W. Meertens and Rolf van Dick and Andreas Zick},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-13 16:46:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-13 16:48:05 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {385--401},
+	Title = {Relative Deprivation and Intergroup Prejudice},
+	Volume = {64},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{dambrun2006,
+	Author = {Micha\"{e}l Dambrun and Donald M. Taylor and David A. McDonald and Jonathan Crush and Alain M\'{e}ot},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-13 15:50:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-13 15:52:21 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1032--44},
+	Title = {The Relative Deprivation--Gratification Continuum and the Attitudes of South Africans Toward Immigrants: A Test of the V-Curve Hypothesis},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {2006}}
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+@article{kinder1981,
+	Author = {Kinder, Donald R and Sears, David O.},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-13 15:46:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-13 15:49:00 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
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+	Pages = {414--31},
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+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {1981}}
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+@article{miller1941,
+	Author = {Neal E. Miller},
+	Date-Added = {2014-06-02 15:54:13 +0000},
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+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {336--42},
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+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {1941}}
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+@book{acemoglu2006,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson},
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+	Date-Modified = {2017-08-16 14:14:19 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy},
+	Year = {2006}}
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+@article{long1978,
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+@article{krueger2003,
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+	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
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+	Title = {Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?},
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+@article{green1998jpsp,
+	Author = {Donald P. Green and Jack Glaser and Andrew Rich},
+	Date-Added = {2014-05-30 15:48:02 +0000},
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+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {82--92},
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+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{hovland1940,
+	Author = {Carl Iver Hovland and Robert R. Sears},
+	Date-Added = {2014-05-30 15:46:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-05-30 15:47:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {301--10},
+	Title = {Minor Studies of Aggression: VI. Correlation of Lynchings with Economic Indices},
+	Volume = {9},
+	Year = {1940}}
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+@article{kuklinski1997jop,
+	Author = {James H. Kuklinski and Michael D. Cobb and Martin Gilens},
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+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-18 14:00:31 +0000},
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+	Pages = {323--49},
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+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {1997}}
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+@article{corstange2008,
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+	Pages = {45--63},
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+	Volume = {17},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{nederhof1985,
+	Author = {Nederhof, Anton J.},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-17 15:10:39 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-17 15:11:33 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {263--80},
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+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@booklet{aapor2011,
+	Author = {AAPOR},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-17 14:47:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-17 15:05:18 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {American Association of Public Opinion Research},
+	Title = {Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{cherry2002,
+	Author = {Todd L. Cherry and Peter Frykblom and Jason F. Shogren},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-11 13:04:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-11 13:05:25 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Economic Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1218--21},
+	Title = {Hardnose the Dictator},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {2002}}
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+@article{nelson1997,
+	Author = {Nelson, Thomas E. and Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-07 12:16:04 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-07 12:16:45 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {567--83},
+	Title = {Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {1997}}
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+@article{druckman2001,
+	Author = {James H. Druckman},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-07 11:32:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-03-07 11:33:49 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1041--66},
+	Title = {On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?},
+	Volume = {63},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{claassen2016bjps,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2014-03-07 10:49:10 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:38:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Title = {Group Entitlement, Anger and Participation in Intergroup Violence},
+	Volume = {46},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{ostrom1998,
+	Author = {Elinor Ostrom},
+	Date-Added = {2014-01-14 12:48:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-01-14 12:49:08 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--22},
+	Title = {A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{kalmoe2013,
+	Author = {Nathan P. Kalmoe},
+	Date-Added = {2014-01-09 12:59:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-01-09 13:00:35 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Behavior},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {311--30},
+	Title = {From Fistfights to Firefights: Trait Aggression and Support for State Violence},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{groenendyk2013,
+	Author = {Eric W. Groenendyk and Antoine J. Banks},
+	Date-Added = {2014-01-09 12:55:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-01-09 12:58:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Title = {Emotional Rescue: How Affect Helps Partisans Overcome Collective Action Problems},
+	Volume = {forthcoming},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@book{popkin1979,
+	Address = {Berkeley, CA},
+	Author = {Samuel Popkin},
+	Date-Added = {2014-01-09 12:54:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-01-09 12:54:46 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of California Press},
+	Title = {The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@article{imai2010ss,
+	Author = {Imai, Kosuke and Luke Keele and Teppei Yamamoto},
+	Date-Added = {2013-12-19 15:57:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-19 15:58:46 +0000},
+	Journal = {Statistical Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {51--71},
+	Title = {Identification, Inference and Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Mediation Effects},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{imai2010pm,
+	Author = {Imai, Kosuke and Luke Keele and Dustin Tingley},
+	Date-Added = {2013-12-19 15:57:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-19 15:57:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Psychological Methods},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {309--34},
+	Title = {A General Approach to Causal Mediation Analysis},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{hutcherson2011,
+	Author = {Cendri A. Hutcherson and James J. Gross},
+	Date-Added = {2013-12-19 15:55:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-19 15:56:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {719--37},
+	Title = {The Moral Emotions: A Social--Functionalist Account of Anger, Disgust, and Contempt},
+	Volume = {100},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{tausch2011,
+	Author = {Nicole Tausch and Russell Spears and Rim Saab and Julia C. Becker and Oliver Christ and Purnima Singh and Roomana N. Siddiqui},
+	Date-Added = {2013-12-19 15:53:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-19 15:55:25 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {129--48},
+	Title = {Explaining Radical Group Behavior: Developing Emotion and Efficacy Routes to Normative and Nonnormative Collective Action},
+	Volume = {101},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@booklet{hugh-jones2013,
+	Address = {Colchester, UK},
+	Author = {David Hugh-Jones and Martin A. Leroch},
+	Date-Added = {2013-12-02 16:00:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-02 16:01:36 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Unpublished paper, University of Essex},
+	Title = {Intergroup Revenge: A Laboratory Experiment on the Causes},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{brewer2003,
+	Author = {Paul R. Brewer},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:36:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 13:37:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {173--201},
+	Title = {Values, Political Knowledge, and Public Opinion about Gay Rights: A Framing-Based Account},
+	Volume = {67},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{andersen2005,
+	Author = {Robert Andersen and James Tilley and Anthony F. Heath},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:35:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 14:29:01 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {285--302},
+	Title = {Political Knowledge and Enlightened Preferences: Party Choice through the Electoral Cycle},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{luskin1987,
+	Author = {Luskin, Robert C},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:34:03 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 13:34:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {865--99},
+	Title = {Measuring Political Sophistication},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@book{carpini1996,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {{Delli Carpini}, Michael X. and Scott Keeter},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:32:39 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 13:33:39 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{bartels1996,
+	Author = {Bartels, Larry M.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:31:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 13:32:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {194--230},
+	Title = {Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{hainmueller2010,
+	Author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Michael J. Hiscox},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-26 13:29:51 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-26 13:30:59 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {61--81},
+	Title = {Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment},
+	Volume = {104},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{bower1981,
+	Author = {Gordon H. Bower},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-25 17:01:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-25 17:02:25 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Psychologist},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {129--48},
+	Title = {Mood and Memory},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1981}}
+
+@article{ekman1993,
+	Author = {Paul Ekman},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-25 17:00:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-25 17:01:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Psychologist},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {384--92},
+	Title = {Facial Expression and Emotion},
+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{palfrey1983,
+	Author = {Thomas P. Palfrey and Howard Rosenthal},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-20 15:12:16 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-20 15:13:13 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Choice},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {7--53},
+	Title = {A Strategic Calculus of Voting},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@article{levine2007,
+	Author = {David K. Levine and Thomas P. Palfrey},
+	Date-Added = {2013-11-20 15:10:28 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-20 15:11:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {143--58},
+	Title = {The Paradox of Voter Participation? A Laboratory Study},
+	Volume = {101},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{buttice2013,
+	Author = {Matthew K. Buttice and Benjamin Highton},
+	Date-Added = {2013-10-18 12:44:38 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-10-18 12:46:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {449--67},
+	Title = {How Does Multilevel Regression and Poststratification Perform with Conventional National Surveys?},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{warshaw2012,
+	Author = {Warshaw, Christopher and Jonathan Rodden},
+	Date-Added = {2013-10-18 12:42:56 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-10-18 12:44:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {203--19},
+	Title = {How Should We Measure District-Level Public Opinion On Individual Issues?},
+	Volume = {74},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@incollection{park2006,
+	Address = {Stanford, CA},
+	Author = {Park, David and Andrew Gelman and Joseph Bafumi},
+	Booktitle = {In Public Opinion in State Politics},
+	Date-Added = {2013-10-18 12:40:57 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-10-18 12:42:35 +0000},
+	Editor = {Joel E. Cohen},
+	Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
+	Title = {State-Level Opinions From National Surveys: Poststratification Using Multilevel Logistic Regression},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{park2004,
+	Author = {Park, David and Andrew Gelman and Joseph Bafumi},
+	Date-Added = {2013-10-18 12:39:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-10-18 12:40:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {375--85},
+	Title = {Bayesian Multilevel Estimation with Poststratification: State-Level Estimates from National Polls},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{gelman1997,
+	Author = {Gelman, Andrew and Thomas C. Little},
+	Date-Added = {2013-10-18 12:37:12 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-10-18 12:39:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {Survey Methodology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {127---35},
+	Title = {Poststratification Into Many Categories Using Hierarchical Logistic Regression},
+	Volume = {23},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{elazar1973,
+	Author = {Elazar, Daniel J.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-08-27 19:10:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 19:11:25 +0000},
+	Edition = {2nd},
+	Publisher = {HarperCollins},
+	Title = {American Federalism: A View from the States},
+	Year = {1973}}
+
+@article{carsey2010,
+	Author = {Thomas M. Carsey and Jeffrey J. Harden},
+	Date-Added = {2013-08-23 21:12:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-08-23 21:13:55 +0000},
+	Journal = {State Politics \& Policy Quarterly},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {136--56},
+	Title = {New Measures of Partisanship, Ideology, and Policy Mood in the American States},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@booklet{mattes2004,
+	Address = {Working Paper No. 89. Cape Town, South Africa},
+	Author = {Robert Mattes},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-23 16:38:11 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-11 09:25:53 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town},
+	Title = {Voter Information, Government Evaluations and Party Images, 1994--2004},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{zabel1998,
+	Author = {Jeffrey E. Zabel},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-23 16:34:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-23 16:35:06 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {497--506},
+	Title = {An Analysis of Attrition in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Survey of Income and Program Participation with an Application to a Model of Labor Market Behavior},
+	Volume = {33},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@booklet{sayles2007,
+	Author = {Harlan Sayles and Zachary Arens},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:51:55 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:32:13 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Paper presented at 62nd Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May 17--20, Anaheim, CA, USA},
+	Title = {A Study of Panel Member Attrition in the Gallup Panel},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@incollection{tortora2009,
+	Address = {Hoboken, NJ},
+	Author = {Robert D. Tortora},
+	Booktitle = {Methodology of Longitudinal Surveys},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:48:39 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 21:50:00 +0000},
+	Editor = {P. Lynn},
+	Pages = {235--49},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Attrition in Consumer Panels},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{callegaro2008,
+	Author = {Mario Callegaro and Charles DiSogra},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:46:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:20:50 +0000},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {1008--32},
+	Title = {Computing Response Metrics for Online Panels},
+	Volume = {72},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{dennis2003,
+	Author = {{J. Michael} Dennis and Rick Li},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:45:18 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:15:36 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research in Nashville, TN, USA},
+	Title = {Effects of Panel Attrition on Survey Estimates},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@booklet{fitzgerald1998,
+	Author = {John Fitzgerald and Peter Gottschalk and Robert Moffitt},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:43:23 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:17:19 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {National Bureau of Economic Research Technical Working Paper No 220.},
+	Title = {An Analysis of Sample Attrition in Panel Data: The Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@booklet{kruse2009,
+	Author = {Yelena Kruse and Mario Callegaro and J. Michael Dennis and Charles DiSogra and Stefan Subias and Michael Lawrence and Trevor Tompson},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:38:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:14:57 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Paper presented at The American Association for Public Opinion Research 64th Annual Conference, May 14--17, Hollywood, FL, USA},
+	Title = {Panel Conditioning and Attrition in the AP-Yahoo! News Election Panel Study},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{ribisl1996,
+	Author = {Kurt M. Ribisl and Maureen A. Walton and Carol T. Mowbray and Douglas A. Luke and William S. Davidson II and Bonnie J. Bootsmiller},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:35:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 21:37:17 +0000},
+	Journal = {Evaluation and Program Planning},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--25},
+	Title = {Minimizing participant attrition in panel studies through the use of effective retention and tracking strategies: Review and recommendations},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@booklet{uhrig2008,
+	Address = {Working Paper No. 2008-05. Colchester, UK},
+	Author = {Uhrig, S. C. Noah},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:32:37 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-23 16:41:45 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Institute for Social and Economic Research},
+	Title = {The Nature and Causes of Attrition in the British Household Panel Survey},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{watson2003,
+	Author = {Dorothy Watson},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:31:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 21:31:53 +0000},
+	Journal = {European Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {361--78},
+	Title = {Sample Attrition between Waves 1 and 5 in the European Community Household Panel},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@booklet{aapor2010,
+	Author = {AAPOR},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-21 21:30:05 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-21 22:17:41 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {American Association of Public Opinion Research},
+	Title = {AAPOR Report on Online Panels},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{elster1989,
+	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
+	Author = {Jon Elster},
+	Date-Added = {2013-07-12 20:58:03 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-12 20:59:15 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@incollection{converse1972,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Philip E. Converse},
+	Booktitle = {The Human Meaning of Social Change},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-26 20:21:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-26 20:23:00 +0000},
+	Editor = {Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse},
+	Pages = {263--337},
+	Publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
+	Title = {Change in the American Electorate},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{lipset1959,
+	Author = {Seymour Martin Lipset},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-26 19:20:31 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-26 19:21:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {69--105},
+	Title = {Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {1959}}
+
+@booklet{friedman2011,
+	Address = {Working Paper 16939},
+	Author = {Willa Friedman and Michael Kremer and Edward Miguel and Rebecca Thornton"},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-26 19:18:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-26 19:20:11 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
+	Title = {Education as Liberation?},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{roncek1991,
+	Author = {Dennis W. Roncek},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-20 20:02:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-20 20:03:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Forces},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {509--18},
+	Title = {Using Logit Coefficients to Obtain the Effects of Independent Variables in Changes in Probabilities},
+	Volume = {70},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{gelmanpardoe2007,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman and Iain Pardoe},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-20 19:58:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-20 20:00:28 +0000},
+	Journal = {Sociological Methodology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {23--51},
+	Title = {Average Predictive Comparisons for Models with Nonlinearity, Interactions, and Variance Components},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{moinat1972,
+	Author = {Sheryl M. Moinat and Walter J. Raine and Stephen L. Burbeck and Keith K. Davison},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 22:44:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 22:45:42 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {45--62},
+	Title = {Black Ghetto Residents as Rioters},
+	Volume = {28},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{korn1998,
+	Author = {Korn, Edward L. and Graubard, Barry L.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 22:17:22 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 22:20:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {Survey Methodology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {191--201},
+	Title = {Confidence Intervals For Proportions With Small Expected Number of Positive Counts Estimated From Survey Data},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{sears1969,
+	Author = {David O. Sears and John B. McConahay},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 21:11:35 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 21:12:12 +0000},
+	Journal = {Social Problems},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {3--20},
+	Title = {Participation in the Los Angeles Riot},
+	Volume = {17},
+	Year = {1969}}
+
+@article{mcphail1971,
+	Author = {Clark McPhail},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 21:09:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 21:10:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1058--73},
+	Title = {Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1971}}
+
+@article{mcphail1994,
+	Author = {Clark McPhail},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 20:48:58 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 20:49:44 +0000},
+	Journal = {The Sociological Quarterly},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--32},
+	Title = {Presidential Address: The Dark Side of Purpose: Individual and Collective Violence in Riots},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@booklet{claassen2013blame,
+	Address = {St. Louis, MO},
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 20:14:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 20:15:25 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Unpublished paper, Washington University in St. Louis},
+	Title = {Why Are Immigrants Blamed?},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{tishkov1995,
+	Author = {Valery Tishkov},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 19:36:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 19:37:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {133--49},
+	Title = {`Don't Kill Me, I'm a Kyrgyz!': An Anthropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Ethnic Conflict},
+	Volume = {32},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{daly1988,
+	Address = {New Brunswick, NJ},
+	Author = {Martin Daly and Margo Wilson},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 19:33:06 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 19:33:41 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
+	Title = {Homicide},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{mason1985,
+	Author = {T. David Mason and Jerry A. Murtagh},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-18 19:30:20 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-18 19:31:24 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Behavior},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {352--73},
+	Title = {Who Riots? An Empirical Examination of the ``New Urban Black'' versus the Social Marginality Hypotheses},
+	Volume = {7},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{gelman2007,
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:28:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-17 16:29:19 +0000},
+	Journal = {Statistical Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {153--64},
+	Title = {Struggles with Survey Weighting and Regression Modeling},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{gelmanhill2007,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Andrew Gelman and Jennifer Hill},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:24:41 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-17 16:29:57 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel-Hierarchical Models},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{lax2009,
+	Author = {Jeffrey R. Lax and Justin H. Phillips},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:23:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-17 16:24:16 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {367--386},
+	Title = {Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness},
+	Volume = {103},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{ghitza2013,
+	Author = {Yair Ghitza and Andrew Gelman},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:22:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-08-27 19:38:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {762--776},
+	Title = {Deep Interactions with MRP: Presidential Turnout and Voting Patterns Among Small Electoral Subgroups},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@booklet{lax2013,
+	Address = {New York, NY},
+	Author = {Jeffrey R. Lax and Justin H. Phillips},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:20:47 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-17 16:21:59 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Unpublished paper, Columbia University},
+	Title = {How Should We Estimate Sub-National Opinion Using MRP? Preliminary Findings and Recommendations},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@booklet{kastellac2010,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Jonathan P. Kastellec and Jeffrey R. Lax and Justin Phillips},
+	Date-Added = {2013-06-17 16:10:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-06-17 16:20:15 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Unpublished paper, Princeton University},
+	Title = {Estimating State Public Opinion With Multi-Level Regression and Poststratification using R},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{gailus1994,
+	Author = {Manfred Gailus},
+	Date-Added = {2013-05-29 22:15:46 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-05-29 22:16:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {Past and Present},
+	Number = {145},
+	Pages = {157--93},
+	Title = {Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{thompson1971,
+	Author = {Thompson, E.P.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-05-29 22:12:13 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-05-29 22:16:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Past and Present},
+	Number = {50},
+	Pages = {76--131},
+	Title = {The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteen Century},
+	Year = {1971}}
+
+@incollection{duckitt2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {John Duckitt},
+	Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2013-05-15 17:36:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-05-15 17:38:17 +0000},
+	Editor = {David O. Sears and Leonie Huddy and Robert Jervis},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Prejudice and Intergroup Hostility},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{green1998ajs,
+	Author = {Donald P. Green and Dara Z. Strolovitch and Janelle S. Wong},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 22:00:38 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-05-30 15:47:57 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {372--403},
+	Title = {Defended Neighborhoods, Integration, and Racially Motivated Crime},
+	Volume = {104},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{sides2007,
+	Author = {John Sides and Jack Citrin},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:55:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:56:47 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {477-504},
+	Title = {European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{zaller1992,
+	Author = {John Zaller and Stanley Feldman},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:54:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:55:05 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {579--616},
+	Title = {A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{sniderman2009,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Sniderman, Paul M. and Hagendoorn, Louk},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:53:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:54:07 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {When Ways of Life Collide: Multiculturalism and Its Discontents in the Netherlands},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{mughan2006,
+	Author = {Mughan, Anthony and Pamela Paxton},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:52:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:53:14 +0000},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {341--58},
+	Title = {Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, Policy Preferences and Populist Party Voting in Australia},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{halperin2008,
+	Author = {Halperin, Eran},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:51:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:52:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {713--36},
+	Title = {Group-based Hatred in Intractable Conflict in Israel.},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{hainmueller2007,
+	Author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Michael J. Hiscox},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:50:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:51:32 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Organization},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {399--442},
+	Title = {Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe.},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{espenshade1996,
+	Author = {Espenshade, Thomas J. and Katherine Hempstead},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:49:50 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:50:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {International Migration Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {535--70},
+	Title = {Contemporary American Attitudes Toward U.S. Immigration},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{claassen2014rp,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:48:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-06-16 14:06:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {Research \& Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {doi:10.1177/2053168014534649},
+	Title = {Who Participates in Communal Violence? Survey Evidence from South Africa},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{citrin1997,
+	Author = {Citrin, Jack and Donald P. Green and Christopher Muste and Cara Wong},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:47:32 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:48:15 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {858--81},
+	Title = {Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations},
+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{castles2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:46:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:47:13 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{togeby1999,
+	Author = {Lise Togeby},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-18 21:44:26 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-18 21:45:29 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {665--84},
+	Title = {Migrants at the Polls: An Analysis of Immigrant and Refugee Participation in Danish Local Elections},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{posner2004,
+	Author = {Daniel N. Posner},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 21:58:24 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-17 21:59:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {529--45},
+	Title = {The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi},
+	Volume = {98},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{shaver1987,
+	Author = {Shaver, Phillip and Schwartz, Judith and Kirson, Donald and O'Connor, Cary},
+	Date-Added = {2013-04-17 19:39:19 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-17 19:40:18 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1061--1086},
+	Title = {Emotion Knowledge: Further Exploration of a Prototype Approach},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@article{adida2011,
+	Author = {Claire L. Adida},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-15 23:00:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-15 23:01:10 +0000},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {10},
+	Pages = {1370--96},
+	Title = {Too Close for Comfort? Immigrant Exclusion in Africa},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{giles1986,
+	Author = {Micheal W. Giles and Arthur Evans},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-15 22:58:32 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-15 22:59:04 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {469--86},
+	Title = {The Power Approach to Intergroup Hostility},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@article{quillian1995,
+	Author = {Lincoln Quillian},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-15 22:57:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-15 22:58:11 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {586--611},
+	Title = {Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe},
+	Volume = {60},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{blalock1967,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Blalock, Jr., Hubert M.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-15 22:53:52 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-27 00:08:02 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations},
+	Year = {1967}}
+
+@incollection{coates2013,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {{D. Justin} Coates and Neal A. Tognazzini},
+	Booktitle = {Blame: Its Nature and Norms},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-13 20:30:08 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-13 20:32:04 +0000},
+	Editor = {{D. Justin} Coates and Neal A. Tognazzini},
+	Pages = {3--26},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {The Contours of Blame},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@inproceedings{kelley1967,
+	Author = {Kelley, Harold H},
+	Booktitle = {Nebraska Symposium on Motivation},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-12 22:00:26 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-12 22:01:10 +0000},
+	Organization = {University of Nebraska Press},
+	Title = {Attribution Theory in Social Psychology},
+	Year = {1967}}
+
+@book{heider1958,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Fritz Heider},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-12 21:58:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-05-15 17:36:35 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations},
+	Year = {1958}}
+
+@article{sherif1956,
+	Author = {Muzafer Sherif},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-12 21:54:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-12 21:57:37 +0000},
+	Journal = {Scientific American},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {54--58},
+	Title = {Experiments in Group Conflict},
+	Volume = {195},
+	Year = {1956}}
+
+@booklet{claassen2013diss,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen},
+	Date-Added = {2013-03-12 19:24:42 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-03-12 19:25:34 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {PhD Dissertation. Washington University in St. Louis},
+	Title = {The Emotional Logic of Participation in Intergroup Violence},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{jones2000,
+	Author = {Harmon-Jones, Eddie},
+	Date-Added = {2013-02-10 00:05:34 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-02-10 00:06:33 +0000},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {12},
+	Pages = {1490--1501},
+	Title = {Cognitive Dissonance and Experienced Negative Affect: Evidence that Dissonance Increases Experienced Negative Affect Even in the Absence of Aversive Consequences},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{klandermans1987,
+	Author = {Klandermans, Bert and Dirk Oegema},
+	Date-Added = {2013-02-08 20:06:44 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-02-08 20:07:25 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {519--31},
+	Title = {Potentials, Networks, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@article{halperin2009,
+	Author = {Eran Halperin and Daphna Canetti-Nisim and Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler},
+	Date-Added = {2013-02-07 22:49:40 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-02-07 22:50:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {93--123},
+	Title = {The Central Role of Group-Based Hatred as an Emotional Antecedent of Political Intolerance: Evidence from Israel},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{halperin2011,
+	Author = {Eran Halperin and Alexandra G. Russell and Carol S. Dweck and James J. Gross},
+	Date-Added = {2013-02-07 22:45:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-02-07 22:46:16 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {274--91},
+	Title = {Anger, Hatred, and the Quest for Peace: Anger Can Be Constructive in the Absence of Hatred},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{dipasquale1998,
+	Author = {Denise DiPasquale and Edward L. Glaeser},
+	Date-Added = {2013-02-04 20:46:48 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-02-04 20:49:25 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {52--78},
+	Title = {The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{box2004,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Bradford S. Jones},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-31 20:11:49 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-31 20:15:26 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{rubin1996,
+	Author = {Donald B. Rubin},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-26 22:56:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-26 22:57:26 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
+	Number = {434},
+	Pages = {473--89},
+	Title = {Multiple Imputation After 18+ Years},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@booklet{abs,
+	Address = {\url{http://www.alexandra.co.za/downloads/oppres_benchmarksurvey_pres_0508.pdf}},
+	Author = {{Alexandra Renewal Project}},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-26 20:25:09 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-26 20:25:57 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {{Alexandra Renewal Project}. August 27, 2010},
+	Title = {Alex Benchmark Survey 2005},
+	Year = {ND}}
+
+@booklet{afrobarometer2007,
+	Address = {\url{http://www.afrobarometer.org/files/documents/survey_manuals/survey_manual_r4_english.pdf}.},
+	Author = {{Afrobarometer Network}},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-25 22:33:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-25 22:59:24 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {{Afrobarometer Network}. January 25, 2013.},
+	Title = {Afrobarometer Round 4 Survey Manual},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@booklet{pharoah2008,
+	Address = {ISS Paper 175. Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Robyn Pharoah},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-25 03:50:27 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-07-23 16:41:45 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Institute for Security Studies},
+	Title = {National Victims Of Crime Survey: Overview Of Key Findings},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@book{shisana2008,
+	Address = {Pretoria, South Africa},
+	Author = {Shisana, Olive and Thomas Rehle and Lieckness Simbayi and Ntombizodwa Mbelle},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-25 03:48:14 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-25 03:49:23 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Human Sciences Research Council Press},
+	Title = {outh African National HIV Prevalence, HIV Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2005},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@book{dawkins1976,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Richard Dawkins},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-07 18:40:29 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-07 18:41:00 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {The Selfish Gene},
+	Year = {1976}}
+
+@book{mccullough2008,
+	Address = {San Francisco, CA},
+	Author = {McCullough, Michael E.},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-07 16:51:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-07 16:55:04 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
+	Title = {Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{gurr1968,
+	Author = {Ted Robert Gurr},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-07 15:25:07 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-07 15:25:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {245--78},
+	Title = {Psychological Factors in Civil Violence},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1968}}
+
+@article{cialdini2004,
+	Author = {Robert B. Cialdini and Noah J. Goldstein},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-03 00:35:15 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-03 00:35:51 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
+	Pages = {591--621},
+	Title = {Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{mutz2002b,
+	Author = {Diana C. Mutz},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-03 00:15:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-03 00:15:49 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {838--55},
+	Title = {The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation},
+	Volume = {46},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{festinger1954,
+	Author = {Leon Festinger},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-02 19:49:59 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:50:34 +0000},
+	Journal = {Human Relations},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {117--140},
+	Title = {A Theory of Social Comparison Processes},
+	Volume = {7},
+	Year = {1954}}
+
+@book{sherif1936,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Muzafer Sherif},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-02 19:48:30 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:49:09 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Harper \& Brothers},
+	Title = {The Psychology of Social Norms},
+	Year = {1936}}
+
+@book{kuran1995,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Timur Kuran},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-02 19:47:45 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:48:14 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
+	Title = {Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{mutz1998,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Diana C. Mutz},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-02 19:46:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:47:21 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Impersonal Influence: How Perceptions of Mass Collectives Affect Political Attitudes},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{berelson1954,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Berelson, Bernard R. and Paul F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee},
+	Date-Added = {2013-01-02 19:45:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:45:57 +0000},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign},
+	Year = {1954}}
+
+@article{milgram1964,
+	Author = {Stanley Milgram},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-31 00:09:21 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 00:10:07 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {371--378},
+	Title = {Behavioral Study of Obedience},
+	Volume = {67},
+	Year = {1964}}
+
+@article{lutz1986,
+	Author = {Catherine Lutz and Geoffrey M. White},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-30 00:55:41 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-30 00:56:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
+	Pages = {405--436},
+	Title = {The Anthropology of Emotions},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@article{thoits1989,
+	Author = {Peggy A. Thoits},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-30 00:49:25 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-30 00:50:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
+	Pages = {317--342},
+	Title = {The Sociology of Emotions},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@incollection{solomon2008,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Robert C. Solomon},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Emotions},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-29 20:54:38 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-29 20:56:38 +0000},
+	Edition = {3rd},
+	Editor = {Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett},
+	Pages = {3--16},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {The Philosophy of Emotions},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{roseman1984,
+	Author = {Roseman, Ira J.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-29 01:45:33 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-29 01:48:41 +0000},
+	Journal = {Review of Personality \& Social Psychology},
+	Pages = {11--36},
+	Title = {Cognitive Determinants of Emotion: A Structural Theory},
+	Volume = {5},
+	Year = {1984}}
+
+@article{keltner1993,
+	Author = {Keltner, Dacher and Kenneth D. Locke and Paul C. Audrain},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-29 00:48:17 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-29 00:50:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {21--29},
+	Title = {The Influence of Attributions on the Relevance of Negative Feelings to Personal Satisfaction},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{schwartz1983,
+	Author = {Schwartz, Norbert and Gerald L. Clore},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-29 00:43:43 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-29 00:51:24 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {513--523},
+	Title = {Mood, Misattribution and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@book{hume1888,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {David Hume},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-28 01:50:36 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-28 01:51:44 +0000},
+	Editor = {L. A. Selby-Bigge},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {A Treatise of Human Nature},
+	Year = {1888}}
+
+@booklet{apa,
+	Address = {\url{http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx}.},
+	Author = {{American Psychological Association}},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-28 01:08:53 +0000},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-28 01:32:32 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {{American Psychological Association}. December 28, 2012},
+	Title = {Glossary of Psychological Terms},
+	Year = {ND}}
+
+@book{turner1991,
+	Address = {Belmont, CA},
+	Author = {Turner, John C.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-23 19:29:58 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-23 19:32:43 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Thomson Brooks/Cole},
+	Title = {Social Influence},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{hillygus2003,
+	Author = {D. Sunshine Hillygus and Simon Jackman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-21 10:07:33 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-21 10:10:25 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {583--596},
+	Title = {Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{samejima1969,
+	Address = {Richmond, VA},
+	Author = {Samejima, Fumiko},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 17:10:25 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 17:12:56 -0600},
+	Number = {17},
+	Publisher = {Psychometric Society},
+	Series = {Psychometric Monographs},
+	Title = {Estimation of Latent Ability Using a Response Pattern of Graded Scores},
+	Year = {1969}}
+
+@article{brotz1946,
+	Author = {Howard Brotz and Everett Wilson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-02 20:45:40 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-02 20:46:58 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {371--5},
+	Title = {Characteristics of Military Society},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {1946}}
+
+@article{olzak1990,
+	Author = {Olzak, Susan},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-01 16:55:03 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-01 16:56:03 -0600},
+	Journal = {Social Forces},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {395--421},
+	Title = {The Political Context of Competition: Lynching and Urban Racial Violence, 1882--1914},
+	Volume = {69},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{goldstone2010,
+	Author = {Jack A. Goldstone and Robert H. Bates and David L. Epstein and Ted Robert Gurr and Michael B. Lustik and Monty G. Marshall and Jay Ulfelder and Mark Woodward},
+	Date-Added = {2012-12-01 16:50:48 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-01 16:51:53 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {190--208},
+	Title = {A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{elster1998,
+	Author = {Jon Elster},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-30 18:04:11 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-30 18:05:21 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {47--74},
+	Title = {Emotions and Economic Theory},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{ginges2007,
+	Author = {Jeremy Ginges and Scott Atran and Douglas Medin and Khalil Shikaki},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-30 16:46:16 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-30 16:48:00 -0600},
+	Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
+	Number = {18},
+	Pages = {7357--60},
+	Title = {Sacred Bounds on Rational Resolution of Violent Political Conflict},
+	Volume = {104},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{mogg1990,
+	Abstract = {."JournalofPersonalityand Social Psychology59(6):1230-37.},
+	Author = {Karin Mogg and Andrew Mathews and Carol Bird and Rosanne Macgregor-Morris},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-30 14:44:31 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-30 14:46:39 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1230--37},
+	Title = {Effects of Stress and Anxiety on the Processing of Threat Stimuli},
+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@book{freud1918,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Freud, Sigmund},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-28 14:38:32 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-28 14:55:33 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Moffat Yard \& Co.},
+	Title = {Totem and Taboo},
+	Year = {1918}}
+
+@article{fearon2003,
+	Author = {Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-26 11:57:18 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-26 11:58:21 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {75--90},
+	Title = {Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War},
+	Volume = {97},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{paluck2009b,
+	Author = {Elizabeth Levy Paluck and Donald P. Green},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-25 16:14:46 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 16:15:50 -0600},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
+	Pages = {339--67},
+	Title = {Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research ad Practice},
+	Volume = {60},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{hakemulder2000,
+	Address = {Amsterdam},
+	Author = {Hakemulder, J\'{e}meljian},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-25 16:12:56 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 16:14:13 -0600},
+	Publisher = {John Benjamins},
+	Series = {Utrecht Publications in General and Comparative Literature 34},
+	Title = {The Moral Laboratory: Experiments Examining the Effects of Reading Literature on Social Perception and Moral Self-Concept.},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{kinder1990,
+	Author = {Kinder, Donald R. and Lynn M. Sanders},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 16:09:21 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 16:11:06 -0600},
+	Journal = {Social Cognition},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {73--103},
+	Title = {Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks},
+	Volume = {8},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{paluck2009,
+	Author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 16:05:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 16:06:57 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {574--87},
+	Title = {Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: a Field Experiment in Rwanda},
+	Volume = {96},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{mutz2002a,
+	Author = {Diana C. Mutz},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 15:56:35 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-03 00:15:13 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {111--26},
+	Title = {Cross-cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice},
+	Volume = {96},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{huckfeldt1987,
+	Author = {Huckfeldt, Robert and John Sprague},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 15:43:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-02 19:59:57 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1197--216},
+	Title = {"Networks in Context: The Social Flow of Political Information},
+	Volume = {81},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@article{pettigrew2007,
+	Author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Oliver Christ and Ulrich Wagner and Jost Stellmacher},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 15:39:56 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 15:40:55 -0600},
+	Journal = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {411--25},
+	Title = {Direct and Indirect Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice: A Normative Interpretation},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{caldeira1987,
+	Author = {Caldeira, Gregory A. and Samuel C. Patterson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 15:38:15 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 15:39:24 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {953--75},
+	Title = {Political Friendship in the Legislature},
+	Volume = {49},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@booklet{ICTR2003,
+	Author = {ICTR},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 14:57:41 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 15:06:01 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda},
+	Title = {Case No. ICTR-99-52-T. Judgement},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{staub1989,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Ervin Staub},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 14:10:14 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 14:10:37 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{chong2007,
+	Author = {Dennis Chong and James H. Druckman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 13:55:48 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 13:56:19 -0600},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {103--26},
+	Title = {Framing Theory},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{chong1993,
+	Author = {Dennis Chong},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 13:42:16 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 13:43:14 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {867--99},
+	Title = {How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liberties},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{druckman2003,
+	Author = {Druckman, James N. and Kjersten R. Nelson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-21 13:39:06 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-21 13:40:02 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {729--45},
+	Title = {Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence},
+	Volume = {47},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{crosby1976,
+	Author = {Faye Crosby},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-19 17:42:14 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 17:43:57 -0600},
+	Journal = {Psychological Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {85--113},
+	Title = {A Model of Egoistical Relative Deprivation},
+	Volume = {83},
+	Year = {1976}}
+
+@article{sears1979,
+	Author = {Sears, David O. and Carl P. Hensler and Leslie K. Speer},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-19 17:19:29 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 17:40:03 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {369--384},
+	Title = {Whites' Opposition to `Busing:' Self-Interest or Symbolic Politics?},
+	Volume = {73},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@book{tocqueville1955,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Alexis de Tocqueville},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-19 12:08:54 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 12:11:25 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Anchor Books},
+	Title = {The Old Regime and the French Revolution},
+	Year = {1955}}
+
+@article{lichbach1989,
+	Author = {Lichbach, Mark},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:51:50 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:52:48 -0600},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {431--70},
+	Title = {An Evaluation of `Does Economic Inequality Breed Political Conflict?' Studies},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{nagel1974,
+	Author = {Jack H. Nagel},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:43:37 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:53:10 -0600},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {453--72},
+	Title = {Inequality and Discontent: A Nonlinear Hypothesis},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {1974}}
+
+@article{muller1985,
+	Author = {Edward N. Muller},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:35:16 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:38:03 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {47-61},
+	Title = {Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Political Violence},
+	Volume = {50},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{mitchell1968,
+	Author = {Edward J. Mitchell},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:31:59 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:53:02 -0600},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {421--53},
+	Title = {Inequality and Insurgency: A Statistical Study of South Vietnam},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1968}}
+
+@article{russett1964,
+	Author = {Bruce M. Russett},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:30:49 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:53:23 -0600},
+	Journal = {World Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {442--54},
+	Title = {Inequality and Insurgency: The Relation of Land Tenure to Politics},
+	Volume = {16},
+	Year = {1964}}
+
+@article{gastil1971,
+	Author = {Raymond D. Gastil},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 17:08:24 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 17:08:57 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {412--27},
+	Title = {Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1971}}
+
+@book{pinker2011,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Steven Pinker},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 16:01:24 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 16:02:22 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Viking},
+	Title = {The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{elias1969,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Norbert Elias},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-16 16:00:30 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-16 16:01:01 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Blackwell},
+	Title = {The Civilizing Process, Vol.I. The History of Manners},
+	Year = {1969}}
+
+@article{trivers1971,
+	Author = {Robert Trivers},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 17:50:01 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 17:50:38 -0600},
+	Journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {35--57},
+	Title = {The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism},
+	Volume = {46},
+	Year = {1971}}
+
+@book{javeline2003b,
+	Address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
+	Author = {Debra Javeline},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-14 16:42:02 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 16:42:37 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
+	Title = {Protest and the Politics of Blame: The Russian Response to Unpaid Wages},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{asch1956,
+	Author = {Asch, Solomon E.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 15:33:39 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 15:34:34 -0600},
+	Journal = {Psychological Monographs},
+	Number = {9},
+	Pages = {1--70},
+	Title = {Studies of Independence and Conformity: I. A Minority Of One Against a Unanimous Majority.},
+	Volume = {70},
+	Year = {1956}}
+
+@article{deutsch1955,
+	Author = {Deutsch, Morton and Gerard, Harold B.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 15:31:21 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 15:32:47 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {629--36},
+	Title = {A Study of Normative and Informational Influences upon Individual Judgment},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {1955}}
+
+@article{vonhippel2011,
+	Author = {William von Hippel and Robert Trivers},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 12:37:54 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 12:39:14 -0600},
+	Journal = {Brain and Behavioral Sciences},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--56},
+	Title = {The Evolution and Psychology of Self-Deception},
+	Volume = {34},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{trivers2011,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Robert Trivers},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 12:34:37 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 12:35:09 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Basic Books},
+	Title = {The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{wood2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Elisabeth Jean Wood},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-12 12:19:12 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 12:19:43 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{plutchik1980,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Robert Plutchik},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-11 14:35:10 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-11 14:36:15 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Harper \& Row},
+	Title = {Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis},
+	Year = {1980}}
+
+@article{izard1993,
+	Author = {Carroll E. Izard},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-11 14:33:00 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-11 14:33:48 -0600},
+	Journal = {Psychological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {68--90},
+	Title = {Four Systems for Emotion Activation: Cognitive and Noncognitive Processes},
+	Volume = {100},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@incollection{ekman1972,
+	Address = {Lincoln, NE},
+	Author = {Paul Ekman},
+	Booktitle = {Nebraska Symposium on Motivation},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-09 15:13:52 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-30 00:34:45 +0000},
+	Editor = {J.R. Cole},
+	Pages = {207--83},
+	Publisher = {University of Nebraska Press},
+	Title = {Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotions},
+	Volume = {19.},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{izard1992,
+	Author = {Carroll E. Izard},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-09 15:10:36 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-09 15:13:29 -0600},
+	Journal = {Psychological Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {561--565},
+	Title = {Basic Emotions, Relations Among Emotions, and Emotion-Cognition Relations},
+	Volume = {99},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{downs1957,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Anthony Downs},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-09 13:41:34 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-09 14:17:49 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Harper \& Row},
+	Title = {An Economic Theory of Democracy},
+	Year = {1957}}
+
+@article{elster2000,
+	Author = {Jon Elster},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-09 13:40:25 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-09 13:41:25 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {685--695},
+	Title = {Review of \textit{Analytic Narratives} by Robert H. Bates; Avner Greif; Margaret Levi; Jean-Laurent Rosenthal; Barry Weingast},
+	Volume = {94},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{shils1948,
+	Author = {Edward A. Shils and Morris Janowitz},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:34:17 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:35:09 -0600},
+	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {280--315},
+	Title = {Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {1948}}
+
+@incollection{taylor1988,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Michael Taylor},
+	Booktitle = {Rationality and Revolution},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-05 17:32:07 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 17:33:13 -0600},
+	Editor = {Michael Taylor},
+	Pages = {63--91},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{anderson2002,
+	Author = {Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. Bushman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 21:20:20 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:20:50 -0600},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
+	Pages = {27--51},
+	Title = {Human Aggression},
+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{ekman1992,
+	Author = {Paul Ekman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 21:15:06 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:15:55 -0600},
+	Journal = {Cognition and Emotion},
+	Number = {3--4},
+	Pages = {169--200},
+	Title = {An Argument for Basic Emotions},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{darwin1872,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Charles Darwin},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:58:02 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:58:46 -0600},
+	Publisher = {John Murray},
+	Title = {The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals},
+	Year = {1872}}
+
+@article{ekman1983,
+	Author = {Ekman, Paul and Levenson, Robert W. and Friesen, Wallace V.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:56:07 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:57:13 -0600},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {4616},
+	Pages = {1208--1210},
+	Title = {Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Among Emotions},
+	Volume = {221},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@article{nelson1999,
+	Author = {Thomas E. Nelson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:54:33 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:55:03 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {331--62},
+	Title = {Group Affect and Attribution in Social Policy Opinion},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{marcus1988,
+	Author = {George E. Marcus},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:47:32 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:48:59 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {735--61},
+	Title = {The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates},
+	Volume = {82},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@book{lasswell1930,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Harold D. Lasswell},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:40:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:41:11 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Psychopathology and Politics},
+	Year = {1930}}
+
+@article{vearey2010,
+	Author = {Joanna Vearey},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:39:01 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:40:22 -0600},
+	Journal = {Urban Forum},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {37--53},
+	Title = {Hidden Spaces and Urban Health: Exploring the Tactics of Rural Migrants Navigating the City of Gold},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{undp1994,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {{United Nations Development Programme}},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:37:09 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:38:34 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Human Development Report 1994},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@booklet{waller2006,
+	Address = {Migration Policy Brief No. 19. Cape Town},
+	Author = {Lyndith Waller},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:33:37 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:32:10 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Southern African Migration Project},
+	Title = {Irregular Migration to South Africa During the First Ten Years of Democracy},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@incollection{varshney2007,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Ashutosh Varshney},
+	Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics},
+	Chapter = {12},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:31:07 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:32:49 -0600},
+	Editor = {Carles Boix and Susan Stokes},
+	Pages = {274--295},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@incollection{fearon2008,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {James Fearon},
+	Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Political Economy},
+	Chapter = {47},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:24:50 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:33:01 -0600},
+	Editor = {Wittman, Donald and Weingast, Barry R.},
+	Pages = {852--868},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@incollection{kalyvas2007,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Stathis Kalyvas},
+	Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics},
+	Chapter = {18},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:20:44 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:28:08 -0600},
+	Editor = {Carles Boix and Susan Stokes},
+	Pages = {416--434},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Civil War},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{brundage1997,
+	Address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
+	Author = {W. Fitzhugh Brundage},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:17:39 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:18:33 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
+	Title = {Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{lieberson1965,
+	Author = {Stanley Lieberson and Arnold R. Silverman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:16:20 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:16:53 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {887--898},
+	Title = {The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {1965}}
+
+@article{tajfel1970,
+	Author = {Henri Tajfel},
+	Date-Added = {2012-11-04 20:14:13 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 20:14:58 -0600},
+	Journal = {Scientific American},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {96--102},
+	Title = {Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination},
+	Volume = {223},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@book{weiner1978,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Myron Weiner},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-31 17:20:15 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-31 17:20:47 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Sons of the Soil},
+	Year = {1978}}
+
+@book{tocqueville1945,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Alexis de Tocqueville},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-31 14:27:55 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:21:32 -0600},
+	Editor = {Phillips Bradley},
+	Publisher = {David Campbell},
+	Title = {Democracy in America},
+	Year = {1945}}
+
+@book{schwartz1973,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {David C. Schwartz},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-30 15:59:29 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 16:00:31 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Aldine},
+	Title = {Political Alienation and Political Behavior},
+	Year = {1973}}
+
+@book{berkowitz1993,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-30 15:57:41 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 15:58:22 -0500},
+	Publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
+	Title = {Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences, and Control},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{elster1994,
+	Author = {Jon Elster},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-30 15:53:11 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 15:53:43 -0500},
+	Journal = {Synthese},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {21--49},
+	Title = {Rationality, Emotions, and Social Norms},
+	Volume = {98},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{fearon2011,
+	Author = {James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-30 15:51:21 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 15:52:07 -0500},
+	Journal = {World Development},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {199-211},
+	Title = {Sons of the Soil, Migrants, and Civil War},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{marsh2010,
+	Author = {Michael Marsh and James Tilley},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:18:37 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:19:21 -0500},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {115--134},
+	Title = {The Attribution of Credit and Blame to Governments and Its Impact on Vote Choice},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{feldman2003,
+	Author = {Stanley Feldman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:16:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:17:16 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {41--74},
+	Title = {Enforcing Social Conformity: A Theory of Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{lavine2005,
+	Author = {Howard Lavine and Milton Lodge and Kate Freitas},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:12:02 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:13:09 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {219--244},
+	Title = {Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to Information},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{lavine2002,
+	Author = {Howard Lavine and Milton Lodge and James Polichak and Charles Taber},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:11:15 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:11:59 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {343--361},
+	Title = {Explicating the Black Box Through Experimentation: Studies of Authoritarianism and Threat},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{hetherington2011,
+	Author = {Marc Hetherington and Elizabeth Suhay},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:09:31 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:10:33 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {546--560},
+	Title = {Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans' Support for the War on Terror},
+	Volume = {55},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{feldman1997,
+	Author = {Stanley Feldman and Karen Stenner},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:07:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:08:26 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {741--770},
+	Title = {Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{stenner2005,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Karen Stenner},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:06:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:07:03 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Authoritarian Dynamic},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{haidt2001,
+	Author = {Jonathan Haidt},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:03:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:05:11 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {814--834},
+	Title = {The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment},
+	Volume = {198},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{haidt2007,
+	Author = {Jonathan Haidt},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:03:12 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:03:50 -0500},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {5827},
+	Pages = {998--1002},
+	Title = {The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology},
+	Volume = {316},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{altemeyer1981,
+	Address = {Winnipeg, Canada},
+	Author = {Altemeyer, Bob},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 16:00:10 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:01:54 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Manitoba Press},
+	Title = {Right-Wing Authoritarianism},
+	Year = {1981}}
+
+@book{altemeyer1988,
+	Author = {Altemeyer, Bob},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:59:12 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:00:07 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
+	Title = {Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism},
+	Volume = {San Francisco, CA},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{duckitt1989,
+	Author = {John Duckitt},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:57:45 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:58:20 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {63--84},
+	Title = {Authoritarianism and Group Identification: A New View of an Old Construct},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@book{fromm1941,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Erich Fromm},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:55:00 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:56:23 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Holt},
+	Title = {Escape from Freedom},
+	Year = {1941}}
+
+@article{gibson2007bjps,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Marc Morj\'{e} Howard},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:51:41 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-19 12:56:04 -0600},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {193--223},
+	Title = {Russian Anti-Semitism and the Scapegoating of Jews},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{newhall2000,
+	Author = {Marcus-Newhall, Amy and Pedersen, William C. and Carlson, Mike and Miller, Norman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:48:39 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:49:55 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {678--89},
+	Title = {Displaced Aggression is Alive and Well: A Meta-Analytic Review},
+	Volume = {78},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{gollwitzer2004,
+	Author = {Mario Gollwitzer},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:46:56 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-28 14:56:33 -0600},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {12},
+	Pages = {1650--60},
+	Title = {Do Normative Transgressions Affect Punitive Judgments? An Empirical Test of the Psychoanalytic Scapegoat Hypothesis},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@incollection{glick2005,
+	Address = {Malden, MA},
+	Author = {Peter Glick},
+	Booktitle = {On the Nature of Prejudice: 50 Years After Allport},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:42:56 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:45:50 -0500},
+	Editor = {John F. Dovidio and Peter Glick and Laurie Rudman},
+	Publisher = {Blackwell},
+	Title = {Choice of Scapegoats},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{ruback2007,
+	Author = {R. Barry Ruback and Purnima Singh},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:41:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 16:15:02 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychology and Developing Societies},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {249--65},
+	Title = {Ingroup Bias, Intergroup Contact and the Attribution of Blame for Riots},
+	Volume = {19},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{bilali2012,
+	Author = {Rezarta Bilali and Linda R. Tropp and Nilanjana Dasgupta},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:39:20 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:40:12 -0500},
+	Journal = {Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {21--39},
+	Title = {Attributions of Responsibility and Perceived Harm in the Aftermath of Mass Violence},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{malhotra2007,
+	Author = {Neil Malhotra and Alexander G. Kuo},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:37:29 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:38:19 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {120--135},
+	Title = {Attributing Blame: The Public's Response to Hurricane Katrina Attributing Blame: The Public's Response to Hurricane Katrina},
+	Volume = {70},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{shaver1985,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Kelly G. Shaver},
+	Date-Added = {2012-10-08 15:35:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:37:01 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+	Title = {The Attribution of Blame: Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@book{gibson2003book,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Amanda Gouws},
+	Date-Added = {2012-08-14 15:51:49 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:51:28 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{petersen2011,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Roger D. Petersen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-08-14 15:36:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-08-14 15:37:37 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Uses of Emotion in Conflict},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@booklet{case2005,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {CASE},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-15 14:17:45 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-15 14:19:24 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Unpublished paper, Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE) / Alexandra Renewal Project},
+	Title = {Alex Benchmark Survey},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{gibson2004ajps,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-12 15:09:14 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:51:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {201--217},
+	Title = {Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process},
+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{miller1986,
+	Author = {Steven D. Miller and David O. Sears},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-12 12:25:19 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-12 12:26:04 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {214--236},
+	Title = {Stability and Change in Social Tolerance: A Test of the Persistence Hypothesis},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@incollection{everatt2010,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {David Everatt},
+	Booktitle = {South African Civil Society and Xenophobia},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-11 15:53:43 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-11-14 21:30:37 +0000},
+	Editor = {David Everatt},
+	Publisher = {Strategy \& Tactics},
+	Title = {Overview and Prospects},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{landau2012a,
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-11 15:53:02 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-11 15:53:30 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@book{nie1996,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Nie, Norman and Jane Junn and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-08 15:35:21 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-08 15:36:07 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Education and Democratic Citizenship in America},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{green2003,
+	Author = {Donald P. Green and Rachel L. Seher},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:21:19 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:22:26 -0500},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {509--31},
+	Title = {What Role Does Prejudice Play in Ethnic Conflict?},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{scheepers2002,
+	Author = {Scheepers, Peer and M\'{e}rove Gijsberts and Marcel Coenders},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:16:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:17:53 -0500},
+	Journal = {European Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {17--34},
+	Title = {Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries: Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{gibson1997,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:11:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:12:38 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {671--684},
+	Title = {Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991: Collective Action, Rational Choice, and Democratic Values in the Former Soviet Union},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{hamber2000,
+	Author = {Brandon Hamber},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:04:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:08:03 -0500},
+	Journal = {South African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--18},
+	Title = {`Have No Doubt It Is Fear in the Land.' An Exploration of the Continuing Cycles of Violence in South Africa},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{kynoch2005,
+	Author = {Gary Kynoch},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:03:10 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:04:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {African Affairs},
+	Number = {416},
+	Pages = {493--514},
+	Title = {Crime, Conflict and Politics in Transition-Era South Africa},
+	Volume = {104},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{hudson2002,
+	Author = {Valerie M. Hudson and Andrea Den Boer},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:02:17 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:03:02 -0500},
+	Journal = {International Security},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {5--38},
+	Title = {A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{wilson1985,
+	Author = {Margo Wilson and Martin Daly},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 21:00:24 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:02:05 -0500},
+	Journal = {Ethology and Sociobiology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {59--73},
+	Title = {Competitiveness, Risk Taking, and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@incollection{kaufman1987,
+	Address = {Toronto},
+	Author = {Michael Kaufman},
+	Booktitle = {Beyond Patriarchy: Essays by Men on Pleasure, Power, and Change},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 20:57:29 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 21:11:06 -0500},
+	Editor = {Michael Kaufman},
+	Pages = {1--29},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {The Construction of Maculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@book{spierenburg1998,
+	Address = {Columbus, OH},
+	Date-Added = {2012-06-06 20:51:46 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-06-06 20:52:56 -0500},
+	Editor = {Pieter Spierenburg},
+	Publisher = {The Ohio State University Press},
+	Title = {Men and Violence: Gender, Honor, and Rituals in Modern Europe and America},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@incollection{nieftagodien2012,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Noor Nieftagodien},
+	Booktitle = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 17:08:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-29 17:09:36 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Pages = {109--134},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Xenophobia's Local Genesis: Historical Constructions of Insiders and the Politics of Exclusion in Alexandra Township},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@incollection{misago2012,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Jean-Pierre Misago},
+	Booktitle = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 17:07:31 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-29 17:08:26 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Pages = {89--108},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Disorder in a Changing Society: Authority and the Micro-Politics of Violence},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@incollection{aymar2012,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Christine Fauvelle-Aymar and Aurelia Segatti},
+	Booktitle = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 17:05:55 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-29 17:07:26 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Pages = {56--88},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {People, Space and Politics: An Exploration of Factors Explaining the 2008 Anti-Foreigner Violence in South Africa},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@incollection{monson2012,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Tamlyn Monson and Rebecca Arian},
+	Booktitle = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 17:04:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-29 17:05:52 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Pages = {26--55},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Media Memory: A Critical Reconstruction of the May 2008 Violence},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@incollection{landau2012,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Loren Landau},
+	Booktitle = {Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-29 17:02:33 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-29 17:04:47 -0500},
+	Editor = {Loren Landau},
+	Pages = {1--25},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Introducing the Demons},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@unpublished{feldman2009,
+	Author = {Stanley Feldman and Christopher Johnston},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:50:56 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:51:36 -0500},
+	Note = {Stony Brook University},
+	Title = {Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology: Implications of Structural Complexity}}
+
+@unpublished{lelkes2012,
+	Author = {Yphtach Lelkes and Paul M. Sniderman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:48:34 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:50:22 -0500},
+	Note = {Stanford University},
+	Title = {Ideological Asymmetries in the American Party System: The Power of Ideology in Partisan Politics}}
+
+@book{ellis2012,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Ellis, Christopher and Stimson, James A.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:44:34 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:46:27 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Ideology in America},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{mondak2008,
+	Author = {Jeffery J. Mondak and Karen D. Halperin},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:40:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:41:48 -0500},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {335--62},
+	Title = {A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behaviour},
+	Volume = {38},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{gosling2003,
+	Author = {Samuel D. Gosling and Peter J. Rentfrow and Swann, Jr., William B.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:37:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 16:21:57 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {504--28},
+	Title = {A Very Brief Measure of the Big-Five Personality Domains},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{gerber2011,
+	Author = {Alan S. Gerber and Gregory A. Huber and David Doherty and Conor M. Dowling},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:36:36 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:37:20 -0500},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {265--87},
+	Title = {The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena},
+	Volume = {14},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{gerber2012,
+	Author = {Alan S. Gerber and Gregory A. Huber and David Doherty and Conor M. Dowling},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-25 11:34:37 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-25 11:36:24 -0500},
+	Journal = {Political Behavior},
+	Title = {Personality and the Strength and Direction of Partisan Identification},
+	Volume = {forthcoming},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{landau2009,
+	Author = {Loren Landau and Jean-Pierre Misago},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-07 12:23:07 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-07 12:24:14 -0500},
+	Journal = {African Spectrum},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {99--110},
+	Title = {Who to Blame and What's to Gain? Reflections on Space, State, and Violence in Kenya and South Africa},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@incollection{lamont2006,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Mich\`{e}le Lamont},
+	Booktitle = {Inequalities of the World},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-04 16:58:48 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-04 17:06:00 -0500},
+	Editor = {G\"{o}ran Therborn},
+	Pages = {93--118},
+	Publisher = {Verso},
+	Title = {How French and American Workers Define Cultural Membership},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@incollection{campbell1965,
+	Author = {Donald T. Campbell},
+	Booktitle = {Nebraska Symposium on Motivation},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-04 14:23:32 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-04 14:24:53 -0500},
+	Editor = {David Levine},
+	Pages = {283--311},
+	Publisher = {University of Nebraska Press},
+	Title = {Ethnocentric and Other Altruistic Motives},
+	Year = {1965}}
+
+@article{gibson1998,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Gregory A. Caldeira and Vanessa A. Baird},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-02 18:21:47 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-02 18:22:39 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {343--58},
+	Title = {On the Legitimacy of National High Courts},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{mutz1997,
+	Author = {Diana C. Mutz and Jeffery J. Mondak},
+	Date-Added = {2012-05-01 16:33:11 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-01 16:34:03 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {284--308},
+	Title = {Dimensions of Sociotropic Behavior: Group-Based Judgments of Fairness and Well-Being},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@booklet{samp2001,
+	Address = {Migration Policy Brief No. 3. Cape Town},
+	Author = {{Southern African Migration Project}},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 16:15:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:34:53 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Southern African Migration Project},
+	Title = {Making Up the Numbers: Measuring `Illegal Immigration' to South Africa},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{watson1985,
+	Author = {Watson, David and Auke Tellegen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 13:19:02 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-24 13:20:00 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {219--35},
+	Title = {Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood},
+	Volume = {98},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{russell1980,
+	Author = {Russell, James A.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-24 13:17:57 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-24 13:18:47 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1161--78},
+	Title = {A Circumplex Model of Affect},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {1980}}
+
+@article{brulliard2011,
+	Author = {Karin Brulliard},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-23 17:21:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-23 17:23:01 -0500},
+	Journal = {Washington Post,},
+	Title = {Scores Killed as Violence Rocks Pakistan's Largest City},
+	Volume = {July 8},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{brader2006,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Ted Brader},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-23 14:17:15 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-23 14:18:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Campaigning for Hearts And Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@booklet{yanagizawa2012,
+	Address = {Typescript. Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {David Yanagizawa-Drott},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-23 13:02:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-23 13:04:09 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Kennedy School, Harvard University},
+	Title = {Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{fiddick2004,
+	Author = {Laurence Fiddick},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:33:32 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-22 19:34:32 -0500},
+	Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {447--74},
+	Title = {Domains of Deontic Reasoning: Resolving the Discrepancy Between the Cognitive and Moral Reasoning Literatures},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{banks2012,
+	Author = {Antoine J. Banks and Nicholas A. Valentino},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:31:35 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-01-30 19:24:56 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {286--97},
+	Title = {Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes},
+	Volume = {56},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{brader2008,
+	Author = {Ted Brader and Nicholas A. Valentino and Elizabeth Suhay},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:29:55 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-22 19:30:36 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {959--78},
+	Title = {What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{kuklinski1991,
+	Author = {James H. Kuklinski and Ellen Riggle and Victor Ottati and Norbert Schwarz and Wyer, Jr., Robert S. Wyer},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:28:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-04-27 00:07:52 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--27},
+	Title = {The Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{mackuen2010,
+	Author = {Michael MacKuen and Jennifer Wolak and Luke Keele and George E. Marcus},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:26:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-22 19:27:37 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {440--58},
+	Title = {Civic Engagements: Resolute Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{nadeau1995,
+	Author = {Richard Nadeau and Richard G. Niemi and Timothy Amato},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:24:20 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-22 19:26:05 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {558--74},
+	Title = {Emotions, Issue Importance, and Political Learning},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@incollection{lodge1998,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Milton Lodge and Charles Taber},
+	Booktitle = {Elements of Political Reason: Understanding and Expanding the Limits of Rationality},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-22 19:21:00 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-22 19:22:47 -0500},
+	Editor = {Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins and Samuel Popkin},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Three Steps Toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{sobel1987,
+	Author = {Michael E. Sobel},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-20 15:34:45 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-20 15:35:42 -0500},
+	Journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {155--76},
+	Title = {Direct and Indirect Effects in Linear Structural Equation Models},
+	Volume = {16},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@article{marcus2000a,
+	Author = {Marcus, George E.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-16 13:31:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-16 13:32:13 -0500},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {221--50},
+	Title = {Emotions in Politics},
+	Volume = {3},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{jasper1998,
+	Author = {James M. Jasper},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-16 12:04:30 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-16 12:05:05 -0500},
+	Journal = {Sociological Forum},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {397--424},
+	Title = {The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements},
+	Volume = {13},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@booklet{dube2010,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Nobayethi Dube},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 20:39:17 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-04-15 13:55:13 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {Strategy \& Tactics},
+	Title = {`Many Shades of the Truth': The Ramaphosa Case Study},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@incollection{nyar2010,
+	Address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
+	Author = {Annsilla Nyar},
+	Booktitle = {South African Civil Society and Xenophobia},
+	Chapter = {4},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 20:27:36 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-10 20:42:04 -0500},
+	Editor = {David Everatt},
+	Publisher = {Strategy \& Tactics},
+	Title = {`What Happened?' A Narrative of the May 2008 Xenophobic Violence},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{bonacich1976,
+	Author = {Bonacich, Edna},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 19:15:34 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2015-07-18 14:04:31 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {34--51},
+	Title = {Advanced Capitalism and Black / White Relations in the United States: A Split Labor Market Interpretation},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {1976}}
+
+@book{sherif1966,
+	Address = {Boston},
+	Author = {Sherif, Muzafer},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 19:13:13 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-10 19:13:54 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Houghton Mifflin},
+	Title = {In Common Predicament: Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation},
+	Year = {1966}}
+
+@booklet{mattes1999,
+	Address = {Cape Town},
+	Author = {Mattes, Robert and Donald Taylor and David McDonald and Abigail Poore and Wayne Richmond},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-10 18:40:45 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-10 18:42:17 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Migration Policy Series No. 14. The Southern African Migration Project},
+	Title = {Still Waiting For the Barbarians: SA Attitudes to Immigrants and Immigration},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{hirschberger2006,
+	Author = {Gilad Hirschberger},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 21:52:21 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 21:53:22 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {832--44},
+	Title = {Terror Management and Attributions of Blame to Innocent Victims: Reconciling Compassionate and Defensive Responses.},
+	Volume = {91},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@book{weiner1995,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Bernard Weiner},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 21:49:13 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 21:50:14 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@incollection{tedeschi1994,
+	Address = {Washington, DC},
+	Author = {Tedeschi, James T. and Felston, Richard B.},
+	Booktitle = {Violence, Aggression and Coercive Actions},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 21:43:06 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 21:54:14 -0500},
+	Editor = {Tedeschi, James T. and Felston, Richard B.},
+	Pages = {213--48},
+	Publisher = {American Psychological Association.},
+	Title = {Perceived Injustice and the Expression of Grievances},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{bates1974,
+	Author = {Robert H. Bates},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 16:48:32 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 16:49:24 -0500},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {457--84},
+	Title = {Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1974}}
+
+@book{dancygier2010,
+	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
+	Author = {Dancygier, Rafaela M.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-09 15:31:25 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 15:33:17 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Immigration and Conflict in Europe},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@booklet{fearon1999,
+	Address = {Typescript. Stanford, CA},
+	Author = {Fearon, James D.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-04-01 20:01:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:29:51 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Department of Political Science, Stanford University},
+	Title = {Why Ethnic Politics and `Pork' Tend to Go Together},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{Omuircheartaigh1998,
+	Author = {Colm O'Muircheartaigh and Pamela Campanelli},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-30 13:18:31 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-30 13:19:50 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society)},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {63--77},
+	Title = {The Relative Impact of Interviewer Effects and Sample Design Effects on Survey Precision},
+	Volume = {161},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{paxton2011,
+	Address = {Thousand Oaks, CA},
+	Author = {Pamela Paxton and John R. Hipp and Sandra T. Marquart-Pyat},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-28 15:53:10 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-28 15:54:54 -0500},
+	Number = {168},
+	Publisher = {Sage},
+	Series = {Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences},
+	Title = {Nonrecursive Models: Endogeneity, Reciprocal Relationships, and Feedback Loops},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{muthen2011,
+	Address = {Los Angeles},
+	Author = {Muth{\'e}n, Linda K. and Muth{\'e}n, Bengt O.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-28 12:48:12 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-30 17:10:54 -0500},
+	Edition = {6th},
+	Publisher = {Muth{\'e}n \& Muth{\'e}n},
+	Title = {Mplus User's Guide},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@incollection{wranick2010,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Tanja Wranik and Klaus R. Scherer},
+	Booktitle = {International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes},
+	Chapter = {15},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-21 12:38:22 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-21 12:39:19 -0500},
+	Editor = {Michael Potegal and Gerhard Stemmler and Charles Spielberger},
+	Pages = {243--266},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {Why Do I Get Angry? A Componential Appraisal Approach},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@incollection{berkowitz2010,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Booktitle = {International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes},
+	Chapter = {16},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-21 12:36:01 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-21 12:37:33 -0500},
+	Editor = {Michael Potegal and Gerhard Stemmler and Charles Spielberger},
+	Pages = {267--286},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {Appraisals and Anger: How Complete Are the Usual Appraisal Accounts of Anger?},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{mikula2003,
+	Author = {Gerold Mikula},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-18 16:25:20 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-18 16:27:05 -0500},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {793--811},
+	Title = {Testing an Attribution-of-Blame Model of Judgments of Injustice},
+	Volume = {33},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{lerner1987,
+	Author = {Melvin J. Lerner},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-13 15:57:13 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-13 15:58:09 -0500},
+	Journal = {Social Justice Research},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {107--125},
+	Title = {Integrating Societal and Psychological Rules of Entitlement: The Basic Task of Each Social Actor and Fundamental Problem for the Social Sciences},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@incollection{singer1981,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Eleanor Singer},
+	Booktitle = {Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 21:29:24 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 21:32:30 -0500},
+	Editor = {Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner},
+	Pages = {66--93},
+	Publisher = {Free Press},
+	Rss-Description = {@article{singer1981reference,
+  title={Reference groups and social evaluations},
+  author={Singer, E.},
+  journal={},
+  pages={66--93},
+  year={1981},
+  publisher={New York: Free Press}
+}},
+	Title = {Reference Groups and Social Evaluations},
+	Year = {1981}}
+
+@incollection{major1994,
+	Author = {Brenda Major},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 20:26:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 21:32:23 -0500},
+	Editor = {Mark P. Zanna},
+	Pages = {293--355},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {From Social Inequality to Personal Entitlement: the Role of Social Comparisons, Legitimacy Appraisals, and Group Membership},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@incollection{folger2001,
+	Address = {Stanford, CA},
+	Author = {Robert Folger and Russell Cropanzano},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Organizational Justice},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 19:51:31 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 19:53:36 -0500},
+	Editor = {Jerald Greenberg and Russell Cropanzano},
+	Pages = {1--55},
+	Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
+	Title = {Fairness Theory: Justice as Accountability},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{mcgrath1991,
+	Author = {Kathleen M. McGraw},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 18:18:16 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 18:18:55 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1133--1157},
+	Title = {Managing Blame: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Political Accounts},
+	Volume = {85},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{gibson1999,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson and Amanda Gouws},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 18:17:10 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 18:17:56 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {501--517},
+	Title = {Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Attributions of Blame and the Struggle over Apartheid},
+	Volume = {93},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{hewstone1990,
+	Author = {Miles Hewstone},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 17:42:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 17:49:42 -0500},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {311--335},
+	Title = {The `Ultimate Attribution Error'? A Review of the Literature on Intergroup Causal Attribution},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{lickel2006,
+	Author = {Brian Lickel and Norman Miller and Douglas M. Stenstrom and Thomas F. Denson and Toni Schmader},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 15:31:57 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 15:32:48 -0500},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {372--390},
+	Title = {Vicarious Retribution: The Role of Collective Blame in Intergroup Aggression},
+	Volume = {10},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{javeline2003a,
+	Author = {Debra Javeline},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 15:30:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-14 16:41:58 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {107--121},
+	Title = {The Role of Blame in Collective Action: Evidence from Russia},
+	Volume = {97},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{iyengar1989,
+	Author = {Shanto Iyengar},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 15:28:29 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 15:29:22 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {878--900},
+	Title = {How Citizens Think about National Issues: A Matter of Responsibility},
+	Volume = {33},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@incollection{ferguson1983,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Ferguson, Tamara J. and Rule, Brendan G.},
+	Booktitle = {Perspectives on Aggression: Theoretical and Empirical Reviews},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 14:14:33 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 14:27:57 -0500},
+	Editor = {Geen, Russell and Donnerstein, R. Edward},
+	Pages = {41--74},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {An Attributional Perspective on Anger and Aggression},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@article{betancourt1992,
+	Author = {Hector Betancourt and Irene Blair},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-12 13:14:32 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-12 13:15:51 -0500},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {343--350},
+	Title = {A Cognition (Attribution)-Emotion Model of Violence in Conflict Situations},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{miller2001,
+	Author = {Dale T. Miller},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-09 17:28:38 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-09 17:29:39 -0600},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
+	Pages = {527--53},
+	Title = {Disrespect and the Experience of Injustice},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{solomon1990,
+	Address = {Reading, MA},
+	Author = {Robert C. Solomon},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-09 17:22:33 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-09 17:28:22 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
+	Title = {A Passion for Justice: Emotions and the Origins of the Social Contract},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{quigley1996,
+	Author = {Quigley, Brian M. and Tedeschi, James T.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-09 17:11:53 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-09 17:13:07 -0600},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {12},
+	Pages = {1280--88},
+	Title = {Mediating Effects of Blame Attributions on Feelings of Anger},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{lerner1998,
+	Author = {Jennifer S. Lerner and Julie H. Goldberg and Philip E. Tetlock},
+	Date-Added = {2012-03-09 16:06:09 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-09 16:08:48 -0600},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {563--574},
+	Title = {Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{bollen1989,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Kenneth A. Bollen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-28 17:09:08 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 17:09:46 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Structural Equations With Latent Variables},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{fox2006,
+	Author = {John Fox},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-28 16:50:47 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 16:51:17 -0600},
+	Journal = {Structural Equation Modeling},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {465--486},
+	Title = {Structural Equation Modeling With the sem Package in R},
+	Volume = {13},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@book{king1994,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {King, Gary and Keohane, Robert O. and Verba, Sidney},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-28 15:50:58 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 15:52:03 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Designing Social Inquiry},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@book{weisberg2005,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Herbert F. Weisberg},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-28 15:35:43 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 15:36:38 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {The Total Survey Error Approach: A Guide to the New Science of Survey Research},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@book{bond2001,
+	Address = {Mahwah, NJ},
+	Author = {Trevor G. Bond and Christine M. Fox},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-24 16:09:35 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-24 16:10:18 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
+	Title = {Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{alvarez1996,
+	Author = {Alvarez, Mike and Cheibub, Jose Antonio and Fernando Limongi and Adam Przeworski},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-24 13:57:13 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-24 13:59:44 -0600},
+	Journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {3--36},
+	Title = {Classifying Political Regimes},
+	Volume = {31},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{grace2008,
+	Author = {James B. Grace and Kenneth A. Bollen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-22 16:05:10 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 17:54:08 -0600},
+	Journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {191--213},
+	Title = {Representing General Theoretical Concepts in Structural Equation Models: The Role of Composite Variables},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{gibson2006,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-22 12:40:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-22 12:41:35 -0600},
+	Journal = {Political Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {665--705},
+	Title = {Do Strong Group Identities Fuel Intolerance? Evidence From the South African Case},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@book{gibson2004book,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-22 12:39:51 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-10-08 15:51:34 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
+	Title = {Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation?},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{huddy2007b,
+	Author = {Leonie Huddy and Nadia Khatib},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-22 12:17:17 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-22 12:18:39 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {63--77},
+	Title = {American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{HRW1995,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {{Human Rights Watch}},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-20 12:37:22 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-20 12:54:37 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Slaughter Amongst Neighbors: The Political Origins of Communal Violence},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{tedeschi1996,
+	Author = {James T. Tedeschi and Brian M. Quigley},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-19 16:54:59 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-09 21:55:09 -0500},
+	Journal = {Aggression and Violent Behavior},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {163--177},
+	Title = {Limitations of Laboratory Paradigms for Studying Aggression},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@booklet{scacco2010,
+	Author = {Alexandra Scacco},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-19 16:46:55 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-19 16:47:49 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {PhD Dissertation. Columbia University},
+	Title = {Who Riots? Explaining Individual Participation in Ethnic Violence},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@incollection{werner1970,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Oswald Werner and Donald T. Campbell},
+	Booktitle = {A Handbook of Cultural Anthropology},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-16 16:38:52 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-28 15:04:40 -0600},
+	Editor = {Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen},
+	Publisher = {American Museum of Natural History},
+	Title = {Translating, Working Through Interpreters, and the Problem of Decentering},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@incollection{dixon2010,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {John Dixon and Clyde Tucker},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Survey Research},
+	Date-Added = {2012-02-16 16:20:32 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-16 16:24:36 -0600},
+	Edition = {2nd},
+	Editor = {Peter V. Marden and James D. Wright},
+	Pages = {593--630},
+	Publisher = {Emerald},
+	Title = {Survey Nonresponse},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@incollection{druckman2011,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Druckman, James N. and Kam, Cindy D.},
+	Booktitle = {Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-28 19:22:16 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 19:24:15 -0600},
+	Editor = {Druckman, James N. and Green, Donald P. and Kuklinski, James H. and Lupia, Arthur},
+	Pages = {41--57},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Students as Experimental Participants},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{keltner1999,
+	Author = {Dacher Keltner and James J. Gross},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-28 18:10:23 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 18:11:28 -0600},
+	Journal = {Cognition and Emotion},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {467--480},
+	Title = {Functional Accounts of Emotions},
+	Volume = {13},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{blattman2010,
+	Author = {Blattman, Christopher and Edward Miguel},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-28 17:03:26 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 17:04:15 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {3--57},
+	Title = {Civil War},
+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{posen1993,
+	Author = {Barry R. Posen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-28 16:34:21 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 16:35:07 -0600},
+	Journal = {Survival},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {27--47},
+	Title = {The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@incollection{bem1972,
+	Address = {New York, NY},
+	Author = {Daryl J. Bem},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-27 12:12:15 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-04-15 13:49:40 +0000},
+	Editor = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Pages = {1--62},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {Self-Perception Theory},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@incollection{katznelson2005,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast},
+	Booktitle = {Preferences and Situations: Points of Intersection Between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:17:25 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:20:16 -0600},
+	Editor = {Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast},
+	Pages = {1--26},
+	Publisher = {Russel Sage Foundation},
+	Title = {Intersections Between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{chagnon1988,
+	Author = {Chagnon, Napoleon A.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:14:27 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:15:50 -0600},
+	Journal = {Science},
+	Number = {4843},
+	Pages = {985--992},
+	Title = {Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population},
+	Volume = {239},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{gintis2007,
+	Author = {Herbert Gintis},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:12:24 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:13:34 -0600},
+	Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--61},
+	Title = {A Framework for the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences},
+	Volume = {30},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{chomsky1980,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Noam Chomsky},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:10:16 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:11:38 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Columbia Univ Press},
+	Title = {Rules and Representations},
+	Year = {1980}}
+
+@book{raper1933,
+	Address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
+	Author = {Arthur Raper},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:08:46 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:09:25 -0600},
+	Publisher = {The University of North Carolina Press},
+	Title = {The Tragedy of Lynching},
+	Year = {1933}}
+
+@book{fuji2009,
+	Address = {Ithaca, NY},
+	Author = {Lee Ann Fuji},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:07:43 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:08:22 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cornell University Press, 2004},
+	Title = {Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{horowitz1985,
+	Address = {Berkeley, CA},
+	Author = {Horowitz, Donald L.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:05:38 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:06:21 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of California Press},
+	Title = {Ethnic Groups in Conflict},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{brubaker1998,
+	Author = {Brubaker, Rogers and Laitin, David D.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:03:59 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:05:07 -0600},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
+	Pages = {423--452},
+	Title = {Ethnic and Nationalist Violence},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{woodward1995,
+	Address = {Washington, D.C.},
+	Author = {Susan L. Woodward},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 21:01:58 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:02:43 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Brookings Institution},
+	Title = {Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@booklet{oliver2009,
+	Address = {Typescript. Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Eric Oliver},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:58:12 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 16:16:49 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Department of Political Science, University of Chicago},
+	Title = {The Promise and Peril of Evolutionary Theory for Explaining Political Behavior},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{valentino2004,
+	Address = {Ithaca, NY},
+	Author = {Valentino, Benjamin A.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:57:05 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:57:59 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cornell University Press, 2004},
+	Title = {Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@incollection{fearon1998,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Fearon, James D.},
+	Booktitle = {The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:55:29 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:56:22 -0600},
+	Editor = {David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{tilly2003,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Charles Tilly},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:54:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:55:14 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Politics of Collective Violence},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{fearon2000,
+	Author = {Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:53:27 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:54:11 -0600},
+	Journal = {International Organization},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {845--77},
+	Title = {Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@incollection{bates1983,
+	Address = {Boulder, CO},
+	Author = {Robert H. Bates},
+	Booktitle = {State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:52:00 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:52:59 -0600},
+	Editor = {Donald Rothchild and Victor Olorunsola},
+	Publisher = {Westview},
+	Title = {Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@book{snyder2000,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Jack L. Snyder},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:50:38 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:51:47 -0600},
+	Publisher = {W.W. Norton},
+	Title = {From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@book{rabushka1972,
+	Address = {Columbus, OH},
+	Author = {Rabushka, Alvin and Kenneth A. Shepsle},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:49:00 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:49:58 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Merrill},
+	Title = {Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@incollection{defigueiredo1999,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {DeFigueiredo, Rui and Barry R. Weingast},
+	Booktitle = {Civil War, Insecurity, and Intervention},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:47:27 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-04-15 13:51:41 +0000},
+	Editor = {Jack L. Snyder and Barbara F. Walter},
+	Pages = {261--302},
+	Publisher = {Columbia University Press},
+	Title = {The Rationality of Fear: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{gettleman2012,
+	Author = {Jeffrey Gettleman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:46:15 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 20:47:10 -0600},
+	Journal = {New York Times,},
+	Pages = {A1},
+	Title = {Born in Unity, South Sudan Is Torn Again},
+	Volume = {January 12},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@book{economist2010,
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-25 20:38:51 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-25 21:23:28 -0600},
+	Publisher = {February 7},
+	Series = {``Ethnic Cleansing in Luoland,''},
+	Title = {Economist},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@booklet{mcdoom2011,
+	Address = {London, UK},
+	Author = {Omar McDoom},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-24 17:24:18 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-24 17:28:12 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {PSPE working papers 4, London School of Economics and Political Science},
+	Title = {Who Kills?: Social Influence, Spatial Opportunity, and Participation in Inter-Group Violence},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{pinker1997,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Steven Pinker},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-24 10:22:27 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-24 10:24:52 -0600},
+	Publisher = {W.W. Norton},
+	Title = {How the Mind Works},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{gibson2010,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:42:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-17 15:19:13 -0600},
+	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {135--169},
+	Title = {Land Redistribution/Restitution in South Africa: A Model of Multiple Values, as the Past Meets the Present},
+	Volume = {40},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{sniderman2004,
+	Author = {Sniderman, Paul M. and Hagendoorn, Louk and Prior, Markus},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:40:21 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-05-02 14:49:03 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {35--49},
+	Title = {Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities},
+	Volume = {98},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@book{kiewiet1983,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Kiewiet, Roderick D.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:38:51 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:39:53 -0600},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Macroeconomics and Micropolitics: The Electoral Effects of Economic Issues},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@incollection{cummins2005,
+	Address = {Hoboken, NJ},
+	Author = {Denise D. Cummins},
+	Booktitle = {The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:35:07 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-04-15 13:51:28 +0000},
+	Editor = {David M. Buss},
+	Pages = {676--97},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Dominance, Status, and Social Hierarchies},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@book{panksepp1998,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Jaap Panksepp},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:34:04 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 17:45:42 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@book{adorno1950,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Adorno, Theodore W. and Frenkel-Brunswik, Else and Levinson, Daniel J. and Sanford, R. Nevitt},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:30:48 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:32:48 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Harpers},
+	Title = {The Authoritarian Personality},
+	Year = {1950}}
+
+@book{levine1972,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Robert A. Levine and Donald T. Campbell},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:29:19 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:30:23 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior.},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{brader2005,
+	Author = {Ted Brader},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:28:23 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:52:55 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {388--405},
+	Title = {Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters By Appealing to Emotions},
+	Volume = {49},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@book{ortony1990,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Andrew Ortony and Gerald L. Clore and Allan Collins},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:25:56 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:27:55 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Cognitive Structure of Emotions},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@incollection{ekman1984,
+	Address = {Hillsdale, NJ},
+	Author = {Paul Ekman},
+	Booktitle = {Approaches to Emotion},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:23:47 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:24:56 -0600},
+	Editor = {Klaus R. Scherer and Paul Ekman},
+	Pages = {319--43},
+	Publisher = {Erlbaum},
+	Title = {Expression and the Nature of Emotion},
+	Year = {1984}}
+
+@incollection{smith1990,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Craig A. Smith and Lazarus, Richard S},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Personality Theory and Research},
+	Chapter = {23},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:21:23 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-09 15:08:31 -0600},
+	Edition = {1st},
+	Editor = {Lawrence A. Pervin},
+	Pages = {609--37},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {Emotion and Adaptation},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@incollection{wood2001,
+	Author = {Elisabeth Jean Wood},
+	Booktitle = {Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:17:13 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 12:19:56 -0600},
+	Editor = {Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper and Francesca Polletta},
+	Pages = {267--81},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {The Emotional Benefits of Insurgency in El Salvador},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{goodwin2001,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:15:14 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:16:41 -0600},
+	Editor = {Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper and Francesca Polletta},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{straus2006,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Scott Straus},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:14:21 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-01-08 14:43:40 +0000},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@book{petersen2001,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Roger D. Petersen},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:13:19 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:13:49 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{collins2008,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Randall Collins},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:12:13 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:53:18 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Violence: A Micro-Sociological Theory},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@book{gurr1970,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Ted Robert Gurr},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:10:12 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:10:45 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Why Men Rebel},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@article{alvarez1995,
+	Author = {R. Michael Alvarez and Jonathan Nagler},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:08:58 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 16:18:22 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {714--44},
+	Title = {Economics, Issues and the Perot Candidacy: Voter Choice in the 1992 Presidential Elections},
+	Volume = {39},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{davies1962,
+	Author = {Davies, James C.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:07:30 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 12:01:00 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--19},
+	Title = {Toward a Theory of Revolution},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {1962}}
+
+@article{muller1972,
+	Author = {Muller, Edward N.},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:04:42 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-27 16:17:28 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {928--59},
+	Title = {A Test of a Partial Theory of Potential for Political Violence},
+	Volume = {66},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{spilerman1970,
+	Author = {Seymour Spilerman},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:03:45 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-28 17:02:30 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {627--49},
+	Title = {The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations},
+	Volume = {35},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@article{snyder1972,
+	Author = {Snyder, David and Charles Tilly},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 17:00:56 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 17:03:41 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {520--32},
+	Title = {Hardship and Collective Violence in France, 1830 to 1960},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {1972}}
+
+@article{pylyshyn1980,
+	Author = {Zenon Pylyshyn},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 16:57:14 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:55:25 -0600},
+	Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
+	Pages = {111--169},
+	Title = {Computation and Cognition: Issues in the Foundations of Cognitive Science},
+	Volume = {3},
+	Year = {1980}}
+
+@incollection{stephan2000,
+	Address = {Mahwah, NJ},
+	Author = {Walter S. Stephan and Cookie White Stephan},
+	Booktitle = {Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 16:54:58 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-24 10:11:59 -0600},
+	Editor = {Stuart Oskamp},
+	Publisher = {Erlbaum},
+	Title = {An integrated threat theory of prejudice},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@incollection{solomon1991,
+	Address = {San Diego},
+	Author = {Solomon, Sheldon and Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 16:53:08 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 16:54:53 -0600},
+	Editor = {Mark P. Zanna},
+	Pages = {91--159},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {A terror management theory of social behavior: the psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{brewer1991,
+	Author = {Brewer, Marilynn},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 16:51:24 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 16:53:03 -0600},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {475--482},
+	Title = {The social self: On being the same and different at the same time.},
+	Volume = {17},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@incollection{hogg1993,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams},
+	Booktitle = {Group Motivation: Social Psychological Perspectives},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-23 16:49:59 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-23 16:51:15 -0600},
+	Editor = {Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams},
+	Pages = {173--90},
+	Publisher = {Harvester Wheatsheaf},
+	Title = {Towards a single-process uncertainty-reduction model of social motivation in groups},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@book{oatley1996,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Oatley, Keith and Dacher Keltner and Jennifer M. Jenkins},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-18 14:55:14 -0600},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-18 14:56:18 -0600},
+	Publisher = {Blackwell},
+	Title = {Understanding Emotions},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@incollection{frijda2008,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Nico H. Frijda},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Emotions},
+	Date-Added = {2012-01-06 17:19:56 +0100},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-06 17:23:32 +0100},
+	Edition = {3rd},
+	Editor = {Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett},
+	Pages = {68--87},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {The Psychologists' Point of View},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@incollection{cosmides1992a,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Leda Cosmides and John Tooby and Jerome H. Barkow},
+	Booktitle = {The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-27 16:38:48 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-24 10:22:06 -0600},
+	Editor = {Barkow, Jerome H. and Leda Cosmides and John Tooby},
+	Pages = {3--18},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Introduction: Evolutionary Psychology and Conceptual Integration},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{kurzban2007,
+	Author = {Robert Kurzban and C. Athena Aktipis},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-27 16:37:37 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-27 16:38:20 -0500},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {131-149},
+	Title = {Modularity and the Social Mind: Are Psychologists Too Self-ish?},
+	Volume = {11},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@article{cummins1996,
+	Author = {Cummins, Denise D.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-26 21:53:41 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:54:13 -0600},
+	Journal = {Mind and Language},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {160-190},
+	Title = {Evidence for the Innateness of Deontic Reasoning},
+	Volume = {11},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{quintal2011,
+	Author = {Genevieve Quintal},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-25 16:01:15 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 16:02:09 -0500},
+	Journal = {Mail and Guardian,},
+	Title = {Alex Residents Threaten Foreigners Over RDP Homes},
+	Volume = {19 October},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{king2001,
+	Author = {King, Gary and James Honaker and Anne Joseph and Kenneth Scheve},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-18 16:02:52 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 16:03:38 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {49-70},
+	Title = {Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation},
+	Volume = {95},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{embretson2000,
+	Author = {Embretson, Susan E. and Steven Paul Reise},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-18 16:01:38 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 16:02:34 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
+	Title = {Item Response Theory for Psychologists},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{blattman2009,
+	Author = {Blattman, Christopher},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-18 10:53:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 10:54:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {231-247},
+	Title = {From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda},
+	Volume = {103},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{frijda1989,
+	Author = {Frijda, Nico H. and Peter Kuipers and Elisabeth ter Schure},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-17 17:17:52 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:14 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {212-228},
+	Title = {Relations Among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{smith1985,
+	Author = {Craig A. Smith and Ellsworth, Phoebe C.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-17 17:10:21 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 17:11:34 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {813-838},
+	Title = {Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion},
+	Volume = {48},
+	Year = {1985}}
+
+@article{un2008,
+	Author = {{UN News Service}},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-17 15:52:46 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 15:55:00 -0500},
+	Journal = {UN News Service,},
+	Title = {South Africa: Foreigners Displaced By Xenophobic Attacks Anxious Over Future -- UN},
+	Volume = {August 14},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{ellis1995,
+	Author = {Lee Ellis},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 21:20:41 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 13:35:12 -0500},
+	Journal = {Ethology \& Sociobiology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {257-333},
+	Title = {Dominance and Reproductive Success Among Nonhuman Animals: A Cross-Species Comparison},
+	Volume = {16},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{reeves2010,
+	Author = {Madeleine Reeves},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 17:03:57 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 17:04:40 -0500},
+	Journal = {London Review of Books},
+	Pages = {17--18},
+	Title = {A Weekend in Osh},
+	Volume = {32},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{wong2009,
+	Author = {Wong, Edward},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:11:08 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 14:37:53 -0500},
+	Journal = {The New York Times,},
+	Title = {Riots in Western China Amid Ethnic Tension},
+	Volume = {July 5},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@book{wilkinson2004,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Wilkinson, Steven I.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:10:33 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 16:11:06 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India.},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{weiss1999,
+	Author = {Weiss, Howard M. and Kathleen Suckow and Russell Cropanzano},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:09:39 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 14:59:21 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {786-794},
+	Title = {Effects of Justice Conditions on Discrete Emotions},
+	Volume = {84},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{webb2006,
+	Author = {Webb, Thomas L. and Paschal Sheeran},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:09:03 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 14:59:46 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {249-268},
+	Title = {Does Changing Behavioral Intentions Engender Behavior Change? A Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence},
+	Volume = {132},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{vanzomeren2004,
+	Author = {van Zomeren, Martijn and Russell Spears and Colin Wayne Leach and Agneta H. Fischer},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:08:14 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:05:41 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {649-664},
+	Title = {Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is! Explaining Collective Action Tendencies Through Group-Based Anger and Group Efficacy},
+	Volume = {87},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{valentino2011,
+	Author = {Valentino, Nicholas A. and Ted Brader and Eric W. Groenendyk and Krysha Gregorowicz and Vincent L. Hutchings},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:07:23 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 13:35:45 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {156-170},
+	Title = {Election Night's Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation},
+	Volume = {73},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{varshney2002,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Ashutosh Varshney},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:06:42 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 16:07:16 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{tyler1994,
+	Author = {Tom R. Tyler},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:06:13 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 16:06:34 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {850-863},
+	Title = {Psychological Models of the Justice Motive},
+	Volume = {67},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{tyler1989,
+	Author = {Tom R. Tyler},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 16:05:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 16:06:00 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {830-838},
+	Title = {The Psychology of Procedural Justice: A Test of the Group-Value Model},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@incollection{tyler1992,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Tyler, Tom R. and E. Allan Lind},
+	Booktitle = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:18:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:03:23 -0500},
+	Editor = {Mark P. Zanna},
+	Pages = {115-191},
+	Publisher = {Academic Press},
+	Title = {A Relational Model of Authority in Groups},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{turner1987,
+	Address = {Oxford, UK},
+	Author = {Turner, John C. and Michael A. Hogg and Penelope J. Oakes and Stephen D. Reicher and Margaret S. Wetherell},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:17:14 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:04:43 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Blackwell},
+	Title = {Rediscovering The Social Group: A Social Categorization Theory},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@incollection{tooby2005,
+	Address = {Hoboken, NJ},
+	Author = {John Tooby and Leda Cosmides},
+	Booktitle = {The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:16:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:03:17 -0500},
+	Editor = {David M. Buss},
+	Pages = {5-67},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@incollection{tajfel1979,
+	Address = {Monterey, CA},
+	Author = {Tajfel, Henri and John C. Turner},
+	Booktitle = {The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:14:48 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:02:59 -0500},
+	Editor = {William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel},
+	Pages = {33-47},
+	Publisher = {Brooks/Cole},
+	Title = {An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@book{steinberg2008b,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Johnny Steinberg},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:13:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 15:14:33 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Jonathan Ball},
+	Title = {Thin Blue: The Unwritten Rules of Policing South Africa},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{steinberg2008a,
+	Address = {ISS Paper 169. Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Steinberg, Johnny},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:12:01 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 14:33:30 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Institute for Security Studies},
+	Title = {South Africa's Xenophobic Eruption},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{samp2008,
+	Address = {Migration Policy Series No. 50. Cape Town},
+	Author = {{Southern African Migration Project}},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:10:23 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-04 21:36:33 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Southern African Migration Project},
+	Title = {The Perfect Storm: The Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{smith2010,
+	Author = {Alex Duval Smith},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:05:45 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 14:58:07 -0500},
+	Journal = {The Independent,},
+	Title = {Religious Riots Spread Despite Nigerian Troops},
+	Volume = {January 21},
+	Year = {2010},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/religious-riots-spread-despite-nigerian-troops-1874226.html}}
+
+@incollection{sheeran2002,
+	Address = {London},
+	Author = {Paschal Sheeran},
+	Booktitle = {European Review of Social Psychology},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:04:27 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:02:52 -0500},
+	Edition = {12th},
+	Editor = {Wolfgang Stroebe and Miles Hewstone},
+	Pages = {1-36},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Intention-Behaviour Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@book{scott1976,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {James Scott},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:03:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 15:04:20 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia.},
+	Year = {1976}}
+
+@article{sell2009,
+	Author = {Sell, Aaron and John Tooby and Leda Cosmides},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:03:00 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:56 -0500},
+	Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
+	Number = {35},
+	Pages = {15073-15078},
+	Title = {Formidability and the Logic of Human Anger},
+	Volume = {106},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@incollection{scherer1999,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Klaus R. Scherer},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Cognition and Emotion},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:01:20 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:02:25 -0500},
+	Editor = {Tim Dalgleish and Mick Power},
+	Pages = {637-663},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Appraisal Theory},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@booklet{gubler2011,
+	Author = {Joshua R. Gubler},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:00:44 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-19 16:45:57 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan},
+	Title = {The Micro-Motives of Intergroup Aggression: A Case Study in Israel},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{runciman1966,
+	Address = {Berkeley, CA},
+	Author = {Runciman, W.G.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 15:00:06 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 15:00:37 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of California Press},
+	Title = {Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England},
+	Year = {1966}}
+
+@book{rubin1987,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Donald B. Rubin},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:59:14 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-18 16:07:41 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys},
+	Year = {1987}}
+
+@incollection{roseman2001,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Roseman, Ira J. and Craig A. Smith},
+	Booktitle = {Appraisal Processes in Emotion},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:58:17 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:02:08 -0500},
+	Editor = {Klaus Scherer and Angela Schorr and Tom Johnstone},
+	Pages = {3-19},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Appraisal Theory: Overview, Assumptions, Varieties, Controversies},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{petersen2002,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Roger D. Petersen},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:57:27 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:58:11 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{ostrom2000,
+	Author = {Ostrom, Elinor},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:56:39 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:57:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {137-158},
+	Title = {Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms},
+	Volume = {14},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@book{olzak1992,
+	Address = {Stanford, CA},
+	Author = {Olzak, Susan},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:55:58 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 17:06:45 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
+	Title = {The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{olson1965,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Mancur Olson},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:55:19 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:55:56 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
+	Title = {The Logic of Collective Action},
+	Year = {1965}}
+
+@booklet{newham2006,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Newham, Gareth and Temba Masuku and Jabu Dlamini},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:53:58 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:43 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Criminal Justice Programme, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation},
+	Title = {Diversity and Transformation in the South African Police Service: A Study of Police Perspectives on Race, Gender and the Community in the Johannesburg Policing Area},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@booklet{misago2010,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Jean-Pierre Misago and Tamlyn Monson and Tara Polzer and Loren Landau},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:48:49 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:37 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa / University of the Witwatersrand},
+	Title = {May 2008 Violence Against Foreign Nationals in South Africa: Understanding Causes and Evaluating Responses},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{mccarthy1977,
+	Author = {McCarthy, John and Mayer Zald},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:48:16 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:48:43 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1212-1241},
+	Title = {Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory},
+	Volume = {82},
+	Year = {1977}}
+
+@article{mcadam1986,
+	Author = {Doug McAdam},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:47:16 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:48:06 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {64-90},
+	Title = {Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@incollection{smith2008,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Eliot R. Smith and Mackie, Diane M.},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Emotions},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:45:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:02:00 -0500},
+	Edition = {3rd},
+	Editor = {Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {Intergroup Emotions},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{mackie2000,
+	Author = {Mackie, Diane M. and Thierry Devos and Eliot R. Smith},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:44:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:01:41 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {602-616},
+	Title = {Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context},
+	Volume = {79},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@book{marcus2000,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Marcus, George E. and W. Russell Neuman and Michael MacKuen},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:43:55 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:25 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@book{lumley2010,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Lumley, Thomas},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:43:22 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Wiley},
+	Title = {Complex Surveys: A Guide to Analysis Using R.},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@book{lichbach1995,
+	Address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
+	Author = {Lichbach, Mark},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:42:33 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
+	Title = {The Rebel's Dilemma},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{lewis2009,
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:41:47 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 13:38:07 -0500},
+	Edition = {16th},
+	Editor = {Lewis, M. Paul},
+	Publisher = {SIL International},
+	Title = {Ethnologue: Languages of the World},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{lerner2001,
+	Author = {Lerner, Jennifer S. and Dacher Keltner},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:41:02 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:14 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {146-159},
+	Title = {Fear, Anger, and Risk},
+	Volume = {81},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@book{lazarus1991,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Lazarus, Richard S},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:40:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Emotion and Adaption},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{kulik1979,
+	Author = {Kulik, James A. and Roger Brown},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:39:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-12-05 14:09:29 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {183-194},
+	Title = {Frustration, Attribution of Blame, and Aggression},
+	Volume = {15},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@article{klandermans1984,
+	Author = {Klandermans, Bert},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:38:21 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {583-600},
+	Title = {Mobilization and Participation: Social Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory},
+	Volume = {49},
+	Year = {1984}}
+
+@article{kirkpatrick2011,
+	Author = {Kirkpatrick, David D.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:33:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 14:38:06 -0500},
+	Journal = {The New York Times,},
+	Title = {Sectarian Clash in Egypt Kills a Dozen and Leaves 2 Churches in Flames.},
+	Volume = {May 9},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{kenrick1994,
+	Author = {Kenrick, Douglas T. and Steven L. Neuberg and Kristin L. Zierk and Jacquelyn M. Krones},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:32:20 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:04:00 -0500},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {210-217},
+	Title = {Evolution and Social Cognition: Contrast Effects as a Function of Sex, Dominance, and Physical Attractiveness},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{imai2011apsr,
+	Author = {Imai, Kosuke and Luke Keele and Dustin Tingley and Teppei Yamamoto},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:31:44 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-12-19 15:57:02 +0000},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {765--89},
+	Title = {Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies},
+	Volume = {105},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{humphreys2008,
+	Author = {Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy M. Weinstein},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:31:10 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:42 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {436-455},
+	Title = {Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War},
+	Volume = {52},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{huddy2005,
+	Author = {Huddy, Leonie and Stanley Feldman and Charles Taber and Gallya Lahav},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:30:29 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:32 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {610-625},
+	Title = {Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Anti-terrorism Policies},
+	Volume = {49},
+	Year = {2005}}
+
+@incollection{huddy2007,
+	Address = {Chicago, IL},
+	Author = {Huddy, Leonie and Stanley Feldman and Erin Cassese},
+	Booktitle = {The Affect Effect: The Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:29:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2014-04-15 13:59:45 +0000},
+	Editor = {Crigler, Ann N. and Michael MacKuen and George E. Marcus},
+	Pages = {202--30},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{horowitz2001,
+	Address = {Berkeley, CA},
+	Author = {Horowitz, Donald L.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:28:42 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of California Press},
+	Title = {The Deadly Ethnic Riot},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{henrich2001,
+	Author = {Henrich, Joseph and Francisco J. Gil-White},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:28:06 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:24 -0500},
+	Journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {165-196},
+	Title = {The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {2001}}
+
+@booklet{harris2004,
+	Address = {Race and Citizenship in Transition Series. Cape Town},
+	Author = {Bronwyn Harris},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:26:01 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 14:33:09 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation},
+	Title = {Arranging Prejudice: Exploring Hate Crime in Post-Apartheid South Africa},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{guimond1983,
+	Author = {Guimond, Serge and Lise Dub{\'e} Simard},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:24:38 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:19 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {526-535},
+	Title = {Relative Deprivation Theory and the Quebec Nationalist Movement: The Cognition-Emotion Distinction and the Personal-Group Deprivation Issue},
+	Volume = {44},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@book{frijda1986,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Nico H. Frijda},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:23:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {The Emotions},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@book{frank1988,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Frank, Robert},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:23:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 14:45:21 -0500},
+	Publisher = {W.W. Norton},
+	Title = {Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions.},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{finkel1998,
+	Author = {Finkel, Steven E. and Edward N. Muller},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:22:34 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:06 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {37-49},
+	Title = {Rational Choice and the Dynamics of Collective Political Action: Evaluating Alternative Models with Panel Data.},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{finkel1989,
+	Author = {Finkel, Steven E. and Edward N. Muller and Karl-Dieter Opp},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:21:47 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:03:01 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {885-903},
+	Title = {Personal Influence, Collective Rationality, and Mass Political Action},
+	Volume = {83},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@incollection{fessler2010,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Fessler, Daniel M.T},
+	Booktitle = {International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:19:57 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-19 17:52:17 -0600},
+	Editor = {Michael Potegal and Gerhard Stemmler and Charles Spielberger},
+	Pages = {361-383},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {Madmen: An Evolutionary Perspective on Anger and Men's Violent Responses to Transgression},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{esteban2011,
+	Author = {Esteban, Joan and Debraj Ray},
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:18:59 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:07:36 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {496-521},
+	Title = {A Model of Ethnic Conflict},
+	Volume = {9},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@book{crigler2007,
+	Date-Added = {2011-10-16 14:17:24 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 13:35:35 -0500},
+	Editor = {Crigler, Ann N. and Michael MacKuen and George E. Marcus and W. Russell Neuman},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {The Affect Effect: The Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior},
+	Year = {2007}}
+
+@book{muller1979,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Edward N. Muller},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-19 16:32:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-17 13:23:29 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Aggressive Political Participation},
+	Year = {1979}}
+
+@article{ansolabehere1999,
+	Author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen D. and Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-19 16:31:01 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:13 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {901-999},
+	Title = {Replicating Experiments Using Aggregate and Survey Data: The Case of Negative Advertising and Turnout},
+	Volume = {93},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{fearon1996,
+	Author = {Fearon, James and David D. Laitin},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:19:44 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-04-01 20:00:59 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {715--735},
+	Title = {Explaining Inter-Ethnic Cooperation},
+	Volume = {90},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{ellsworth1988,
+	Author = {Ellsworth, Phoebe C. and Craig A. Smith},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:19:01 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:04:29 -0500},
+	Journal = {Motivation and Emotion},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {271-302},
+	Title = {From Appraisal to Emotion: Differences Among Unpleasant Feelings},
+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {1988}}
+
+@book{douglas95,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Douglas, Tom},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:18:27 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-08-10 14:19:00 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Routledge},
+	Title = {Scapegoats: Transferring Blame},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@article{durrheim2009,
+	Author = {Durrheim, Kevin and John Dixon and Colin Tredoux and Liberty Eaton and Michael Quayle and Beverley Clack},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:17:39 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:02:52 -0500},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {23-41},
+	Title = {Predicting Support for Racial Transformation Policies: Intergroup Threat, Racial Prejudice, Sense of Group Entitlement and Strength of Identification},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{doty1991,
+	Author = {Doty, Richard M. and Bill E. Peterson and David G. Winter},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:16:48 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2018-11-04 10:00:20 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {629-640},
+	Title = {Threat and Authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@book{dollard1939,
+	Address = {New Haven, CT},
+	Author = {Dollard, John and Neal E. Miller and Leonard W. Doob and O.H. Mowrer and Robert R. Sears},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:15:56 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:02:28 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
+	Title = {Frustration and Aggression},
+	Year = {1939}}
+
+@book{dewaal1982,
+	Address = {Baltimore},
+	Author = {de Waal, Frans, B.M.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:15:15 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:15:03 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
+	Title = {Chimpanzee Politics},
+	Year = {1982}}
+
+@article{dewaal1989,
+	Author = {de Waal, Frans, B.M.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:14:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:15:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Human Evolution},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {433-459},
+	Title = {Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations Among Chimpanzees},
+	Volume = {18},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@book{demars2010,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {DeMars, Christine},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:13:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-08-10 14:14:34 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Item Response Theory},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{cummins1996a,
+	Author = {Cummins, Denise D.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:13:08 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:54:06 -0600},
+	Journal = {Minds and Machines},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {463-480},
+	Title = {Dominance Hierarchies and the Evolution of Human Reasoning},
+	Volume = {6},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{cummins1999,
+	Author = {Cummins, Denise D.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:12:12 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-01-29 20:53:56 -0600},
+	Journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {229-248},
+	Title = {Cheater Detection is Modified by Social Rank: The Impact of Dominance on the Evolution of Cognitive Functions},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@book{cronbach92,
+	Address = {San Francisco},
+	Author = {Cronbach, Lee J.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-10 14:11:18 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-08-10 14:12:08 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
+	Title = {Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs},
+	Year = {1982}}
+
+@incollection{tooby2008,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook of Emotions},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:53:36 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-12-30 00:36:46 +0000},
+	Edition = {3rd},
+	Editor = {Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett},
+	Pages = {114--137},
+	Publisher = {Guilford},
+	Title = {Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions and Their Relationship to Internal Regulatory Variables},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@incollection{cosmides1992,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Cosmides, Leda and John Tooby},
+	Booktitle = {The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:52:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:00:45 -0500},
+	Editor = {Jerome H. Barkow and Leda Cosmides and John Tooby},
+	Pages = {176-241},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	Title = {Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{collier2002,
+	Author = {Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:51:19 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2013-11-25 17:25:30 +0000},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {13-28},
+	Title = {On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa},
+	Volume = {46},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{collias1944,
+	Author = {Collias, Nicholas E.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:50:43 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:14:54 -0500},
+	Journal = {Physiological Zoology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {83-123},
+	Title = {Aggressive Behavior Amongst Vertebrate Animals},
+	Volume = {17},
+	Year = {1944}}
+
+@article{cohen1996,
+	Author = {Cohen, Dov and Richard E. Nisbett and Brian F. Bowdle and Norbert Schwarz},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:49:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 12:05:03 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {945-960},
+	Title = {Insult, Aggression, and the Southern Culture of Honor: An `Experimental Ethnography'},
+	Volume = {70},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{blunden2008,
+	Author = {Cheung-Blunden, Violet and Bill Blunden},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:48:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:40 -0500},
+	Journal = {Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {123-150},
+	Title = {The Emotional Construal of War: Anger, Fear And Other Negative Emotions},
+	Volume = {14},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@booklet{cde2008,
+	Address = {CDE In Depth No. 9. Johannesburg},
+	Author = {{Center for Development and Enterprise}},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:47:55 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-11-12 17:29:02 -0600},
+	Howpublished = {Center for Development and Enterprise},
+	Title = {Immigrants in Johannesburg: Estimating Numbers and Assessing Impacts},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{carpini1993,
+	Author = {{Delli Carpini}, Michael X. and Scott Keeter},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:46:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-03-13 15:53:31 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1179-1206},
+	Title = {Measuring Political Knowledge: Putting First Things First},
+	Volume = {37},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@book{cantril1965,
+	Address = {New Brunswick, NJ},
+	Author = {Cantril, Hadley},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:45:19 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:14:45 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Rutgers University Press},
+	Title = {The Pattern of Human Concerns},
+	Year = {1965}}
+
+@article{campbell82,
+	Author = {Campbell, Donald T.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:44:22 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 17:10:09 -0600},
+	Journal = {Journal of Social and Biological Structures},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {431-438},
+	Title = {Legal and Primary-Group Social Controls},
+	Volume = {5},
+	Year = {1982}}
+
+@book{brass2003,
+	Address = {Seattle},
+	Author = {Brass, Paul R.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-09 14:43:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:14:36 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Washington Press},
+	Title = {The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{brass1997,
+	Address = {Princeton, NJ},
+	Author = {Brass, Paul R.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:49:41 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:14:40 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Theft of an Idol},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{bonner2008,
+	Address = {Johannesburg},
+	Author = {Bonner, Philip and Noor Nieftagodien},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:48:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:07:00 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Wits University Press},
+	Title = {Alexandra: A History},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{boehm1993,
+	Author = {Boehm, Christopher},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:48:13 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:14:21 -0500},
+	Journal = {Current Anthropology},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {227-254},
+	Title = {Egalitarian Behavior and Reverse Dominance Hierarchy},
+	Volume = {34},
+	Year = {1993}}
+
+@article{bodenhausen1994,
+	Author = {Bodenhausen, Galen V. and Lori A. Sheppard and Geoffrey P. Kramer},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:47:34 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:55 -0500},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {45-62},
+	Title = {Negative Affect and Social Judgment: The Differential Impact of Anger and Sadness},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{bobocel1996,
+	Author = {Bobocel, D. Ramona and Aaron C. Farrell},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:46:46 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:48 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {22-35},
+	Title = {Sex-Based Promotion Decisions and Interactional Fairness: Investigating the Influence of Managerial Accounts},
+	Volume = {81},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{bobo1996,
+	Author = {Bobo, Lawrence and Vincent L. Hutchings},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:46:07 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:45 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {951-972},
+	Title = {Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{bobo1983,
+	Author = {Bobo, Lawrence},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:45:35 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 20:55:39 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1196-1210},
+	Title = {Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {1983}}
+
+@article{blumer1958,
+	Author = {Blumer, Herbert},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:44:53 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 17:14:22 -0500},
+	Journal = {Pacific Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {3-7},
+	Title = {Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1958}}
+
+@article{bhavnani09,
+	Author = {Bhavnani, Ravi and Michael G. Findley and James H. Kuklinski},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:44:05 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:36 -0500},
+	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {876-892},
+	Title = {Rumor Dynamics in Ethnic Violence},
+	Volume = {71},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{bettencourt1996,
+	Author = {Bettencourt, B. Ann and Norman Miller},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:43:28 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:31 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {422-47},
+	Title = {Gender Differences in Aggression as a Function of Provocation: A Meta-Analysis},
+	Volume = {119},
+	Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{berkowitz2004,
+	Author = {Berkowitz, Leonard and Eddie Harmon-Jones},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:42:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 17:13:33 -0600},
+	Journal = {Emotion},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {107-130},
+	Title = {Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger},
+	Volume = {4},
+	Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{berkowitz1990,
+	Author = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:42:11 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 17:13:26 -0600},
+	Journal = {American Psychologist},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {494-503},
+	Title = {On the Formation and Regulation of Anger and Aggression: A Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Analysis},
+	Volume = {45},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{berkowitz1989,
+	Author = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:41:32 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2012-02-28 17:13:20 -0600},
+	Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {59-73},
+	Title = {Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Examination And Reformulation},
+	Volume = {106},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@book{berkowitz1962,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Leonard Berkowitz},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:40:51 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:13:49 -0500},
+	Publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
+	Title = {Aggression: A Social Psychological Analysis},
+	Year = {1962}}
+
+@article{barrett2006,
+	Author = {Barrett, H. Clark and Robert Kurzban},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:32:09 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-27 16:37:19 -0500},
+	Journal = {Psychological Review},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {628-647},
+	Title = {Modularity in Cognition: Framing the Debate},
+	Volume = {113},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{baron1986,
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+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:31:31 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:17 -0500},
+	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
+	Number = {6},
+	Pages = {1173-1182},
+	Title = {The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@book{barkow1989,
+	Address = {Toronto},
+	Author = {Barkow, Jerome H.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:30:50 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:13:37 -0500},
+	Publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
+	Title = {Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{barkow1975,
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+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:30:04 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 21:13:30 -0500},
+	Journal = {Current Anthropology},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {553-572},
+	Title = {Prestige and Culture: A Biosocial Interpretation},
+	Volume = {16},
+	Year = {1975}}
+
+@book{banfield1970,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Banfield, Edward C.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:29:16 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 20:55:20 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Little, Brown and Company},
+	Title = {The Unheavenly City},
+	Year = {1970}}
+
+@article{axelrod1986,
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+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:28:27 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 20:55:14 -0500},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {1095-1111},
+	Title = {An Evolutionary Approach to Norms},
+	Volume = {80},
+	Year = {1986}}
+
+@book{averill1982,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {James R. Averill},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:27:40 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-16 17:17:36 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Springer},
+	Title = {Anger and Aggression: An Essay on Emotion},
+	Year = {1982}}
+
+@book{allport54,
+	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
+	Author = {Allport, Gordon},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:16:06 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-08-07 21:17:05 -0500},
+	Publisher = {Addison Wesley},
+	Title = {The Nature of Prejudice},
+	Year = {1954}}
+
+@article{alexander74,
+	Author = {Alexander, Richard D.},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:15:14 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-08-07 21:15:57 -0500},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
+	Pages = {325-384},
+	Title = {The Evolution of Social Behavior},
+	Volume = {5},
+	Year = {1974}}
+
+@article{aberson2000,
+	Author = {Aberson, Christopher L and Michael M. Healy and Victoria Romero},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:13:26 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-25 12:06:08 -0500},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
+	Pages = {157-73.},
+	Title = {In-Group Bias and Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis},
+	Volume = {4},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@booklet{abbink2009,
+	Author = {Abbink, Klaus and David Masclet and Daniel Mirza},
+	Date-Added = {2011-08-07 21:07:54 -0500},
+	Date-Modified = {2011-10-26 11:59:43 -0500},
+	Howpublished = {CREED Working Paper Series, University of Amsterdam},
+	Title = {Inequality and Riots: Experimental Evidence},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{tyler2006,
+	Author = {Tom R. Tyler},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
+	Pages = {375--400},
+	Title = {Psychological Perspectives on Legitimacy and Legitimation},
+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{tyler1997,
+	Author = {Tom R. Tyler},
+	Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
+	Number = {4},
+	Pages = {323--345},
+	Title = {The Psychology of Legitimacy: A Relational Perspective on Voluntary Deference to Authorities},
+	Volume = {1},
+	Year = {1997}}
+
+@book{gilley2009,
+	Address = {New York},
+	Author = {Bruce Gilley},
+	Publisher = {Columbia University Press},
+	Title = {The Right to Rule: How States Win and Lose Legitimacy},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{rothschild1977,
+	Author = {Joseph Rothschild},
+	Journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {487--501},
+	Title = {Observations on Political Legitimacy in Contemporary Europe},
+	Volume = {92},
+	Year = {1977}}
+
+@article{muller1982,
+	Author = {Edward N. Muller and Thomas O. Jukam and Mitchell A. Seligson},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {240--264},
+	Title = {Diffuse Political Support and Antisystem Political Behavior: A Comparative Analysis},
+	Volume = {26},
+	Year = {1982}}
+
+@article{pettigrew1995,
+	Author = {Tom F. Pettigrew and Roel W. Meertens},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {57--75},
+	Title = {Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{beetham2013,
+	Author = {David Beetham},
+	Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
+	Title = {The Legitimation of Power (2nd Ed.)},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{gibson2003cps,
+	Author = {James L. Gibson},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {7},
+	Pages = {772--800},
+	Title = {The Legacy of Apartheid: Racial Differences in the Legitimacy of Democratic Institutions and Processes in the New South Africa},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {2003}}
+
+@book{inglehart1977,
+	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics},
+	Year = {1977}}
+
+@article{linde2012,
+	Author = {Jonas Linde},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {410--434},
+	Title = {Why Feed the Hand that Bites You? Perceptions of Procedural Fairness and System Support in Post-Communist Democracies},
+	Volume = {51},
+	Year = {2012}}
+
+@article{seligson2002,
+	Author = {Mitchell A. Seligson},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {408--433},
+	Title = {The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries},
+	Volume = {64},
+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{dickson2015,
+	Author = {Eric S. Dickson and Sanford C. Gordon and Gregory A. Huber},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {109--127},
+	Title = {Institutional Sources of Legitimate Authority: An Experimental Investigation},
+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@article{strebel2019,
+	Author = {Michael A. Strebel and Daniel K\"{u}bler and Frank Marcinkowski},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {488--513},
+	Title = {The Importance of Input and Output Legitimacy in Democratic Governance: Evidence From a Population‐Based Survey Experiment in Four West European Countries},
+	Volume = {58},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{kitschelt1992,
+	Author = {Herbert Kitschelt},
+	Journal = {Politics \& Society},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {7--50},
+	Title = {The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe},
+	Volume = {20},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@article{claassen2019pb,
+	Author = {Christopher Claassen and James L. Gibson},
+	Journal = {Political Behavior},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {165--185},
+	Title = {Does Intolerance Dampen Dissent? Macro-Tolerance and Protest in American Metropolitan Areas},
+	Volume = {41},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{lipset1994,
+	Author = {Seymour Martin Lipset},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {1--22},
+	Title = {The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address},
+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {1994}}
+
+@book{przeworski1991,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {Przeworski, Adam},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America},
+	Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{weil1989,
+	Author = {Frederick D. Weil},
+	Journal = {American Sociological Review},
+	Number = {5},
+	Pages = {682--706},
+	Title = {The Sources and Structure of Legitimation in Western Democracies: A Consolidated Model Tested with Time-Series Data in Six Countries Since World War II},
+	Volume = {54},
+	Year = {1989}}
+
+@article{hainmueller2014,
+	Author = {Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins and Teppei Yamamoto},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
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+	Pages = {1--30},
+	Title = {Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices via Stated Preference Experiments},
+	Volume = {22},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@incollection{beieler2016,
+	Address = {Cambridge},
+	Author = {John Beieler and Patrick T. Brandt and Andrew Halterman and Philip A. Schrodt and Erin M. Simpson},
+	Booktitle = {Computational Social Science: Discovery and Prediction},
+	Editor = {R. Michael Alvarez},
+	Pages = {98--120},
+	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+	Title = {Generating Political Event Data in Near Real Time: Opportunities and Challenges},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{bermeo2016,
+	Author = {Nancy Bermeo},
+	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+	Number = {1},
+	Pages = {5--19},
+	Title = {On Democratic Backsliding},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {2016}}
+
+@article{caldeira1992,
+	Author = {Gregory A. Caldeira and James L. Gibson},
+	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+	Number = {3},
+	Pages = {635--664},
+	Title = {The Etiology of Public Support for the Supreme Court},
+	Volume = {36},
+	Year = {1992}}
+
+@book{inglehart1990,
+	Address = {Princeton},
+	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
+	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	Title = {Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society},
+	Year = {1990}}
+
+@article{inglehart1971,
+	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
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+	Pages = {991--1017},
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+	Year = {2012}}
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+	Year = {2014}}
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+@incollection{belanger2017,
+	Author = {B\'{e}langer, \'{E}ric},
+	Booktitle = {Handbook on Political Trust},
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+	Pages = {242--255},
+	Publisher = {Edward Elgar},
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+	Year = {2017}}
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+	Year = {2009}}
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+	Author = {Solt, Frederick},
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+	Year = {2019}}
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+	Author = {Andrew Daniller and Andrew Daniller, Diana C. Mutz, P.},
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+	Volume = {forthcoming, /url{http://doi:10.1093/poq/nfz002}},
+	Year = {2019}}
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+	Author = {Gary King and Will Lowe},
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+	Volume = {57},
+	Year = {2003}}
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+  author       = {Matthew Graham and Milan Svolik},
+  journal      = {American Political Science Review},
+  title        = {Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States},
+  year         = {2020},
+  number       = {2},
+  pages        = {392--409},
+  volume       = {114},
+  howpublished = {Typescript, Yale University},
+}
+
+@article{keele2019,
+	Author = {Luke Keele and Randolph T. Stevenson and Felix Elwert},
+	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
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+	Volume = {\url{https:\\doi:10.1017/psrm.2019.31}},
+	Year = {2019}}
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+  author       = {Christopher Claassen and Lauren M. McLaren},
+  journal      = {Political Psychology},
+  title        = {Do Threats Galvanize Authoritarians or Mobilize Non-Authoritarians? Experimental Tests from 19 European Societies.},
+  year         = {2021},
+  number       = {4},
+  pages        = {677--94},
+  volume       = {42},
+  howpublished = {Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology in Lisbon, Portugal, 15 July},
+}
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+	Title = {Representative Bureaucracy in Policing: Does It Increase Perceived Legitimacy?},
+	Volume = {24},
+	Year = {2014}}
+
+@article{rohrschneider1994,
+	Author = {Robert Rohrschneider},
+	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
+	Number = {4},
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+	Volume = {88},
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+
+@article{rothstein2009,
+	Author = {Bo Rothstein},
+	Journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
+	Number = {3},
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+	Volume = {53},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@booklet{bizzarro2015,
+	Author = {Fernando Bizzarro and Michael Coppedge and Staffan I. Lindberg},
+	Howpublished = {Presented at the ``Quality of Government and the Performance of Democracies'' conference, University of Gothenburg, May 20-22},
+	Title = {Human Development and Dimensions of Democracy and Governance},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@book{rothstein2011,
+	Author = {Bo Rothstein},
+	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+	Title = {The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in International Perspective},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{rothstein2008,
+	Author = {Rothstein, Bo and Teorell, Jan A.},
+	Journal = {Governance},
+	Number = {2},
+	Pages = {165-190},
+	Title = {What Is Quality of Government? A Theory of Impartial Government Institutions},
+	Volume = {21},
+	Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{sayer2000,
+	Author = {Andrew Sayer},
+	Journal = {Studies in Political Economy},
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+	Pages = {79-103},
+	Title = {Moral Economy and Political Economy},
+	Volume = {61},
+	Year = {2000}}
+
+@book{scharpf1999,
+	Author = {Fritz W. Scharpf},
+	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
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+	Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{schmidt2013,
+	Author = {Vivien A. Schmidt},
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+	Volume = {61},
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+
+@article{schwindt-bayer2005,
+	Author = {Schwindt-Bayer, Lesley A. and Mishler, William},
+	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
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+	Volume = {67},
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+	Author = {Alex Shaw and Kristina Olson},
+	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},
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+	Author = {Samuel Standaert},
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+	Volume = {43},
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+
+@article{Strebel2019,
+	Author = {Michael Andrea Strebel and Daniel K\"{u}bler and Frank Marcinkowski},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
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+	Volume = {58},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{summers2014,
+	Author = {Larry H. Summers},
+	Journal = {Business Economics},
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+
+@book{thibaut1975,
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+	Author = {Tom R. Tyler},
+	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
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+	Year = {1990}}
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+	Volume = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000297}},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{wagner2009,
+	Author = {Alexander F. Wagner and Friedrich Schneider and Martin Halla},
+	Journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
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+	Title = {The Quality of Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy in Western Europe -- a Panel Analysis},
+	Volume = {25},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{welzel2011,
+	Author = {Christian Welzel},
+	Journal = {Japanese Journal of Political Science},
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+	Volume = {12},
+	Year = {2011}}
+
+@article{wimmer2009,
+	Author = {Wimmer, Andreas and Cederman, Lars Erik and Min, Brian},
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+
+@article{yap2013,
+	Author = {O. Fiona Yap},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {4},
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+	Volume = {46},
+	Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{walker1974,
+	Author = {Laurens Walker and Stephen Latour and E. Allan Lind and John Thibaut},
+	Journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
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+
+@booklet{stewart2002,
+	Address = {Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security},
+	Author = {Frances Stewart},
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+	Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{tabbellini2008,
+	Author = {Guido Tabbellini},
+	Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
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+	Volume = {6},
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+
+@booklet{ihme2017,
+	Author = {IHME},
+	Date-Modified = {2020-02-18 12:23:27 +0000},
+	Howpublished = {{Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}, \url{http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2017}},
+	Title = {Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017},
+	Year = {2017}}
+
+@article{plumper2019,
+	Author = {Thomas Pl\"{u}mper and Vera E. Troeger},
+	Journal = {Political Analysis},
+	Number = {1},
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+	Title = {Not So Harmless After All: The Fixed-Effects Model},
+	Volume = {27},
+	Year = {2019}}
+
+@article{morris2010,
+	Author = {Morris, Stephen D. and Klesner, Joseph L.},
+	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+	Number = {10},
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+	Title = {Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mexico},
+	Volume = {43},
+	Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{cole2018,
+	Author = {Cole, Wade M.},
+	Journal = {International Sociology},
+	Number = {3},
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+	Title = {Poor and Powerless: Economic and Political Inequality in Cross-National Perspective, 1981--2011},
+	Volume = {33},
+	Year = {2018}}
+
+@article{solt2009,
+	Author = {Frederick Solt},
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+	Volume = {90},
+	Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{chandra2006,
+	Author = {Kanchan Chandra},
+	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+	Pages = {397--424},
+	Title = {What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter?},
+	Volume = {9},
+	Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{vogt2015,
+	Author = {Vogt, Manuel and Nils-Christian Bormann and Seraina Ruegger and Lars-Erik Cederman and Philipp Hunziker and Luc Girardin},
+	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+	Number = {7},
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+	Title = {Integrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict: The Ethnic Power Relations Data Set Family},
+	Volume = {59},
+	Year = {2015}}
+
+@Book{abrajano2015,
+  author    = {Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L. Hajnal},
+  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+  title     = {White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics},
+  year      = {2015},
+}
+
+@Article{kaufmann2014,
+  author  = {Eric Kaufmann},
+  journal = {The Political Quarterly},
+  title   = {‘It's the Demography, Stupid’: Ethnic Change and Opposition to Immigration},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {267-276},
+  volume  = {85},
+}
+
+@Article{maxwell2019,
+  author  = {Rahsaan Maxwell},
+  journal = {American Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Cosmopolitan Immigration Attitudes in Large European Cities: Contextual or Compositional Effects?},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {1--19},
+  volume  = {113},
+}
+
+@Article{hopkins2010,
+  author  = {Daniel J. Hopkins},
+  journal = {American Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition},
+  year    = {2010},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {40--60},
+  volume  = {104},
+}
+
+@Article{meuleman2009,
+  author  = {Meuleman, Bart and Eldad Davidov and Jaak Billiet},
+  journal = {Social Science Research},
+  title   = {Changing Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe, 2002–2007: A Dynamic Group Conflict Theory Approach},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {352--65},
+  volume  = {38},
+}
+
+@Article{boomgaarden2009,
+  author  = {Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Vliegenthart, Rens},
+  journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+  title   = {How News Content Influences Anti‐Immigration Attitudes: Germany, 1993--2005},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {516--42},
+  volume  = {48},
+}
+
+@Book{castles2014,
+  author    = {Castles, Stephen and de Haas, Hein and Miller, Mark J.},
+  publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
+  title     = {The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th ed.},
+  year      = {2014},
+}
+
+@Article{dancygier2020,
+  author  = {Dancygier, Rafaela and Yotam Margalit},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {The Evolution of the Immigration Debate: Evidence from a New Dataset of Party Positions Over the Last Half-Century},
+  year    = {2020},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {734--74},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Book{geddes2016,
+  author    = {Geddes, Andrew and Peter Scholten},
+  publisher = {Sage},
+  title     = {The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe, 2nd ed},
+  year      = {2016},
+}
+
+@Article{ivarsflaten2008,
+  author  = {Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
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+  year    = {2008},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {3--23},
+  volume  = {41},
+}
+
+@Article{mclaren2020,
+  author  = {McLaren, Lauren M. and Anja Neundorf and Ian Paterson},
+  journal = {Political Studies},
+  title   = {Diversity and Perceptions of Immigration: How the Past Influences the Present},
+  year    = {2020},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720922774}},
+}
+
+@Book{norris2005,
+  author    = {Pippa Norris},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market},
+  year      = {2005},
+}
+
+@Article{putnam2007,
+  author  = {Robert D. Putnam},
+  journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
+  title   = {E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in theTwenty-first Century: The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture},
+  year    = {2007},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {137--74},
+  volume  = {30},
+}
+
+@Book{key1949,
+  author    = {V.O. Key},
+  publisher = {Alfred A. Knopf},
+  title     = {Southern Politics in State and Nation},
+  year      = {1949},
+}
+
+@Article{lucassen2012,
+  author  = {Lucassen, Geertje and Marcel Lubbers},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Who Fears What? Explaining Far-Right-Wing Preference in Europe by Distinguishing Perceived Cultural and Economic Ethnic Threats},
+  year    = {2012},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {547--74},
+  volume  = {45},
+}
+
+@Article{simon1995,
+  author  = {Simon, Rita},
+  journal = {International Migration Review},
+  title   = {Immigration and Public Opinion},
+  year    = {1995},
+  pages   = {58--68},
+  volume  = {18},
+}
+
+@Article{stein2000,
+  author  = {Robert M. Stein and Stephanie Shirley Post and Allison L. Rinden},
+  journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
+  title   = {Reconciling Context and Contact Effects on Racial Attitudes},
+  year    = {2000},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {285--303},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Article{vandermeer2014,
+  author  = {Tom van der Meer and Jochem Tolsma},
+  journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
+  title   = {Ethnic Diversity and Its Effects on Social Cohesion},
+  year    = {2014},
+  pages   = {459--78},
+  volume  = {40},
+}
+
+@Article{dennison2019,
+  author  = {James Dennison},
+  journal = {Political Studies Review},
+  title   = {A Review of Public Issue Salience: Concepts,Determinants and Effects on Voting},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1--11},
+  volume  = {17},
+}
+
+@TechReport{rooduijn2019,
+  author      = {Rooduijn, Matthijs and Stijn Van Kessel and Caterina Froio and Andrea Pirro and Sarah De Lange and Daphne Halikiopoulou and Paul Lewis and Cas Mudde and Paul Taggart},
+  institution = {\url{www.popu-list.org}},
+  title       = {The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe},
+  year        = {2019},
+}
+
+@TechReport{doring2019,
+  author      = {Döring, Holger and Philip Manow},
+  institution = {\url{http://www.parlgov.org/}},
+  title       = {Parliaments and Governments Database (ParlGov): Information on Parties, Elections and Cabinets in Modern Democracies.},
+  year        = {2019},
+}
+
+@Article{rayp2017,
+  author  = {Glenn Rayp and Ilse Ruyssen and Samuel Standaert},
+  journal = {World Development},
+  title   = {Measuring and Explaining Cross-Country Immigration Policies},
+  year    = {2017},
+  pages   = {141--63},
+  volume  = {95},
+}
+
+@Article{jennings2009,
+  author  = {Will Jennings},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {The Public Thermostat, Political Responsiveness and Error-Correction: Border Control and Asylum in Britain, 1994–2007},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {847--70},
+  volume  = {39},
+}
+
+@Article{newman2013,
+  author  = {Benjamin J. Newman},
+  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Acculturating Contexts and Anglo Opposition to Immigration in the United States},
+  year    = {2013},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {374--90},
+  volume  = {57},
+}
+
+@Article{evans2002,
+  author  = {Evans, Geoffrey and Need, Ariana},
+  journal = {Social Science Research},
+  title   = {Explaining Ethnic Polarization over Attitudes towards Minority Rights in Eastern Europe},
+  year    = {2002},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {653--80},
+  volume  = {31},
+}
+
+@Article{kaufmann2015,
+  author  = {Eric Kaufmann and Gareth Harris},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {`White Flight' or Positive Contact? Local Diversity and Attitudes to Immigration in Britain},
+  year    = {2015},
+  number  = {12},
+  pages   = {1563--90},
+  volume  = {48},
+}
+
+@Article{ottaviano2005,
+  author  = {Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri},
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
+  title   = {The Economic Value of Cultural Diversity: Evidence From US Cities},
+  year    = {2005},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {9--44},
+  volume  = {6},
+}
+
+@Article{rydgren2008,
+  author  = {Jens Rydgren},
+  journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+  title   = {Immigration Sceptics, Xenophobes or Racists? Radical Right‐Wing Voting in Six West European Countries},
+  year    = {2008},
+  number  = {6},
+  pages   = {737--65},
+  volume  = {47},
+}
+
+@Article{dancygier2013,
+  author  = {Rafaela M. Dancygier and Michael J. Donnelly},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {Sectoral Economies, Economic Contexts, and Attitudes toward Immigration},
+  year    = {2013},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {17--35},
+  volume  = {75},
+}
+
+@Article{bloemraad2014,
+  author  = {Irene Bloemraad and Matthew Wright},
+  journal = {International Migration Review},
+  title   = {`Utter Failure' or Unity out of Diversity? Debating and Evaluating Policies of Multiculturalism},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {S1},
+  pages   = {S292--S334},
+  volume  = {48},
+}
+
+@Article{coenders1998,
+  author  = {Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers},
+  journal = {European Sociological Review},
+  title   = {Support for Ethnic Discrimination in the Netherlands 1979-1993: Effects of Period, Cohort, and Individual Characteristics},
+  year    = {1998},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {405--22},
+  volume  = {14},
+}
+
+@Article{duffy2014,
+  author  = {Bobby Duffy},
+  journal = {The Political Quarterly},
+  title   = {Perceptions and Reality: Ten Things We Should Know about Attitudes to Immigration in the UK},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {259--66},
+  volume  = {85},
+}
+
+@Article{gorodzeisky2016,
+  author  = {Anastasia Gorodzeisky and Moshe Semyonov},
+  journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
+  title   = {Not only Competitive Threat but also Racial Prejudice: Sources of Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in European Societies},
+  year    = {2016},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {331--54},
+  volume  = {28},
+}
+
+@Article{weldon2006,
+  author  = {Steven A. Weldon},
+  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {The Institutional Context of Tolerance for Ethnic Minorities: A Comparative, Multilevel Analysis of Western Europe},
+  year    = {2006},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {331--49},
+  volume  = {50},
+}
+
+@Article{levy2016,
+  author  = {Morris Levy and Matthew Wright and Jack Citrin},
+  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
+  title   = {Mass Opinion and Immigration Policy in the United States: Re-Assessing Clientelist and Elitist Perspectives},
+  year    = {2016},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {660--80},
+  volume  = {14},
+}
+
+@Article{bohmelt2020,
+  author  = {Tobias Böhmelt and Vincenzo Bove and Enzo Nussio},
+  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Can Terrorism Abroad Influence Migration Attitudes at Home?},
+  year    = {2020},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {437--51},
+  volume  = {64},
+}
+
+@Article{kaufmann2018,
+  author  = {Kaufmann, Eric and Matthew J. Goodwin},
+  journal = {Social Science Research},
+  title   = {The Diversity Wave: A Meta-Analysis of the Native-Born White Response to Ethnic Diversity},
+  year    = {2018},
+  pages   = {120-31},
+  volume  = {76},
+}
+
+@Article{kellstedt2000,
+  author  = {Paul Kellstedt},
+  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Media Framing and the Dynamics of Racial Policy Preferences},
+  year    = {2000},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {245--60},
+  volume  = {44},
+}
+
+@Article{caughey2019,
+  author  = {Caughey, Devin and O'Grady, Tom and Warshaw, Christopher},
+  journal = {American Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981–2016},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {674--693},
+  volume  = {113},
+}
+
+@Article{vanhauwaert2019,
+  author  = {Van Hauwaert, Steven M. and Patrick English},
+  journal = {Comparative European Politics},
+  title   = {Responsiveness and the Macro-Origins of Immigration Opinions: Evidence from Belgium, France and the UK},
+  year    = {2019},
+  pages   = {832--859},
+  volume  = {17},
+}
+
+@Article{wagner2003,
+  author  = {Wagner, Ulrich and Rolf van Dick and Thomas F. Pettigrew and Oliver Christ},
+  journal = {Group Processes and Intergroup Relations},
+  title   = {Ethnic Prejudice in East and West Germany: The Explanatory Power of Intergroup Contact},
+  year    = {2003},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {22--36},
+  volume  = {6},
+}
+
+@Article{coenders2008,
+  author  = {Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers},
+  journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+  title   = {Changes in Resistance to the Social Integration of Foreigners in Germany 1980--2000: Individual and Contextual Determinants},
+  year    = {2008},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {1--26},
+  volume  = {34},
+}
+
+@Article{hewstone2011,
+  author  = {Miles Hewstone and Hermann Swart},
+  journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
+  title   = {Fifty-Odd Years of Inter-Group Contact: From Hypothesis to Integrated Theory},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {374--386},
+  volume  = {50},
+}
+
+@Article{wagner2006,
+  author  = {Ulrich Wagner and Oliver Christ and Thomas F. Pettigrew and Jost Stellmacher and Carina Wolf},
+  journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
+  title   = {Prejudice and Minority Proportion: Contact Instead of Threat Effects},
+  year    = {2006},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {380--90},
+  volume  = {69},
+}
+
+@Article{weber2019,
+  author  = {Hannes Weber},
+  journal = {European Sociological Review},
+  title   = {Attitudes Towards Minorities in Times of High Immigration: A Panel Study among Young Adults in Germany},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {239--57},
+  volume  = {35},
+}
+
+@Article{zhao2009,
+  author  = {Zhao, Dingxin},
+  journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
+  title   = {The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {416--433},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Book{roskin2009,
+  author    = {Roskin, Michael},
+  publisher = {Pearson},
+  title     = {Countries and Concepts: Politics, Geography, Culture, 10th Edition},
+  year      = {2009},
+}
+
+@Article{yang2015,
+  author  = {Yang, Hongxin and Zhao, Dingxin},
+  journal = {Journal of Contemporary China},
+  title   = {Performance Legitimacy, State Autonomy and China's Economic Miracle},
+  year    = {2015},
+  number  = {91},
+  pages   = {64--82},
+  volume  = {24},
+}
+
+@Article{ratigan2020,
+  author  = {Ratigan, Kerry},
+  journal = {International Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Riding the Tiger of Performance Legitimacy? Chinese Villagers' Satisfaction with State Healthcare Provision},
+  year    = {2020},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120927482}},
+}
+
+@Article{Clarke1993,
+  author  = {Clarke, Harold. D. and Dutt, Nitish and Kornberg, Allan},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {The Political Economy of Attitudes Toward Polity and Society in Western European Democracies},
+  year    = {1993},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {998--1021},
+  volume  = {55},
+}
+
+@Article{levi2009,
+  author  = {Levi, Margaret and Sacks, Audrey},
+  journal = {Regulation \& Governance},
+  title   = {Legitimating Beliefs: Sources and Indicators},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {311--333},
+  volume  = {3},
+}
+
+@Article{sacks2010,
+  author  = {Sacks, Audrey and Levi, Margaret},
+  journal = {Social Forces},
+  title   = {Measuring Government Effectiveness and Its Consequences for Social Welfare in Sub-Saharan African Countries},
+  year    = {2010},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {2325--2351},
+  volume  = {88},
+}
+
+@Article{easton1957,
+  author  = {David Easton},
+  journal = {World Politics},
+  title   = {An Approach to The Analysis of Political Systems},
+  year    = {1957},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {383--400},
+  volume  = {9},
+}
+
+@Article{huhe2017,
+  author  = {Narisong Huhe and Min Tang},
+  journal = {Political Studies},
+  title   = {Contingent Instrumental and Intrinsic Support: Exploring Regime Support in Asia},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {161--178},
+  volume  = {65},
+}
+
+@Article{perez2003,
+  author  = {Pérez, Orlando. J.},
+  journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
+  title   = {Democratic Legitimacy and Public Insecurity: Crime and Democracy in El Salvador and Guatemala},
+  year    = {2003},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {627--644},
+  volume  = {118},
+}
+
+@Article{przeworski1993,
+  author  = {Przeworski, Adam and Limongi, Fernando},
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  title   = {Political Regimes and Economic Growth},
+  year    = {1993},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {51--69},
+  volume  = {7},
+}
+
+@Article{svolik2013,
+  author  = {Svolik, Milan W.},
+  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Learning to Love Democracy: Electoral Accountability and The Success of Democracy},
+  year    = {2013},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {685--702},
+  volume  = {57},
+}
+
+@Article{bernhard2001,
+  author  = {Michael Bernhard and Timothy Nordstrom and Christopher Reenock},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival},
+  year    = {2001},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {775--803},
+  volume  = {63},
+}
+
+@Article{fullman2018,
+  author  = {Fullman, Nancy and {many others}},
+  journal = {Lancet},
+  title   = {Measuring Performance on The Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 Countries and Territories and Selected Subnational Locations: A Systematic Analysis from The Global Burden of Disease Study 2016},
+  year    = {2018},
+  pages   = {2236--2271},
+  volume  = {391},
+}
+
+@Article{inglehart2017,
+  author  = {Ronald F. Inglehart and Eduard Ponarin and Ronald C. Inglehart},
+  journal = {Social Forces},
+  title   = {Cultural Change, Slow and Fast: The Distinctive Trajectory of Norms Governing Gender Equality and Sexual Orientation},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1313--40},
+  volume  = {95},
+}
+
+@Booklet{aksoy2020,
+  title        = {The Political Scar of Epidemics},
+  address      = {\url{https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13351/the-political-scar-of-epidemics}},
+  author       = {Cevat Giray Aksoy and Barry Eichengreen and Orkun Saka},
+  howpublished = {Discussion paper no. 13351. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
+  year         = {2020},
+}
+
+@Article{lewisbeck2013,
+  author  = {Michael Lewis-Beck and Mary Stegmaier},
+  journal = {Public Choice},
+  title   = {The VP-Function Revisited: A Survey of The Literature on Vote and Popularity Functions After Over 40 Years},
+  year    = {2013},
+  number  = {3-4},
+  pages   = {367--85},
+  volume  = {157},
+}
+
+@Article{romero2016,
+  author  = {Vidal Romero and Beatriz Magaloni and Alberto Díaz-Cayeros},
+  journal = {Latin American Politics and Society},
+  title   = {Presidential Approval and Public Security in Mexico's War on Crime},
+  year    = {2016},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {100--123},
+  volume  = {58},
+}
+
+@Article{hibbs1982,
+  author  = {Douglas A. Hibbs and {R. Douglas} Rivers and Nicholas Vasilatos},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {On the Demand for Economic Outcomes:Macroeconomic Performance andMass Political Support inthe United States, Great Britain,and Germany},
+  year    = {1982},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {426--62},
+  volume  = {44},
+}
+
+@Article{hiers2017,
+  author  = {Wesley Hiers and Thomas Soehl and Andreas Wimmer},
+  journal = {Social Forces},
+  title   = {National Trauma and the Fear of Foreigners: How Past Geopolitical Threat Heightens Anti-Immigration Sentiment Today},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {361-388},
+  volume  = {96},
+}
+
+@Article{mclaren2018,
+  author  = {McLaren, Lauren M. and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Vliegenthart, Rens},
+  journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
+  title   = {News Coverage and Public Concern about Immigration in Britain},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {173--193},
+  volume  = {30},
+}
+
+@Book{schwindt-bayer2017,
+  author    = {Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. and Tavits, Margit},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption},
+  year      = {2017},
+}
+
+@Book{duch2008,
+  author    = {Duch, Raymond M. and Stevenson, Randolph T.},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results},
+  year      = {2008},
+}
+
+@Article{zhu2011,
+  author  = {Zhu, Yuchao},
+  journal = {Journal of Chinese Political Science},
+  title   = {’Performance Legitimacy’ and China’s Political Adaptation Strategy},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {123--40},
+  volume  = {16},
+}
+
+@Article{friedman2009,
+  author  = {Friedman, Thomas},
+  journal = {New York Times},
+  title   = {Our One-Party Democracy},
+  year    = {2009},
+  pages   = {A29},
+  volume  = {September 8th},
+}
+
+@Article{moore1999,
+  author  = {Pamela Waldron-Moore},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Eastern Europe at the Crossroads of Democratic Transition: Evaluating Support for Democratic Institutions, Satisfaction with Democratic Government, and Consolidation of Democratic Regimes},
+  year    = {1999},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {32--62},
+  volume  = {32},
+}
+
+@Article{singer2018,
+  author  = {Matthew Singer},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Delegating Away Democracy: How Good Representation and Policy Successes Can Undermine Democratic Legitimacy},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {13},
+  pages   = {1754--88},
+  volume  = {51},
+}
+
+@Article{nickell1981,
+  author  = {Stephen Nickell},
+  journal = {Econometrica},
+  title   = {Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects},
+  year    = {1981},
+  number  = {6},
+  pages   = {1417--26},
+  volume  = {49},
+}
+
+@Article{judson1999,
+  author  = {Ruth A. Judson and Ann L. Owen},
+  journal = {Economics Letters},
+  title   = {Estimating Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide For Macroeconomists},
+  year    = {1999},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {9--15},
+  volume  = {65},
+}
+
+@Article{alesina2000,
+  author  = {Alesina, Alberto and Eliana {La Ferrara}},
+  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  title   = {Participation in Heterogeneous Communities},
+  year    = {2000},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {847--904},
+  volume  = {115},
+}
+
+@Article{alesina2002,
+  author  = {Alesina, Alberto and Eliana {La Ferrara}},
+  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+  title   = {Who Trusts Others?},
+  year    = {2002},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {207--34},
+  volume  = {85},
+}
+
+@Article{bohman2016,
+  author  = {Bohman, Andrea and Hjerm, Mikael},
+  journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
+  title   = {In the Wake of Radical Right Electoral Success: A Cross-Country Comparative Study of Anti-Immigration Attitudes Over Time.},
+  year    = {2016},
+  number  = {11},
+  pages   = {1729--47},
+  volume  = {42},
+}
+
+@Article{gorodzeisky2018,
+  author  = {Gorodzeisky, Anastasia and Semyonov, Moshe},
+  journal = {Social Science Research},
+  title   = {Competitive Threat and Temporal Change in Anti-Immigrant Sentiment: Insights from a Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Model},
+  year    = {2018},
+  pages   = {31--44},
+  volume  = {73},
+}
+
+@Article{charron2015,
+  author  = {Nicholas Charron and Lewis Dijkstra and Victor Lapuente},
+  journal = {Social Indicators Research},
+  title   = {Mapping the regional divide in Europe: A measure for assessing quality of government in 206 European regions},
+  year    = {2015},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {315--46},
+  volume  = {122},
+}
+
+@Article{leewhitford2009,
+  author  = {Soo-Young Lee and Andrew B. Whitford},
+  journal = {Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice},
+  title   = {Government Effectiveness in Comparative Perspective},
+  year    = {2009},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {249--81},
+  volume  = {11},
+}
+
+@Article{claassen2022cps,
+  author  = {Claassen, Christopher and Magalh{\~a}es, Pedro C.},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Effective Government and Evaluations of Democracy},
+  year    = {2022},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {869--94},
+  volume  = {55},
+}
+
+@Booklet{kaufmann2010,
+  title        = {The Worldwide Governance Indicators : Methodology and Analytical Issues},
+  author       = {Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart and Mastruzzi, Massimo},
+  howpublished = {Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5430. World Bank},
+  year         = {2010},
+}
+
+@Article{fukuyama2014,
+  author  = {Francis Fukuyama},
+  journal = {Democratization},
+  title   = {States and democracy},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {7},
+  pages   = {1326--40},
+  volume  = {21},
+}
+
+@Article{claassen2021bjps,
+  author  = {Christopher Claassen and Lauren M. McLaren},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Does Immigration Produce a Public Backlash or Public Acceptance? Time-Series, Cross-Sectional Evidence from Thirty European Democracies},
+  year    = {2021},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000260}},
+}
+
+@Article{blackwell2017,
+  author  = {Matthew Blackwell and James Honaker and Gary King},
+  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
+  title   = {A Unified Approach to Measurement Error and Missing Data: Overview and Applications},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {303--41},
+  volume  = {46},
+}
+
+@Article{reuveny2003,
+  author  = {Rafael Reuveny and Quan Li},
+  journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
+  title   = {The Joint Democracy–Dyadic Conflict Nexus: A Simultaneous Equations Model},
+  year    = {2003},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {325--46},
+  volume  = {47},
+}
+
+@Book{tanner1996,
+  author    = {Tanner, Martin A.},
+  publisher = {Springer},
+  title     = {Tools for Statistical Inference: Methods for the Exploration of Posterior Distributions and Likelihood Functions},
+  year      = {1996},
+  address   = {New York},
+}
+
+@Article{stefanski2000,
+  author  = {Stefanski, L. A.},
+  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
+  title   = {Measurement Error Models},
+  year    = {2000},
+  number  = {452},
+  pages   = {1353--58},
+  volume  = {95},
+}
+
+@Article{henningsen2007,
+  author  = {Arne Henningsen and Jeff D. Hamann},
+  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
+  title   = {systemfit: A Package for Estimating Systems of Simultaneous Equations in R},
+  year    = {2007},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1--40},
+  volume  = {23},
+}
+
+@Article{fox2003,
+  author  = {Jean-Paul Fox and Cees A. W. Glas},
+  journal = {Psychometrika},
+  title   = {Bayesian Modeling of Measurement Error in Predictor Variables Using Item Response Theory},
+  year    = {2003},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {169--91},
+  volume  = {68},
+}
+
+@Article{battauz2011,
+  author  = {Michela Battauz and Ruggero Bellio},
+  journal = {Psychometrika},
+  title   = {Structural Modeling of Measurement Erro in Generalized Linear Models with Rasch Measures as Covariates},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {40--56},
+  volume  = {76},
+}
+
+@Book{fuller1987,
+  author    = {Fuller, Wayne A.},
+  publisher = {Wiley},
+  title     = {Measurement Error Models},
+  year      = {1987},
+  address   = {New York},
+}
+
+@Article{almond1956,
+  author  = {Gabriel A. Almond},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {Comparative Political Systems},
+  year    = {1956},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {391--409},
+  volume  = {18},
+}
+
+@Article{montalvo2005,
+  author  = {Montalvo, Jose G. and Marta Reynal-Querol},
+  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
+  title   = {Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development},
+  year    = {2005},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {293--323},
+  volume  = {76},
+}
+
+@Article{fish2006,
+  author  = {Fish, M. Steven and Matthew Kroenig},
+  journal = {Democratization},
+  title   = {Diversity, Conflict and Democracy: Some Evidence from Eurasia and East Europe},
+  year    = {2006},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {828--42},
+  volume  = {13},
+}
+
+@Article{gerring2018,
+  author  = {John Gerring and Michael Hoffman and Dominic Zarecki},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {The Diverse Effects of Diversity on Democracy},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {283--314},
+  volume  = {48},
+}
+
+@Article{alesina1999,
+  author  = {Alesina, Alberto and Reza Baqir and William Easterly},
+  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  title   = {Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions},
+  year    = {1999},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1243--84},
+  volume  = {114},
+}
+
+@Article{alesina2005,
+  author  = {Alesina, Alberto and Eliana {La Ferrara}},
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
+  title   = {Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance},
+  year    = {2005},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {762--800},
+  volume  = {43},
+}
+
+@Article{easterly1997,
+  author  = {Easterly, William and Ross Levine},
+  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  title   = {Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions},
+  year    = {1997},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1203--50},
+  volume  = {112},
+}
+
+@Article{golder2003,
+  author  = {Matt Golder},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe},
+  year    = {2003},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {432--66},
+  volume  = {36},
+}
+
+@Article{ignazi1992,
+  author  = {Ignazi, Piero},
+  journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+  title   = {The Silent Counter‐Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right‐Wing Parties in Europe.},
+  year    = {1992},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {3--34},
+  volume  = {22},
+}
+
+@InCollection{torcal2017,
+  author    = {Mariano Torcal},
+  booktitle = {Handbook on Political Trust},
+  publisher = {Edward Elgar},
+  title     = {Political Trust in Western and Southern Europe},
+  year      = {2017},
+  chapter   = {25},
+  editor    = {Sonja Zmerli and Tom W.G. van der Meer},
+  pages     = {418--39},
+}
+
+@Article{rooduijn2018,
+  author  = {Matthijs Rooduijn},
+  journal = {European Political Science Review},
+  title   = {What Unites the Voter Bases of Populist Parties? Comparing the Electorates of 15 Populist Parties},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {351--68},
+  volume  = {10},
+}
+
+@Article{hooghe2011,
+  author  = {Hooghe, Marc and Marien, Sofie and Pauwels, Teun},
+  journal = {Government and Opposition},
+  title   = {Where Do Distrusting Voters Turn if There Is No Viable Exit or Voice Option? The Impact of Political Trust on Electoral Behaviour in the Belgian Regional Elections of June 2009},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {245--73},
+  volume  = {46},
+}
+
+@InCollection{arzheimer2018,
+  author    = {Kai Arzheimer},
+  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {Explaining Electoral Support for the Radical Right},
+  year      = {2018},
+  editor    = {Jens Rydgren},
+}
+
+@Article{biale2017,
+  author  = {Enrico Biale and Anna Elisabetta Galeotti and Federica Liveriero},
+  journal = {Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy},
+  title   = {Introduction: democracy, diversity},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {529--36},
+  volume  = {20},
+}
+
+@Article{austin2000,
+  author  = {Dennis Austin and Michael O'Neill},
+  journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
+  title   = {Introduction: Democracy and Cultural Diversity},
+  year    = {2000},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {1-11},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Article{fish2004,
+  author  = {M. Steven Fish and Robin S. Brooks},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {Does Diversity Hurt Democracy?},
+  year    = {2004},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {154--66},
+  volume  = {15},
+}
+
+@Article{Elbadawi2002,
+  author  = {Ibrahim Elbadawi and Nicholas Sambanis},
+  journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
+  title   = {How Much War Will we see?: Explaining the Prevalence of Civil War},
+  year    = {2002},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {307--34},
+  volume  = {46},
+}
+
+@InCollection{uslaner2017,
+  author    = {Eric M. Uslaner},
+  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {The Study of Trust},
+  year      = {2017},
+  chapter   = {1},
+  editor    = {Eric M. Uslaner},
+}
+
+@InCollection{newton2017,
+  author    = {Kenneth Newton and Dietlind Stolle and Sonja Zmerli},
+  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {Social and Political Trust},
+  year      = {2017},
+  chapter   = {3},
+  editor    = {Eric. M Uslaner},
+}
+
+@Article{mclaren2011bjps,
+  author  = {Lauren M. McLaren},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Immigration and Trust in Politics in Britain},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {163--85},
+  volume  = {42},
+}
+
+@Article{citrin2014,
+  author  = {Jack Citrin and Morris Levy and Matthew Wright},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Multicultural Policy and Political Support in European Democracies},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {11},
+  pages   = {1531--57},
+  volume  = {47},
+}
+
+@Article{macdonald2021BJPS,
+  author  = {David Macdonald},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Political Trust and Support for Immigration in the American Mass Public},
+  year    = {2021},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {1402--20},
+  volume  = {51},
+}
+
+@Article{macdonald2021PB,
+  author  = {David Macdonald and Teresa Cornacchione},
+  journal = {Political Behavior},
+  title   = {Political Trust and Support for Immigration in the European Mass Public},
+  year    = {2021},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09714-w}},
+}
+
+@Article{tai2022,
+  author  = {Yuehong ‘Cassandra’ Tai and Yue Hu and Frederick Solt},
+  journal = {American Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Democracy, Public Support, and Measurement Uncertainty},
+  year    = {2022},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000429}},
+  url     = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000429}},
+}
+
+@Article{schnakenburg2014,
+  author  = {Keith E. Schnakenberg and Christopher J. Fariss},
+  journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
+  title   = {Dynamic Patterns of Human Rights Practices},
+  year    = {2014},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {1--31},
+  volume  = {2},
+}
+
+@Article{kellstedt1993,
+  author  = {Paul Kellstedt and Gregory E. McAvoy and James A. Stimson},
+  journal = {Political Analysis},
+  title   = {Dynamic Analysis with Latent Constructs},
+  year    = {1993/94},
+  pages   = {113--50},
+  volume  = {5},
+}
+
+@Article{mundlak1978,
+  author  = {Mundlak, Yair},
+  journal = {Econometrica},
+  title   = {Pooling of Time-series and Cross-section Data},
+  year    = {1978},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {69--85},
+  volume  = {46},
+}
+
+@Article{Bell2015,
+  author  = {Andrew Bell and Kelvyn Jones},
+  title   = {Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series CrossSectional and Panel Data},
+  journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
+  year    = {2015},
+  volume  = {3},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {133--53},
+}
+
+@Booklet{Startz2012,
+  title        = {Bayesian Heteroskedasticity-Robust Standard Errors},
+  author       = {Richard Startz},
+  howpublished = {Working paper, \url{http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.412.3017&rep=rep1&type=pdf}},
+  year         = {2012},
+}
+
+@Article{king2015,
+  author  = {Gary King and Margaret E. Roberts},
+  journal = {Political Analysis},
+  title   = {How Robust Standard Errors Expose Methodological Problems They Do Not Fix, and What to Do About It},
+  year    = {2015},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {159--79},
+  volume  = {23},
+}
+
+@TechReport{valgardsson2022,
+  author      = {Viktor Valgar{\dh}sson and Will Jennings and Gerry Stoker and Hannah Bunting and Daniel Devine and Lawrence McKay and Andrew Klassen},
+  institution = {University of Southampton},
+  title       = {Politics in Crisis? A Global Analysis of Trends in Political Support},
+  year        = {2022},
+}
+
+@TechReport{foa2020,
+  author      = {Foa, Roberto S. and Klassen, Andrew and Slade, Micheal and Rand, Alex and Rosie Collins},
+  institution = {University of Cambridge},
+  title       = {Global Satisfaction with Democracy Report 2020},
+  year        = {2020},
+  address     = {\url{https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/DemocracyReport2020_nYqqWi0.pdf}},
+}
+
+@Book{haas2019,
+  author    = {Hein de Haas and Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller},
+  publisher = {Bloomsbury},
+  title     = {The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World},
+  year      = {2019},
+  edition   = {6th},
+}
+
+@Article{houlekenny2018,
+  author  = {Christian Houle and Paul D. Kenny},
+  journal = {Government and Opposition},
+  title   = {The Political and Economic Consequences of Populist Rule in Latin America},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {256--87},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Article{levitsky2013,
+  author  = {Steven Levitsky and James Loxton},
+  journal = {Democratization},
+  title   = {Populism and Competitive Authoritarianism in the Andes},
+  year    = {2013},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {107--36},
+  volume  = {20},
+}
+
+@Book{lijphart1977,
+  author    = {Arend Lijphart},
+  publisher = {Yale University Press},
+  title     = {Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration},
+  year      = {1977},
+}
+
+@Book{collier2013,
+  author    = {Paul Collier},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {Exodus: How Migration is Changing Our World},
+  year      = {2013},
+}
+
+@Article{goodhart2004,
+  author  = {David Goodhart},
+  journal = {Prospect},
+  title   = {Too Diverse? Is Britain becoming too diverse to sustain the mutual obligations behind a good society and the welfare state?},
+  year    = {2004},
+  volume  = {February 20, \url(https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/too-diverse-david-goodhart-multiculturalism-britain-immigration-globalisation)},
+}
+
+@Article{hill2019,
+  author  = {Seth J. Hill and Daniel J. Hopkins and Gregory A. Huber},
+  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
+  title   = {Local Demographic Changes and US Presidential Voting, 2012 to 2016},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {50},
+  pages   = {25023--28},
+  volume  = {116},
+}
+
+@InCollection{vandermeer2017,
+  author    = {Tom W.G. van der Meer and Sonja Zmerli},
+  booktitle = {Handbook on Political Trust},
+  publisher = {Edward Elgar},
+  title     = {The Deeply Rooted Concern with Political Trust},
+  year      = {2017},
+  chapter   = {1},
+  editor    = {Sonja Zmerli and Tom W.G. van der Meer},
+  pages     = {1--15},
+}
+
+@Article{mclaren2012wp,
+  author  = {McLaren, Lauren M.},
+  journal = {World Politics},
+  title   = {The Cultural Divide in Europe: Migration, Multiculturalism, and Political Trust},
+  year    = {2012},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {199--241},
+  volume  = {62},
+}
+
+@Article{galston2018,
+  author  = {William A. Galston},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {5--19},
+  volume  = {29},
+}
+
+@Article{harteveld2021,
+  author  = {Eelco Harteveld and Andrej Kokkonen and Jonas Linde and Stefan Dahlberg},
+  journal = {European Political Science Review},
+  title   = {A Tough Trade-Off? The Asymmetrical Impact of Populist Radical Right Inclusion on Satisfaction With Democracy and Government},
+  year    = {2021},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {113--33},
+  volume  = {13},
+}
+
+@Article{kokkonen2022,
+  author  = {Andrej Kokkonen and Jonas Linde},
+  journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
+  title   = {A Nativist Divide? Anti-Immigration Attitudes and Diffuse Support for Democracy in Western Europe},
+  year    = {2022},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12551}},
+}
+
+@Article{haseth2022,
+  author  = {Jostein Haseth and Marthe L. Holum and Tor G. Jakobsen},
+  journal = {Nationalism and Ethnic Politics},
+  title   = {Ethnic Composition and Democratic Values: A Global Investigation of Citizens' Desire for Democracy, 1995–2014},
+  year    = {2022},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2022.2126107}},
+}
+
+@Article{hooghe2018,
+  author  = {Marc Hooghe and Ruth Dassonneville},
+  journal = {Government and Opposition},
+  title   = {A Spiral of Distrust: A Panel Study on the Relation between Political Distrust and Protest Voting in Belgium},
+  year    = {2018},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {104--30},
+  volume  = {53},
+}
+
+@Book{carsey2014,
+  author    = {Thomas M. Carsey and Jeffrey J. Harden},
+  publisher = {Sage},
+  title     = {Monte Carlo Simulation and Resampling Methods for Social Science},
+  year      = {2014},
+}
+
+@Unpublished{hu2022,
+  author  = {Yue Hu and Yuehong Cassandra Tai and Frederick Solt},
+  note    = {\url{https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kd7mu}},
+  title   = {On Data 'Janitor Work' in Political Science: The Case of Thermostatic Support for Democracy},
+  year    = {2022},
+  address = {\url{https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kd7mu}},
+}
+
+@Article{wuttke2022,
+  author  = {Alexander Wuttke and Konstantin Gavras and Harald Schoen},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Have Europeans Grown Tired of Democracy? New Evidence from Eighteen Consolidated Democracies,1981–2018},
+  year    = {2022},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {416--28},
+  volume  = {52},
+}
+
+@Unpublished{claassen2022apsr,
+  author = {Christopher Claassen},
+  note   = {\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3924934}},
+  title  = {Including Measurement Uncertainty in Time-Series, Cross-Sectional Analyses: The Case of Mood and Democracy},
+  year   = {2022},
+}
+
+@Article{fitzgerald2011,
+  author  = {Jennifer Fitzgerald and Duncan Lawrence},
+  journal = {Electoral Studies},
+  title   = {Local Cohesion and Radical Right Support: The Case of the Swiss People’s Party},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {834--47},
+  volume  = {30},
+}
+
+@Article{Scala2017,
+  author  = {Dante J. Scala and Kenneth M. Johnson},
+  journal = {Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science},
+  title   = {Political Polarization along the Rural-Urban Continuum? The Geography of the Presidential Vote, 2000–2016},
+  year    = {2017},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {162--84},
+  volume  = {672},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217712696},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217712696},
+}
+
+@Article{cramer2012,
+  author  = {Katherine {Cramer Walsh}},
+  journal = {American Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective},
+  year    = {2012},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {517--32},
+  volume  = {106},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000305},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000305},
+}
+
+@Article{huijsmans2021,
+  author  = {Twan Huijsmans and Eelco Harteveld and Wouter van der Brug and Bram Lancee},
+  journal = {Political Geography},
+  title   = {Are cities ever more cosmopolitan? Studying trends in urban-rural divergence of cultural attitudes},
+  year    = {2021},
+  number  = {102353},
+  pages   = {1--15},
+  volume  = {86},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102353},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102353},
+}
+
+@Article{jennings2016,
+  author  = {Will Jennings and Gerry Stoker},
+  journal = {The Political Quarterly},
+  title   = {The Bifurcation of Politics: Two Englands},
+  year    = {2016},
+  pages   = {372--82},
+  volume  = {87},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12228},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12228},
+}
+
+@Article{lago2021,
+  author  = {Ignacio Lago},
+  journal = {Acta Politica},
+  title   = {Rural Decline and Satisfaction with Democracy},
+  year    = {2021},
+  pages   = {753--71},
+  volume  = {57},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-021-00221-8},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-021-00221-8},
+}
+
+@Article{dominicis2022,
+  author  = {Laura de Dominicis and Lewis Dijkstra and Nicola Pontarollo},
+  journal = {Cities},
+  title   = {Why are cities less opposed to European integration than rural areas? Factors affecting the Eurosceptic vote by degree of urbanization},
+  year    = {2022},
+  number  = {103937},
+  volume  = {130},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103937},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103937},
+}
+
+@Article{kaufman2019,
+  author  = {Chelsea N. Kaufman},
+  journal = {Rural society},
+  title   = {Rural political participation in the United States: alienation or action?},
+  year    = {2019},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2019.1645429},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2019.1645429},
+}
+
+@Article{ford2020,
+  author  = {Robert Ford and Will Jennings},
+  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+  title   = {The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe},
+  year    = {2020},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {295--314},
+  volume  = {23},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957},
+}
+
+@Article{fudge2021,
+  author  = {Daniel Fudge and Miles T. Armaly},
+  journal = {American Politics Research},
+  title   = {Place or Partisanship? The Conditional Role of Identities on Candidate Support},
+  year    = {2021},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x211027859},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x211027859},
+}
+
+@Book{Sobolewska2020,
+  author    = {Maria Sobolewska and Robert Ford},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics},
+  year      = {2020},
+  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108562485},
+  url       = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108562485},
+}
+
+@Article{lyons2021,
+  author  = {Jeffrey Lyons and Stephen M. Utych},
+  journal = {Political Behavior},
+  title   = {You’re Not From Here!: The Consequences of Urban and Rural Identities},
+  year    = {2021},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09680-3},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09680-3},
+}
+
+@Article{huijsmans2023,
+  author  = {Twan Huijsmans},
+  journal = {Acta Politica},
+  title   = {Place Resentment in ‘The Places that Don’t Matter’: Explaining the Geographic Divide in Populist and Anti-Immigration Attitudes},
+  year    = {2023},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {285--305},
+  volume  = {58},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-022-00244-9},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-022-00244-9},
+}
+
+@Article{kenny2021,
+  author  = {Michael Kenny and Davide Luca},
+  journal = {Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society},
+  title   = {The urban-rural polarisation of political disenchantment: an investigation of social and political attitudes in 30 European countries},
+  year    = {2021},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {565--82},
+  volume  = {14},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab012},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab012},
+}
+
+@Article{McKay2021,
+  author  = {Lawrence McKay and Will Jennings and Gerry Stoker},
+  journal = {Frontiers in political science},
+  title   = {Political Trust in the “Places That Don't Matter”},
+  year    = {2021},
+  volume  = {3},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.642236},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.642236},
+}
+
+@Article{jacobs2022,
+  author  = {Nicholas F. Jacobs and B. Kal Munis},
+  journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
+  title   = {Place-Based Resentment in Contemporary U.S. Elections: The Individual Sources of America’s Urban-Rural Divide},
+  year    = {2022},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221124864},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221124864},
+}
+
+{delange2022,
+   title = {Regional resentment in the Netherlands: A rural or peripheral phenomenon?}.
+   url = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2084527}.
+   doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2084527}.
+   author = {Sarah de Lange and Wouter van der Brug and Eelco Harteveld}.
+   year = {2022}.
+   journal = {Regional Studies}
+}
+
+@Article{Fitzgerald2018,
+  author    = {Jennifer Fitzgerald},
+  title     = {Close to Home : Local Ties and Voting Radical Right in Europe},
+  year      = {2018},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+}
+
+@Article{Carreras2019,
+  author  = {Miguel Carreras and Yasemin Irepoglu Carreras and Shaun Bowler},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Long-Term Economic Distress, Cultural Backlash, and Support for Brexit},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {9},
+  pages   = {1396--1424},
+  volume  = {52},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830714},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830714},
+}
+
+@Article{Stein2021,
+  author  = {Jonas Stein and Marcus Buck and Hilde Bjørnå},
+  journal = {Territory, Politics, Governance},
+  title   = {The centre–periphery dimension and trust in politicians: the case of Norway},
+  year    = {2021},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2019.1624191},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2019.1624191},
+}
+
+@Article{Lin2022,
+  author  = {Jennifer Lin and Kristin Lunz Trujillo},
+  journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
+  title   = {Urban-Rural Differences in Non-Voting Political Behaviors},
+  year    = {2022},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221119195},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221119195},
+}
+
+@Article{Maxwell2020,
+  author  = {Rahsaan Maxwell},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Geographic Divides and Cosmopolitanism: Evidence From Switzerland},
+  year    = {2020},
+  number  = {13},
+  pages   = {2061--90},
+  volume  = {53},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912289},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912289},
+}
+
+@Article{Carreras2019a,
+  author  = {Miguel Carreras},
+  journal = {Electoral Studies},
+  title   = {‘What do we have to lose?’: Local economic decline, prospect theory, and support for Brexit},
+  year    = {2019},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102094},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102094},
+}
+
+@Article{Becker2017,
+  author  = {Sascha O. Becker and Thiemo Fetzer and Dennis Novy},
+  journal = {Economic Policy},
+  title   = {Who voted for Brexit? A comprehensive district-level analysis},
+  year    = {2017},
+  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eix012},
+  url     = {http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eix012},
+}
+
+@Article{scoones2018,
+  author    = {Ian Scoones and Marc Edelman and Saturnino M. Borras Jr. and Ruth Hall and Wendy Wolford and Ben White},
+  journal   = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
+  title     = {Emancipatory Rural Politics: Confronting Authoritarian Populism},
+  year      = {2018},
+  number    = {1},
+  pages     = {1--20},
+  volume    = {45},
+  doi       = {10.1080/03066150.2017.1339693},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1339693},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{cho2013,
+  author    = {Wendy K. Tam Cho and James G. Gimpel and Iris S. Hui},
+  journal   = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
+  title     = {Voter Migration and the Geographic Sorting of the American Electorate},
+  year      = {2013},
+  number    = {4},
+  pages     = {856--870},
+  volume    = {103},
+  doi       = {10.1080/00045608.2012.720229},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.720229},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.720229},
+}
+
+@InCollection{lipset1967,
+  author    = {Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein.},
+  booktitle = {Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives},
+  publisher = {Free Press},
+  title     = {Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.},
+  year      = {1967},
+  chapter   = {1},
+  editor    = {Stein Rokkan and Seymour M. Lipset},
+  pages     = {1--64},
+}
+
+@Article{munis2022,
+  author  = {Munis, B. Kal},
+  journal = {Political Behavior},
+  title   = {Us Over Here Versus Them Over There…Literally: Measuring Place Resentment in American Politics.},
+  year    = {2022},
+  pages   = {1057--78},
+  volume  = {44},
+}
+
+@Book{cramer2016,
+  author    = {Cramer, Katherine J.},
+  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
+  title     = {The Politics of Resentment. Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker},
+  year      = {2016},
+}
+
+@Article{gimpel2020,
+  author  = {James G. Gimpel and Nathan Lovin and Bryant Moy and Andrew Reeves},
+  journal = {Political Behavior},
+  title   = {The Urban–Rural Gulf in American Political Behavior},
+  year    = {2020},
+  pages   = {1343--68},
+  volume  = {42},
+}
+
+@Book{rodden2019,
+  author    = {Jonathan A. Rodden},
+  publisher = {Basic Books},
+  title     = {Why Cities Lose: The Deep Roots of the Urban-Rural Political Divide},
+  year      = {2019},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{gavenda2016,
+  author    = {Mario Gavenda and Resul Umit},
+  journal   = {Regional \& Federal Studies},
+  title     = {The 2016 Austrian Presidential Election: A Tale of Three Divides},
+  year      = {2016},
+  number    = {3},
+  pages     = {419-432},
+  volume    = {26},
+  doi       = {10.1080/13597566.2016.1206528},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2016.1206528},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2016.1206528},
+}
+
+@Book{Strijker2015,
+  editor    = {Derk Strijker and Gerrit Voerman and Ida Terluin},
+  publisher = {Wageningen Academic Publishers},
+  title     = {Rural Protest Groups and Populist Political Parties},
+  year      = {2015},
+}
+
+@Article{Mitsch2021,
+  author   = {Frieder Mitsch and Neil Lee and Elizabeth {Ralph Morrow}},
+  journal  = {Political Geography},
+  title    = {Faith No More? The Divergence of Political Trust between Urban and Rural Europe},
+  year     = {2021},
+  issn     = {0962-6298},
+  number   = {102426},
+  volume   = {89},
+  abstract = {Events such as Brexit and the Gilet Jaunes protests have highlighted the spatial nature of populism. In particular, there has been increasing political divergence between urban and rural areas, with rural areas apparently having lost faith in national governments. We investigate this divergence using data on over 125,000 EU citizens from the European Social Survey from 2008 to 2018. We show that people in rural areas have lower political trust than urban or peri-urban residents, with this difference clear for six different forms of political institutions, including politicians, political parties, and national parliaments. There has been divergence of political trust between urban and rural Europe since 2008, although this is primarily driven by Southern Europe. While these results can partly be explained by demographic differences between cities and the countryside, divergent economic experiences, differences in values, and perceptions that public services are less effective outside of urban areas, there is a residual ‘rural effect’ beyond this. We argue that the polarisation of urban-rural political trust has important implications for the functioning of European democracies.},
+  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102426},
+  keywords = {Political trust, Urban-rural division, Polarisation, European social survey},
+  url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096262982100086X},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{Jokela2022,
+  author   = {Markus Jokela},
+  journal  = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
+  title    = {Urban–Rural Residential Mobility Associated With Political Party Affiliation: The U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and Young Adults},
+  year     = {2022},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {83--90},
+  volume   = {13},
+  abstract = {The current study used longitudinal panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79; n = 7,064) and National Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults (NLSY-YA; n = 2,985) to examine whether political party affiliation was related to residential mobility between rural regions, urban regions, and major cities in the United States. Over a follow-up of 4–6 years, stronger Republican affiliation was associated with lower probability of moving from rural regions to major cities (relative risk [RR] = 0.71, confidence interval [CI] = [0.54, 0.93]) and higher probability of moving away from major cities to urban or rural regions (RR = 1.17, CI = [1.03, 1.33]). The empirical correlation between party affiliation and urban–rural residence was r = −0.15 [−0.17, −0.13]. Simulated data based on the regression models produced a correlation of r = −0.06 [−0.10, −0.03], suggesting that selective residential mobility could account almost half of the empirically observed association between party affiliation and urban–rural residence.},
+  doi      = {10.1177/1948550621994000},
+  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621994000},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621994000},
+}
+
+@Article{Carlson2019,
+  author   = {Caroline Carlson and James G. Gimpel},
+  journal  = {Political Geography},
+  title    = {Political implications of residential mobility and stasis on the partisan balance of locales},
+  year     = {2019},
+  issn     = {0962-6298},
+  pages    = {103-114},
+  volume   = {71},
+  abstract = {Drawing on movement patterns of several million voters within a six state region across four biennial intervals, we evaluate whether migration patterns are consistent with the thesis that migrants are sensitive to the political balance of destination neighborhoods once we control for the important economic and demographic covariates of relocation. Substantial minorities of the movers we track appear drawn to neighborhoods that are more politically compatible with their party of registration than the ones they left behind. Notably, those who change their party registration upon relocating appear highly sensitive to differences in the political climate between origin and destination. But selective in-migration is not the only, or even the primary, force behind the development of politically one-sided opinion environments. We find evidence based on models for millions of non-movers that out-migration or abandonment is consistent with the entrenchment of single-party politics, just as economically robust areas attract a mix of partisans in search of employment and better housing. Evaluating who remains behind is as important as studying those who leave when we want to learn about the consequences of residential relocation.},
+  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.02.011},
+  url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629818301161},
+}
+
+@Article{Trujillo2022,
+  author   = {Trujillo, Kristin Lunz},
+  journal  = {Political Behavior},
+  title    = {Rural Identity as a Contributing Factor to Anti-Intellectualism in the U.S.},
+  year     = {2022},
+  issn     = {1573-6687},
+  number   = {3},
+  pages    = {1509--1532},
+  volume   = {44},
+  abstract = {Anti-intellectualism--a distrust of intellectuals and experts--has had a significant political presence in the U.S. and globally, especially in recent years. Anti-intellectualism drives support for phenomena such as populism, a rejection of scientific consensus, and health and science misinformation endorsement. Therefore, discovering what drives someone to be more anti-intellectual is highly important in understanding contemporary public opinion and political behavior. Here, I argue that a significant and overlooked factor contributing to anti-intellectualism is rural social identification--a psychological attachment to being from a rural area or small town--because rural identity in particular views experts and intellectuals as an out-group. Using 2019 ANES pilot data (N = 3000), original survey data (N = 811) and a separate original survey experiment, I find that rural social identification significantly predicts greater anti-intellectualism. Conversely, anti-intellectualism is not significantly associated with rural residency alone, as theoretically speaking, simply living in a rural area does not capture the affective dimension of rural psychological attachment. These findings have implications for health and science attitudes, populist support, and other relevant political matters. They also have implications for what it means to hold a rural identity beyond anti-urban sentiment, and for understanding the urban-rural divide.},
+  doi      = {10.1007/s11109-022-09770-w},
+  refid    = {Lunz Trujillo2022},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-022-09770-w},
+}
+
+@Article{Mackie2008,
+  author   = {Mackie, Diane M. and Smith, Eliot R. and Ray, Devin G.},
+  journal  = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
+  title    = {Intergroup Emotions and Intergroup Relations},
+  year     = {2008},
+  number   = {5},
+  pages    = {1866--80},
+  volume   = {2},
+  abstract = {Abstract Intergroup emotions theory seeks to understand and improve intergroup relations by focusing on the emotions engendered by belonging to, and by deriving identity from, a social group (processes called self-categorization and identification). Intergroup emotions are shaped by the very different ways in which members of different groups see group-relevant objects and events. These emotions come, with time and repetition, to be part and parcel of group membership itself. Once evoked, specific intergroup emotions direct and regulate specific intergroup behaviors. This approach has implications for theories of emotion as well as of intergroup relations. Because intergroup emotions derive from self-categorization and identification and because they strongly influence intergroup behavior, intergroup emotions theory provides an innovative framework for attempts to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations.},
+  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.x},
+  eprint   = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.x},
+  url      = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.x},
+}
+
+@Book{hogg1988,
+  author    = {Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams},
+  publisher = {Taylor \& Frances/Routledge},
+  title     = {Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes},
+  year      = {1988},
+}
+
+@Article{borwein2023,
+  author  = {Borwein, Sophie and Jack Lucas},
+  journal = {Political Geography},
+  title   = {Asymmetries in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Place-based Resentment},
+  year    = {2023},
+  pages   = {102904},
+  volume  = {105},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{delange2023,
+  author    = {Sarah de Lange and Wouter van der Brug and Eelco Harteveld},
+  journal   = {Regional Studies},
+  title     = {Regional Resentment in the Netherlands: A Rural or Peripheral Phenomenon?},
+  year      = {2023},
+  number    = {3},
+  pages     = {403--15},
+  volume    = {57},
+  doi       = {10.1080/00343404.2022.2084527},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2084527},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2084527},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{mettler2022,
+  author   = {Suzanne Mettler and Trevor Brown},
+  journal  = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
+  title    = {The Growing Rural-Urban Political Divide and Democratic Vulnerability},
+  year     = {2022},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {130--42},
+  volume   = {699},
+  abstract = {Throughout American history and as recently as the early 1990s, each of the major political parties included both rural and some urban constituencies, but since then the nation has become deeply divided geographically. Rural areas have become increasingly dominated by the Republican Party and urban places by the Democratic Party. This growing rural-urban divide is fostering polarization and democratic vulnerability. We examine why this cleavage might endanger democracy, highlighting various mechanisms: the combination of long-standing political institutions that give extra leverage to sparsely populated places with a transformed party system in which one party dominates those places; growing social divergence between rural and urban areas that fosters “us” versus “them” dynamics; economic changes that make rural areas ripe for grievance politics; and party leaders willing to cater to such resentments. We present empirical evidence that this divide is threatening democracy and consider how it might be mitigated.},
+  doi      = {10.1177/00027162211070061},
+  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162211070061},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162211070061},
+}
+
+@Article{bankert2017,
+  author   = {Bankert, Alexa and Huddy, Leonie and Rosema, Martin},
+  journal  = {Political Behavior},
+  title    = {Measuring Partisanship as a Social Identity in Multi-Party Systems},
+  year     = {2017},
+  issn     = {1573-6687},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {103--132},
+  volume   = {39},
+  abstract = {There is no doubt that partisanship is a powerful influence on democratic political behavior. But there is also a lively debate on its nature and origins: Is it largely instrumental in nature and shaped by party performance and issues stances? Or is it basically a long-standing expressive identity reinforced by motivated reasoning and strong emotions? We assess the nature of partisanship in the European context, examining the measurement properties and predictive validity of a multi-item partisan identity scale included in national surveys conducted in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the U.K. Using a latent variable model, we show that an eight-item partisan identity scale provides greater information about partisan intensity than a standard single-item and has the same measurement properties across the three countries. In addition, the identity scale better predicts in-party voting and political participation than a measure of ideological intensity (based on both left-right self-placement and agreement with the party on key issues), providing support for an expressive approach to partisanship in several European democracies.},
+  doi      = {10.1007/s11109-016-9349-5},
+  refid    = {Bankert2017},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9349-5},
+}
+
+@Article{adcock2001,
+  author    = {Robert Adcock and David Collier},
+  journal   = {American Political Science Review},
+  title     = {Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research},
+  year      = {2001},
+  issn      = {00030554, 15375943},
+  number    = {3},
+  pages     = {529--546},
+  volume    = {95},
+  abstract  = {Scholars routinely make claims that presuppose the validity of the observations and measurements that operationalize their concepts. Yet, despite recent advances in political science methods, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to measurement validity. We address this gap by exploring four themes. First, we seek to establish a shared framework that allows quantitative and qualitative scholars to assess more effectively, and communicate about, issues of valid measurement. Second, we underscore the need to draw a clear distinction between measurement issues and disputes about concepts. Third, we discuss the contextual specificity of measurement claims, exploring a variety of measurement strategies that seek to combine generality and validity by devoting greater attention to context. Fourth, we address the proliferation of terms for alternative measurement validation procedures and offer an account of the three main types of validation most relevant to political scientists.},
+  publisher = {[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]},
+  url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3118231},
+  urldate   = {2023-03-28},
+}
+
+@Article{trujillo2022pg,
+  author   = {Kristin Lunz Trujillo and Zack Crowley},
+  journal  = {Political Geography},
+  title    = {Symbolic versus material concerns of rural consciousness in the United States},
+  year     = {2022},
+  issn     = {0962-6298},
+  pages    = {102658},
+  volume   = {96},
+  abstract = {A potential explanation for the U.S. urban-rural political divide is a definition of rural consciousness comprised of three subdimensions: a feeling that ruralites are underrepresented in decision-making (“Representation”) and that their way of life is disrespected (“Way of Life”) – both symbolic concerns – and a more materialistic concern that rural areas receive less resources (“Resources”). However, it is unclear whether these different aspects of rural consciousness predict expected political preferences nationally, or whether they uniquely explain these preferences when evaluated alongside similar symbolic concepts like rural identity and moral traditionalism. We expect symbolic concerns (especially Way of Life) to particularly predict rural support for Donald Trump, Republican partisanship, and conservative ideology. Using a novel survey measure developed and tested across three original survey data sets, we find that only the symbolic subdimensions of rural consciousness positively and significantly correlate with Trump support, while the material subdimension either negatively correlates with Trump support or is not statistically significant. A similar tendency occurs when predicting symbolic ideology, except when controlling for moral traditionalism. Rural consciousness and its subdimensions do not significantly predict partisanship. These relationships hold for all respondents and for rural-only respondents. We conclude that rural consciousness may matter politically along symbolic dimensions, rather than materialistic grievances, for recent anti-establishment political support as opposed to standard left-right measures. We recommend that survey analyses of rural consciousness should separately analyze symbolic and materialistic aspects. Future studies should further investigate traditionalism vis-a-vis rural consciousness and explore non-rural people high in rural consciousness.},
+  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102658},
+  keywords = {Rural, Rural consciousness, Identity, Vote choice, Traditionalism, Rural identity},
+  url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629822000725},
+}
+
+@Article{davidov2009,
+  author    = {Davidov, Eldad},
+  journal   = {Political Analysis},
+  title     = {Measurement Equivalence of Nationalism and Constructive Patriotism in the ISSP: 34 Countries in a Comparative Perspective},
+  year      = {2009},
+  number    = {1},
+  pages     = {64–82},
+  volume    = {17},
+  doi       = {10.1093/pan/mpn014},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+}
+
+@Article{billiet2000,
+  author  = {Billiet, Jaak B. and McClendon, McKee J.},
+  journal = {Structural Equation Modelling},
+  title   = {Modelling Acquiescence in Measurement Models for Two Balanced Sets of iItems},
+  year    = {2000},
+  pages   = {608-628},
+  volume  = {7},
+}
+
+
+@Article{carlin2011,
+  author  = {Carlin, Ryan and Singer, Matthew},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Support for Polyarchy in the Americas},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {11},
+  pages   = {1500-26},
+  volume  = {44},
+}
+
+
+@Article{coppedge2011,
+  author  = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and David Altman and Michael Bernhard and Steven Fish and Allen Hicken and Matthew Kroenig and Staffan I. Lindberg and Kelly McMann and Pamela Paxton and Holli A. Semetko and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Jan Teorell},
+  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
+  title   = {Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach},
+  year    = {2011},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {247-267},
+  volume  = {9},
+}
+
+
+@Article{coppedge2016,
+  author  = {Coppedge, Michael and Staffan Lindberg and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jan Teorell},
+  journal = {International Political Science Review},
+  title   = {Measuring High Level Democratic Principles Using the V-Dem Data},
+  year    = {2016},
+  number  = {5},
+  pages   = {580-93},
+  volume  = {37},
+}
+
+
+@Article{Dalton2007,
+  author  = {Dalton, Russell J. and Jou, Willy and Shin, Doh Chull},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {Understanding Democracy: Data from Unlikely Places},
+  year    = {2007},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {142–56},
+  volume  = {18},
+}
+
+
+@Book{Hibbing2002,
+  author    = {Hibbing, John R. and Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs About How Government Should Work},
+  year      = {2002},
+}
+
+
+@Article{konig2022cps,
+  author  = {König, Pascal D. and Siewert, Markus B., and Ackermann, Kathrin},
+  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
+  title   = {Conceptualizing and Measuring Citizens’ Preferences for Democracy: Taking Stock of Three Decades of Research in a Fragmented Field},
+  year    = {2022},
+  number  = {12},
+  pages   = {2015--49},
+  volume  = {55},
+}
+
+
+@InCollection{Morlino1995,
+  author    = {Morlino, Leonardo and Montero, Jose Ramon},
+  booktitle = {The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective},
+  publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
+  title     = {Legitimacy and Democracy in Southern Europe},
+  year      = {1995},
+  editor    = {Gunther, Richard},
+}
+
+
+@InCollection{norris2009,
+  author    = {Norris, Pippa},
+  booktitle = {The Handbook of Comparative Politics},
+  publisher = {Sage Publications},
+  title     = {The Globalization of Comparative Public Opinion Research},
+  year      = {2009},
+  editor    = {Robinson, Neil and Landman, Todd},
+  pages     = {522--40},
+}
+
+
+@Article{simonovits2022,
+  author  = {Simonovits, Gabor, McCoy, Jennifer, and Littvay, Levente},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {Democratic Hypocrisy and Out-Group Threat: Explaining Citizen Support for Democratic Erosion},
+  year    = {2022},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {1806--11},
+  volume  = {84},
+}
+
+
+@Article{watson1992,
+  author  = {Watson, Dorothy},
+  journal = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
+  title   = {Correcting for Acquiescent Response Bias in the Absence of a Balanced Scale: An Application to Class Consciousness},
+  year    = {1992},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {52--88},
+  volume  = {21},
+}
+
+
+@Book{ferrin2016,
+  editor    = {Ferrín, Monica, and Kriesi, Hanspeter},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {How Europeans View and Evaluate Democracy},
+  year      = {2016},
+}
+
+@Article{konig2022epsr,
+  author    = {König, Pascal D.},
+  journal   = {European Political Science Review},
+  title     = {Citizens' Preferences for Liberal Democracy and Its Deformations: Evidence from Germany},
+  year      = {2022},
+  number    = {3},
+  pages     = {367--85},
+  volume    = {14},
+  doi       = {10.1017/S1755773922000194},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+}
+
+@Article{espinosa2022,
+  author  = {Agustin Espinosa and Erika Janos and Manuel Pacheco and Juan Juárez and Hernán Chaparro},
+  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
+  title   = {Populism in Peru: Populist Attitudes and Perception of the Populist Offer and Its Relationship with Political Cynicism and Attitudes Toward Democracy},
+  year    = {2022},
+  volume  = {13},
+  url     = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070609},
+}
+
+@Article{bertsou2022,
+  author   = {Bertsou, Eri and Caramani, Daniele},
+  journal  = {American Journal of Political Science},
+  title    = {People Haven't Had Enough of Experts: Technocratic Attitudes among Citizens in Nine European Democracies},
+  year     = {2022},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {5-23},
+  volume   = {66},
+  abstract = {Abstract Political representation theory postulates that technocracy and populism mount a twofold challenge to party democracy, while also standing at odds with each other in the vision of representation they advocate. Can these relationships be observed empirically at the level of citizen preferences, and what does this mean for alternative forms of representation? The article investigates technocratic attitudes among citizens following three dimensions—expertise, elitism, and anti-politics—and, using latent class analysis, identifies citizen groups that follow a technocratic, populist, and party-democratic profile in nine European democracies. Results show that technocratic attitudes are pervasive and can be meaningfully distinguished from populist attitudes, though important overlaps remain. We investigate differences in demographics and political attitudes among citizen profiles that are relevant to political behavior and conclude by highlighting the role that citizens’ increasing demands for expertise play in driving preferences for alternative types of governance},
+  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12554},
+  eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajps.12554},
+  url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12554},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{waldner2018,
+  author   = {Waldner, David and Lust, Ellen},
+  journal  = {Annual Review of Political Science},
+  title    = {Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding},
+  year     = {2018},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {93--113},
+  volume   = {21},
+  abstract = {Scholars have paid increasing attention to democratic backsliding, yet efforts to explain this phenomenon remain inchoate. This article seeks to place the study of democratic backsliding on sturdier conceptual, operational, and theoretical foundations. Conceptually, the challenge of backsliding is to define changes that take place within a political regime. Methodologically, the challenge involves measurement of intraregime changes, as alternative coding schemes change the population of units that have experienced democratic backsliding. Theoretical challenges are dual: First, despite a rich and diverse literature, we lack readily available theories to explain backsliding, and second, the theoretical debates that do exist—centered on the causes of democratic transitions, democratic breakdowns, authoritarian resilience, and democratic consolidation—remain unresolved. We consider how these theories might be called into service to explain backsliding. By doing so, the article aims to set the terms of the debate to create a common focal point around which research can coalesce.},
+  doi      = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628},
+  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628},
+}
+
+@Book{held2006,
+  author    = {Held, David},
+  publisher = {Polity},
+  title     = {Models of Democracy},
+  year      = {2006},
+  edition   = {3rd},
+}
+
+@Article{brookes2023,
+  author  = {Brookes, Kevin and Bartolomeo Cappellina},
+  journal = {French Politics},
+  title   = {Political Behaviour in France: The Impact of the Rural–Urban Divide},
+  year    = {2023},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {104--24},
+  volume  = {21},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{rossi2018,
+  author    = {Ugo Rossi},
+  journal   = {Urban Geography},
+  title     = {The Populist Eruption and the Urban Question},
+  year      = {2018},
+  number    = {9},
+  pages     = {1425-1430},
+  volume    = {39},
+  doi       = {10.1080/02723638.2018.1448135},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1448135},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1448135},
+}
+
+@Book{rokkan1970,
+  author    = {Stein Rokkan},
+  publisher = {David McKay Co.},
+  title     = {Citizens, Elections, Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development},
+  year      = {1970},
+}
+
+@Book{caramani2004,
+  author    = {Daniele Caramani},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe},
+  year      = {2004},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{zumbrunn2023,
+  author    = {Alina Zumbrunn and Markus Freitag},
+  journal   = {Democratization},
+  title     = {The Geography of Autocracy. Regime Preferences along the Rural-Urban Divide in 32 Countries},
+  year      = {2023},
+  number    = {4},
+  pages     = {616--34},
+  volume    = {30},
+  doi       = {10.1080/13510347.2023.2171995},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2171995},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2171995},
+}
+
+@InCollection{kubler2023,
+  author    = {Daniel Kübler},
+  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Swiss Politics},
+  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+  title     = {Metropolitan Areas},
+  year      = {2023},
+  chapter   = {15},
+  editor    = {Patrick Emmenegger, Flavia Fossati, Sijla Häusermann, Yannis Papadopoulos, Pascal Sciarini, and Adrian Vatter},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{davidov2014,
+  author   = {Davidov, Eldad and Meuleman, Bart and Cieciuch, Jan and Schmidt, Peter and Billiet, Jaak},
+  journal  = {Annual Review of Sociology},
+  title    = {Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research},
+  year     = {2014},
+  number   = {1},
+  pages    = {55-75},
+  volume   = {40},
+  abstract = {Determining whether people in certain countries score differently in measurements of interest or whether concepts relate differently to each other across nations can indisputably assist in testing theories and advancing our sociological knowledge. However, meaningful comparisons of means or relationships between constructs within and across nations require equivalent measurements of these constructs. This is especially true for subjective attributes such as values, attitudes, opinions, or behavior. In this review, we first discuss the concept of cross-group measurement equivalence, look at possible sources of nonequivalence, and suggest ways to prevent it. Next, we examine the social science methodological literature for ways to empirically test for measurement equivalence. Finally, we consider what may be done when equivalence is not supported by the data and conclude with a review of recent developments that offer exciting directions and solutions for future research in cross-national measurement equivalence assessment.},
+  doi      = {10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137},
+  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137},
+  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137},
+}
+
+@Book{coquard2019,
+  author    = {Coquard, Benoit},
+  publisher = {La Découverte},
+  title     = {Ceux Qui Restent: Faire sa Vie Dans les Campagnes en Déclin},
+  year      = {2019},
+}
+
+@Book{guilluy2014,
+  author    = {Christophe Guilluy},
+  publisher = {Flammarion},
+  title     = {La France Périphérique: Comment on a Sacrifié Les Classes Populaires},
+  year      = {2014},
+}
+
+@Article{svolik2019,
+  author  = {Svolik, Milan},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {Polarization Versus Democracy},
+  year    = {2019},
+  number  = {3},
+  pages   = {20--32},
+  volume  = {30},
+}
+
+@Book{przeworski2019,
+  author    = {Przeworski, Adam},
+  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+  title     = {Crises of Democracy},
+  year      = {2019},
+}
+
+@Misc{wike2017,
+  author       = {Richard Wike and Katie Simmons and Bruce Stokes and Janell Fetterolf},
+  howpublished = {Pew Research Center, {\url{https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/10/16/globally-broad-support-for-representative-and-direct-democracy/}}},
+  month        = {16 October},
+  title        = {Globally, Broad Support for Representative and Direct Democracy},
+  year         = {2017},
+  url          = {https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/10/16/globally-broad-support-for-representative-and-direct-democracy/},
+}
+
+@Article{miller1997,
+  author  = {Arthur H. Miller and Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reisinger},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies},
+  year    = {1997},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {157--90},
+  volume  = {27},
+}
+
+@Article{schmitter2010,
+  author  = {Schmitter, Philippe C.},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {Democracy's Past and Future: Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings},
+  year    = {2010},
+  number  = {1},
+  pages   = {17--28},
+  volume  = {21},
+  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0144},
+}
+
+@Article{prothro1960,
+  author  = {James W. Prothro and Charles M. Grigg},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics},
+  title   = {Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement},
+  year    = {1960},
+  number  = {2},
+  pages   = {276--94},
+  volume  = {22},
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@Article{rodon2020,
+  author    = {Toni Rodon},
+  journal   = {West European Politics},
+  title     = {The Spanish Electoral Cycle of 2019: A Tale of Two Countries},
+  year      = {2020},
+  number    = {7},
+  pages     = {1490-1512},
+  volume    = {43},
+  doi       = {10.1080/01402382.2020.1761689},
+  eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1761689},
+  publisher = {Routledge},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1761689},
+}
+
+@Article{wuttke2020,
+  author  = {Alexander Wuttke and Konstantin Gavras and Harald Schoen},
+  journal = {Research \& Politics},
+  title   = {Leader of the Free World or Pioneer in Democracy’s Decline? Examining the Democratic Deconsolidation Hypothesis on the Mass Level in East and West Germany},
+  year    = {2020},
+  number  = {1},
+  volume  = {7},
+}
+
+@Article{dalton1994,
+  author  = {Dalton, Russell J.},
+  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
+  title   = {Communists and Democrats: Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanies},
+  year    = {1994},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {469--93},
+  volume  = {24},
+}
+
+@Article{vanderbrug2021,
+  author  = {Wouter van der Brug and Sebastian Popa and Sara B. Hobolt and Hermann Schmitt},
+  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
+  title   = {Democratic Support, Populism, and the Incumbency Effect},
+  year    = {2021},
+  number  = {4},
+  pages   = {131--45},
+  volume  = {32},
+}
+
+@Article{zaslove2023,
+  author  = {Zaslove, Andrej and Meijers, Maurits},
+  journal = {Political Studies},
+  title   = {Populist Democrats? Unpacking the Relationship Between Populist and Democratic Attitudes at the Citizen Level},
+  year    = {2023},
+  volume  = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217231173800}},
+  url     = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217231173800}},
+}
+
+@InCollection{kaase1971,
+  author    = {Max Kaase},
+  booktitle = {Sozialwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch für Politik, vol. 2},
+  publisher = {Günter Olzog},
+  title     = {Demokratische Einstellung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland},
+  year      = {1971},
+  editor    = {Rudolf Wildenmann},
+}
+
+@Misc{little2023,
+  author       = {Andrew Little and Anne Meng},
+  howpublished = {Social Science Research Network, \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4327307}},
+  title        = {Measuring Democratic Backsliding},
+  year         = {2023},
+}
+
+@Misc{knutsen2023,
+  author       = {Carl Henrik Knutsen and Kyle L. Marquardt and Brigitte Seim and Michael Coppedge and Amanda Edgell and Juraj Medzihorsky and Daniel Pemstein and Jan Teorell, and John Gerring and Staffan I. Lindberg},
+  howpublished = {Varieties of Democracy Working Paper},
+  title        = {Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding},
+  year         = {2023},
+}
+
+@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}
diff --git a/knitr/dynamic-opinion/Support for democracy edit 1122.csv b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/Support for democracy edit 1122.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b289e339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/Support for democracy edit 1122.csv	
@@ -0,0 +1,4537 @@
+Country,ISO3c,Year,Project,Item,ItemCnt,Sample,Response,RespN
+Afghanistan,AFG,2005,asb,Army_asb,Army_asb_Afghanistan,874,0.330663616,289
+Afghanistan,AFG,2005,asb,EvDemoc_asb,EvDemoc_asb_Afghanistan,874,0.78604119,687
+Afghanistan,AFG,2005,asb,Strong_asb,Strong_asb_Afghanistan,874,0.284897025,249
+Albania,ALB,1998,wvs,Church_wvs,Church_wvs_Albania,999,0.887,886
+Albania,ALB,1998,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Albania,999,0.943,942
+Albania,ALB,2002,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Albania,1000,0.803,803
+Albania,ALB,2002,wvs,Church_wvs,Church_wvs_Albania,1000,0.889,889
+Albania,ALB,2002,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Albania,1000,0.917,917
+Albania,ALB,2002,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Albania,1000,0.748,748
+Albania,ALB,2005,cses,Church_cses,Church_cses_Albania,1116,0.919,1026
+Albania,ALB,2008,evs,Army_evs,Army_evs_Albania,1534,0.669230769,1027
+Albania,ALB,2008,evs,Church_evs,Church_evs_Albania,1534,0.841590613,1291
+Albania,ALB,2008,evs,EvDemoc_evs,EvDemoc_evs_Albania,1534,0.798174707,1224
+Albania,ALB,2008,evs,Strong_evs,Strong_evs_Albania,1534,0.523794003,804
+Albania,ALB,2012,ess,ImpDemoc_ess,ImpDemoc_ess_Albania,1183,0.88,1041
+Albania,ALB,2018,evs,Army_evs,Army_evs_Albania,1435,0.812481048,1166
+Albania,ALB,2018,evs,Church_evs,Church_evs_Albania,1435,0.980275285,1407
+Albania,ALB,2018,evs,EvDemoc_evs,EvDemoc_evs_Albania,1435,0.980275285,1407
+Albania,ALB,2018,evs,ImpDemoc_evs,ImpDemoc_evs_Albania,1435,0.976954265,1402
+Albania,ALB,2018,evs,Strong_evs,Strong_evs_Albania,1435,0.761264175,1092
+Algeria,DZA,2002,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Algeria,1282,0.712287712,913
+Algeria,DZA,2002,wvs,Church_wvs,Church_wvs_Algeria,1282,0.744255744,954
+Algeria,DZA,2002,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Algeria,1282,0.824824825,1057
+Algeria,DZA,2002,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Algeria,1282,0.53953954,692
+Algeria,DZA,2006,arb,Church_arb,Church_arb_Algeria,1300,0.69,897
+Algeria,DZA,2006,arb,DemocSuit_arb,DemocSuit_arb_Algeria,1300,0.376923077,490
+Algeria,DZA,2006,arb,EvDemoc_arb,EvDemoc_arb_Algeria,1300,0.691538462,899
+Algeria,DZA,2006,arb,Strong_arb_2,Strong_arb_2_Algeria,1300,0.747692308,972
+Algeria,DZA,2011,arb,Church_arb,Church_arb_Algeria,1216,0.661184211,804
+Algeria,DZA,2011,arb,DemocSuit_arb,DemocSuit_arb_Algeria,1216,0.453125,551
+Algeria,DZA,2011,arb,EvDemoc_arb,EvDemoc_arb_Algeria,1216,0.772203947,939
+Algeria,DZA,2011,arb,Strong_arb_1,Strong_arb_1_Algeria,1216,0.633223684,770
+Algeria,DZA,2013,afb,Army_afrob,Army_afrob_Algeria,1204,0.496,597
+Algeria,DZA,2013,afb,Party_afrob,Party_afrob_Algeria,1204,0.711288711,856
+Algeria,DZA,2013,afb,Strong_afrob,Strong_afrob_Algeria,1204,0.545454545,657
+Algeria,DZA,2013,afb,ThreeState_afrob,ThreeState_afrob_Algeria,1204,0.514,619
+Algeria,DZA,2013,arb,Church_arb,Church_arb_Algeria,1220,0.694262295,847
+Algeria,DZA,2013,arb,DemocSuit_arb,DemocSuit_arb_Algeria,1220,0.689344262,841
+Algeria,DZA,2013,arb,EvDemoc_arb,EvDemoc_arb_Algeria,1220,0.936065574,1142
+Algeria,DZA,2013,arb,Strong_arb_1,Strong_arb_1_Algeria,1220,0.767213115,936
+Algeria,DZA,2014,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Algeria,1200,0.561,673
+Algeria,DZA,2014,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Algeria,1200,0.789,947
+Algeria,DZA,2014,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_Algeria,1200,0.785785786,943
+Algeria,DZA,2014,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Algeria,1200,0.613,736
+Algeria,DZA,2015,afb,Army_afrob,Army_afrob_Algeria,1200,0.536666667,644
+Algeria,DZA,2015,afb,Party_afrob,Party_afrob_Algeria,1200,0.640833333,769
+Algeria,DZA,2015,afb,Strong_afrob,Strong_afrob_Algeria,1200,0.565,678
+Algeria,DZA,2015,afb,ThreeState_afrob,ThreeState_afrob_Algeria,1200,0.456666667,548
+Algeria,DZA,2016,arb,Church_arb,Church_arb_Algeria,1200,0.735335,882
+Algeria,DZA,2016,arb,DemocSuit_arb,DemocSuit_arb_Algeria,1200,0.4285121,514
+Algeria,DZA,2016,arb,ThreeState_arb,ThreeState_arb_Algeria,1200,0.3669643,440
+Algeria,DZA,2019,arb,Church_arb,Church_arb_Algeria,2332,0.692047476,1614
+Algeria,DZA,2019,arb,DemocSuit_arb,DemocSuit_arb_Algeria,2332,0.536383254,1251
+Algeria,DZA,2019,arb,ThreeState_arb,ThreeState_arb_Algeria,2332,0.414004398,965
+Andorra,AND,2005,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Andorra,1003,0.958083832,961
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+Andorra,AND,2005,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_Andorra,1003,0.938,941
+Andorra,AND,2005,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Andorra,1003,0.875124875,878
+Andorra,AND,2018,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Andorra,1004,0.921314741,925
+Andorra,AND,2018,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Andorra,1004,0.960159363,964
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+Andorra,AND,2018,wvs,Relig_wvs,Relig_wvs_Andorra,1004,0.943227092,947
+Andorra,AND,2018,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Andorra,1004,0.767928287,771
+Antigua,ATG,2016,lapop,Church_lapop,Church_lapop_Antigua,1002,0.595808383,597
+Argentina,ARG,1995,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1200,0.755,906
+Argentina,ARG,1995,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Argentina,1200,0.806,967
+Argentina,ARG,1995,wvs,Church_wvs,Church_wvs_Argentina,1200,0.875,1050
+Argentina,ARG,1995,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Argentina,1200,0.899,1079
+Argentina,ARG,1995,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Argentina,1200,0.643356643,772
+Argentina,ARG,1996,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1199,0.711288711,853
+Argentina,ARG,1997,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1196,0.747,893
+Argentina,ARG,1998,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1200,0.728,874
+Argentina,ARG,1999,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_Argentina,1280,0.732732733,938
+Argentina,ARG,1999,wvs,Church_wvs,Church_wvs_Argentina,1280,0.852,1091
+Argentina,ARG,1999,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Argentina,1280,0.848,1085
+Argentina,ARG,1999,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Argentina,1280,0.505,646
+Argentina,ARG,2000,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1200,0.699,839
+Argentina,ARG,2001,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,1200,0.577,692
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+Argentina,ARG,2002,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Argentina,814,0.648648649,528
+Argentina,ARG,2002,pew,ImpDemoc_pew,ImpDemoc_pew_Argentina,814,0.78,635
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+China,CHN,2007,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_China,3142,0.611,1920
+China,CHN,2007,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_China,3142,0.781,2454
+China,CHN,2007,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_China,3142,0.419419419,1318
+China,CHN,2008,asnb,Army_asnb,Army_asnb_China,5098,0.571596705,2914
+China,CHN,2008,asnb,DemocExtent_asnb,DemocExtent_asnb_China,5098,0.647704982,3302
+China,CHN,2008,asnb,DemocSuit_asnb,DemocSuit_asnb_China,5098,0.6934,3535
+China,CHN,2008,asnb,Strong_asnb,Strong_asnb_China,5098,0.614162417,3131
+China,CHN,2008,asnb,ThreeState_asnb,ThreeState_asnb_China,5098,0.53589643,2732
+China,CHN,2011,asnb,Army_asnb,Army_asnb_China,3473,0.6691011,2324
+China,CHN,2011,asnb,Church_asnb,Church_asnb_China,3473,0.7492605,2602
+China,CHN,2011,asnb,DemocSuit_asnb,DemocSuit_asnb_China,3473,0.6418243,2229
+China,CHN,2011,asnb,Strong_asnb,Strong_asnb_China,3473,0.6013736,2089
+China,CHN,2011,asnb,ThreeState_asnb,ThreeState_asnb_China,3473,0.5209277,1809
+China,CHN,2012,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_China,2300,0.622622623,1432
+China,CHN,2012,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_China,2300,0.705,1622
+China,CHN,2012,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_China,2300,0.852,1960
+China,CHN,2012,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_China,2300,0.429429429,988
+China,CHN,2018,wvs,Army_wvs,Army_wvs_China,3036,0.571661885,1736
+China,CHN,2018,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_China,3036,0.903094174,2742
+China,CHN,2018,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_China,3036,0.927342868,2815
+China,CHN,2018,wvs,Relig_wvs,Relig_wvs_China,3036,0.93114049,2827
+China,CHN,2018,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_China,3036,0.572341315,1738
+Colombia,COL,1996,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Colombia,1202,0.599400599,720
+Colombia,COL,1997,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Colombia,1200,0.687687688,825
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+Colombia,COL,1997,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Colombia,1200,0.44,528
+Colombia,COL,1998,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Colombia,1200,0.548,658
+Colombia,COL,2000,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Colombia,1200,0.5,600
+Colombia,COL,2001,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Colombia,1999,0.36,720
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+Colombia,COL,2004,lapop,Strong_lapop,Strong_lapop_Colombia,1200,0.83096687,997
+Colombia,COL,2004,lapop,ThreeState_lapop,ThreeState_lapop_Colombia,1200,0.640297498,768
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+Colombia,COL,2005,lapop,Strong_lapop,Strong_lapop_Colombia,1200,0.798924008,959
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+Costa Rica,CRI,1996,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Costa Rica,1001,0.803,804
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+Croatia,HRV,1998,ndb,Strong_ndb,Strong_ndb_Croatia,1000,0.899,899
+Croatia,HRV,1999,evs,Army_evs,Army_evs_Croatia,1003,0.898205384,901
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+Czech Republic,CZE,1990,cdcee,Elec_cdcee,Elec_cdcee_Czech Republic,679,0.736377,500
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+Panama,PAN,1996,lb,ThreeState_lb,ThreeState_lb_Panama,1005,0.748,752
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+Zimbabwe,ZWE,2020,wvs,EvDemoc_wvs,EvDemoc_wvs_Zimbabwe,1215,0.903703704,1098
+Zimbabwe,ZWE,2020,wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs,ImpDemoc_wvs_Zimbabwe,1215,0.917695473,1115
+Zimbabwe,ZWE,2020,wvs,Relig_wvs,Relig_wvs_Zimbabwe,1215,0.550617284,669
+Zimbabwe,ZWE,2020,wvs,Strong_wvs,Strong_wvs_Zimbabwe,1215,0.595061728,723
diff --git a/knitr/dynamic-opinion/dynamic_crossnat_latent_opinion_model.stan b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/dynamic_crossnat_latent_opinion_model.stan
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db16d285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/dynamic_crossnat_latent_opinion_model.stan
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// bayesian latent model for estimating dynamic cross-national opinion
+
+data{
+  int<lower=1> N; // number of national survey opinions
+  int<lower=1> J; // number of countries
+  int<lower=1> K; // number of items
+  int<lower=1> P; // number of items-country combinations  
+  int<lower=1> R; // number of national opinion estimates
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=J> jj; // country j for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=K> kk; // item k for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=P> pp; // item-country p for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=R> rr; // estimate r for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1> x; // vector of survey responses, count
+  array[N] int<lower=1> samp; // vector of sample sizes
+  array[K] int<lower=1> it_len; // number of countries for each item
+  array[J] int<lower=1> est_pos; // indicator showing cntry start for estimate vector	
+  array[J] int<lower=1> len_theta_ts; // indicator showing length of each country's estimates
+  real mn_resp_log; // observed response mean proportion on logit scale
+}
+
+parameters{
+  real<lower=0> sigma_theta; // opinion evolution error SD
+  real<lower=0> sigma_delta; // item-country intercept error SD
+  row_vector[J] theta_init; // initial latent traits for year 0
+  real<lower=0> phi; // dispersion parameter
+  corr_matrix[2] Omega; // correlation matrix for item pars
+  vector<lower=0>[2] tau; // cor -> cov conversion
+  real mu_lambda; // item intercept expectation
+  vector[P] delta_ncp; // redundant parameters for item-country effects
+  vector[R] theta_ncp; // redundant parameters for latent opinion
+  matrix[K,2] Gamma_ncp; // non-centered parameters for item parameters
+}
+
+transformed parameters{
+  // dynamic model with non-centered parameters
+  vector[R] theta; // R-vector of theta values	
+  for (j in 1:J) {                  
+    theta[est_pos[j]] = theta_init[j] 
+	+ sigma_theta * theta_ncp[est_pos[j]];
+	for (i in 1:(len_theta_ts[j]-1)) {
+	  theta[(est_pos[j]+i)] = theta[(est_pos[j]+i-1)] 
+	  + sigma_theta * theta_ncp[(est_pos[j]+i)];
+	}
+  }
+  // variance-covariance matrix for item ints and slopes
+  matrix[2,2] Sigma = quad_form_diag(Omega, tau);  
+  // non-centered item-country parameters
+  vector[P] delta = sigma_delta * delta_ncp; 
+  // item parameter models with non-centered parameters
+  real mu_gamm = 1; // item slope expectation
+  matrix[K,2] Gamma; // matrix of item intercepts and slopes 
+  for (k in 1:K) 
+    Gamma[k] = [ mu_lambda , mu_gamm ] + Gamma_ncp[k] * Sigma;
+  vector[K] lambda = Gamma[,1]; // K estimated item intercepts
+  vector[K] gamm = Gamma[,2]; // K estimated item slopes
+  // fitted values model
+  vector<lower=0,upper=1>[N]eta = inv_logit(lambda[kk] + gamm[kk] .* theta[rr] + delta[pp]);  
+  // reparamaterise beta distr parameters
+  vector<lower=0>[N] beta_par1 = phi * eta; 
+  vector<lower=0>[N] beta_par2 = phi * (1 - eta); 
+}
+
+model{
+  // response model
+  x ~ beta_binomial(samp, beta_par1, beta_par2); 
+  // priors
+  phi ~ gamma(3, 0.04); 				
+  sigma_theta ~ normal(0, 1); 
+  sigma_delta ~ normal(0, 1); 
+  tau ~ normal(0, 1);
+  Omega ~ lkj_corr(2);
+  mu_lambda ~ normal(mn_resp_log, 0.5);
+  theta_init ~ normal(0, 1);
+  theta_ncp ~ normal(0, 1);
+  to_vector(Gamma_ncp) ~ normal(0, 1);
+  // standard normal prior for item-country effects, centered within items
+  int pos; // local variable indicating which item to evaluate	
+  pos = 1;
+  for (k in 1:K) { 
+    segment(delta_ncp, pos, it_len[k]) ~ normal(0, 1);
+    pos = pos + it_len[k];
+  }
+}
+
+generated quantities {
+  vector[N] x_pred; // fitted data to check model
+  vector[N] log_lik; // log lik for WAIC calc
+  for (i in 1:N) {
+    x_pred[i] = beta_binomial_rng(samp[i], beta_par1[i], beta_par2[i]);
+    log_lik[i] = beta_binomial_lpmf(x[i] | samp[i], beta_par1[i], beta_par2[i]); 
+  }
+}
diff --git a/knitr/dynamic-opinion/estimating dynamic latent opinion.Rmd b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/estimating dynamic latent opinion.Rmd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52631502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/knitr/dynamic-opinion/estimating dynamic latent opinion.Rmd	
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+---
+title: "Estimating dynamic cross-national opinion using existing survey data"
+author: "Christopher Claassen "
+date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
+output: 
+  html_document: 
+    toc: true
+    toc_float: true
+    toc-title: Contents
+    highlight: "haddock"
+    theme: "flatly"
+bibliography: ClaassenBib.bib  
+---
+
+```{r setup, include=FALSE}
+knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
+
+# libraries
+library(arm)
+library(dplyr)
+library(tidyr)
+library(ggplot2)
+library(bayesplot)
+library(cmdstanr)
+
+# options
+options("cmdstanr_verbose" = FALSE)
+stanc_options = list("O1")
+options(mc.cores = parallel::detectCores())
+set.seed(929)
+```
+
+
+
+Public opinion data are typically analyzed when researchers are interested in the opinions of individuals and subgroups. But sometimes we are more interested in the average opinion in a society at a point in time. In such studies of *macro-opinion*, our attention turns to trends across time, or patterns across societies. Yet this is where problems arise. Existing cross-national surveys field questions intermittently. The wording of questions varies across projects and sometimes across time as well. All of this makes it hard to produce a single measure of opinion on a given topic that includes all relevant public opinion data and which can be used to make comparisons across time and space. 
+
+This case study describes a method for doing so, based on [@claassen2019pa; @claassen2020ajps; @claassen2020apsr]. I begin by describing the model and its coding in Stan. I then outline the data I use -- public support for a democratic system of government -- and explain how to set the model up in R. After fitting the model using `cmdstanr`, I explore some model checks before extracting and examining key quantities of interest.
+
+
+# Model
+
+
+The observed number of respondents $x$ offering an affirmative opinion (e.g. in support of democracy) for each country $i$, year $t$, and survey item $k$, is modeled as a binomial distributed count:
+\begin{equation}
+  x_{ikt} \sim \text{Binomial}(s_{ikt},~ \pi_{ikt}).
+\end{equation}
+
+Following @mcgann2014, I use a beta prior on the probability parameter. This allows for some additional dispersion in the observed survey responses, i.e., it captures sources of error over and above simple sampling error:
+
+\begin{equation}
+  \pi_{ikt} \sim \text{Beta}(\alpha_{ikt},~ \beta_{ikt})
+ \end{equation}
+
+The two shape parameters of the beta distribution can be reparameterized as a vector of expectation parameters $\eta$ and a dispersion parameter $\phi$:
+
+\begin{align}
+  \alpha_{ikt} &= \phi\eta_{ikt}\\
+  \beta_{ikt} &= \phi(1-\eta_{ikt})
+ \end{align}
+
+The expectation parameters are then modeled as a function of the latent country-year estimates $\theta$ as well as some additional parameters: 
+
+\begin{equation}
+  \eta_{ikt} = \text{logit}^{-1}(\lambda_{k} + \delta_{ik} + \gamma_k\theta_{it} )
+\end{equation}
+
+Two item parameters, $\lambda$ and $\gamma$, are included. The former allows for item-specific bias that may inflate or deflate the probability of agreement regardless of true latent opinion $\theta$. This is comparable to an item difficulty parameter in item-response theoretic (IRT) models. $\gamma$ is an item slope that allows items to have different magnitude effects on latent opinion, analogous to the item discrimination parameters used in IRT models. 
+
+I furthermore include an additional parameter $\delta$ that allows item bias to vary by country. For example, questions about military regimes will have different connotations (and bias) where military regimes have previously ruled.  
+
+All item parameters are modeled hierarchically, which will be helpful if observed survey data are sparse when grouped by country, by item, and by item-country combinations.
+
+\begin{equation}
+  \delta_{ik} \sim \text{N}(0,~ \sigma^2_{\delta})
+\end{equation}
+
+The $\lambda$ and $\gamma$ parameters are modeled jointly using a hierarchical bivariate normal prior:
+
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{pmatrix}
+  \lambda_k \\
+  \gamma_k \\
+\end{pmatrix}  
+\sim \text{N} 
+\begin{bmatrix}
+  \begin{pmatrix}
+    \mu_{\lambda} \\ 
+    \mu_{\gamma} \\
+  \end{pmatrix}  
+  ,
+  \begin{pmatrix}
+  \sigma^2_\lambda                  	& \rho \sigma_\lambda \sigma_\gamma \\
+  \rho \sigma_\lambda \sigma_\gamma   	& \sigma^2_\gamma \\
+  \end{pmatrix}  
+\end{bmatrix}  
+\end{equation}
+
+Finally, latent opinion is allowed to evolve over time using a simple dynamic linear model where the current level of latent opinion is a function of the previous year's level plus some random noise (e.g., @caughey2015):
+
+\begin{equation}
+  \theta_{it} \sim \text{N}(\theta_{i, t-1},~ \sigma^2_\theta)
+\end{equation}
+
+
+# Stan code
+
+The `data` block includes data, dimensions (of various grouping factors), and several index vectors. In terms of data, we have the vectors `x`, and `samp`, which are the number of respondents who, respectively, offered and were asked an opinion for each country, year and item combination. N is the number of national opinions we have in our data -- there may be more than one per country-year if a survey has included multiple items or if multiple surveys were run in a country and year. R, in contrast, is the number of country-by-year estimates of latent opinion. The model only estimates the latent opinion for country $j$ starting with the year in which the first survey was fielded in country $j$. As such, R $<$ J $\times$ T.
+
+```{stan, output.var = "dynamic_crossnat_latent_opinion_model.stan"}
+data{
+  int<lower=1> N; // number of national survey opinions
+  int<lower=1> J; // number of countries
+  int<lower=1> K; // number of items
+  int<lower=1> P; // number of items-country combinations  
+  int<lower=1> R; // number of national opinion estimates
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=J> jj; // country j for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=K> kk; // item k for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=P> pp; // item-country p for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1,upper=R> rr; // estimate r for opinion n
+  array[N] int<lower=1> x; // vector of survey responses, count
+  array[N] int<lower=1> samp; // vector of sample sizes
+  array[K] int<lower=1> it_len; // number of countries for each item
+  array[J] int<lower=1> est_pos; // indicator showing cntry start for estimate vector	
+  array[J] int<lower=1> len_theta_ts; // indicator for length of each cntry ts
+  real mn_resp_log; // observed response mean proportion on logit scale
+}
+
+parameters{
+  real<lower=0> sigma_theta; // opinion evolution error SD
+  real<lower=0> sigma_delta; // item-country intercept error SD
+  row_vector[J] theta_init; // initial latent traits for year 0
+  real<lower=0> phi; // dispersion parameter
+  corr_matrix[2] Omega; // correlation matrix for item pars
+  vector<lower=0>[2] tau; // cor -> cov conversion
+  real mu_lambda; // item intercept expectation
+  vector[P] delta_ncp; // redundant parameters for item-country effects
+  vector[R] theta_ncp; // redundant parameters for latent opinion
+  matrix[K,2] Gamma_ncp; // non-centered parameters for item parameters
+}
+
+transformed parameters{
+  // dynamic model with non-centered parameters
+  vector[R] theta; // R-vector of theta values	
+  for (j in 1:J) {                  
+    theta[est_pos[j]] = theta_init[j] 
+	+ sigma_theta * theta_ncp[est_pos[j]];
+	for (i in 1:(len_theta_ts[j]-1)) {
+	  theta[(est_pos[j]+i)] = theta[(est_pos[j]+i-1)] 
+	  + sigma_theta * theta_ncp[(est_pos[j]+i)];
+	}
+  }
+  // variance-covariance matrix for item ints and slopes
+  matrix[2,2] Sigma = quad_form_diag(Omega, tau);  
+  // non-centered item-country parameters
+  vector[P] delta = sigma_delta * delta_ncp; 
+  // item parameter models with non-centered parameters
+  real mu_gamm = 1; // item slope expectation
+  matrix[K,2] Gamma; // matrix of item intercepts and slopes 
+  for (k in 1:K) 
+    Gamma[k] = [ mu_lambda , mu_gamm ] + Gamma_ncp[k] * Sigma;
+  vector[K] lambda = Gamma[,1]; // K estimated item intercepts
+  vector[K] gamm = Gamma[,2]; // K estimated item slopes
+  // fitted values model
+  vector<lower=0,upper=1>[N]eta = inv_logit(lambda[kk]+ delta[pp] 
+    + gamm[kk] .* theta[rr]);  
+  // reparamaterise beta distr parameters
+  vector<lower=0>[N] beta_par1 = phi * eta; 
+  vector<lower=0>[N] beta_par2 = phi * (1 - eta); 
+}
+
+model{
+  // response model
+  x ~ beta_binomial(samp, beta_par1, beta_par2); 
+  // priors
+  phi ~ gamma(3, 0.04); 				
+  sigma_theta ~ normal(0, 1); 
+  sigma_delta ~ normal(0, 1); 
+  tau ~ normal(0, 1);
+  Omega ~ lkj_corr(2);
+  mu_lambda ~ normal(mn_resp_log, 0.5);
+  theta_init ~ normal(0, 1);
+  theta_ncp ~ normal(0, 1);
+  to_vector(Gamma_ncp) ~ normal(0, 1);
+  // standard normal prior for item-country effects, centered within items
+  int pos; // local variable indicating which item to evaluate	
+  pos = 1;
+  for (k in 1:K) { 
+    segment(delta_ncp, pos, it_len[k]) ~ normal(0, 1);
+    pos = pos + it_len[k];
+  }
+}
+
+generated quantities {
+  vector[N] x_pred; // fitted data to check model
+  vector[N] log_lik; // log lik for WAIC calc
+  for (i in 1:N) {
+    x_pred[i] = beta_binomial_rng(samp[i], beta_par1[i], beta_par2[i]);
+    log_lik[i] = beta_binomial_lpmf(x[i] | samp[i], beta_par1[i], beta_par2[i]); 
+  }
+}
+```
+
+To faciliate the estimation of a non-rectagular panel of latent opinion, latent estimates are stored as a vector `theta`, which allows the use of vectorized code and speeds up estimation. This is where the various index vectors, e.g., `jj`, `kk`, etc., come into play. The non-centralized parameterization proved necessary for convergence of `theta` and its error standard deviation `sigma_theta`, hence the `theta` model being specified in the `tranformed parameters` block. The item and item-country parameters `lambda`, `gamma`, and `delta` are similarly estimated using non-centralized parametetrizaions and coded within the `tranformed parameters` block.
+
+Latent opinion is linked to observed survey data using the $\eta$ estimates. Since $\eta$ are the probability parameter for the beta-binomial response model, these parameters are inverse-logit transformed to be constrained to the [0,1] interval. 
+
+The response model linking $\eta$ to the observed data $x$ is specfied in the `model` block, using the `beta_binomial` distribution. $\eta$ is reparameterized as the two beta-binomial shape parameters (coded as `beta_par1` and `beta_par2` in the model). 
+
+To aid with model identification, the expectation of the item intercepts $\lambda$ is centered on the logit-transformed mean percentage agreement observed in $x$ while the expectation of the item slopes $\gamma$ is fixed at 1.
+
+Variance parameters are given weakly-informative half-normal priors, e.g., $\sigma_\theta \sim \text{N}^{+}(0,~ 1)$ and the beta-binomial dispersion parameter $\phi$ is given a $\Gamma(3,~ 0.04)$ prior. The variance-covariance matrix of item intercepts and slopes is decomposed into the product of the variances for each vector of parameters and a $2\times2$ correlation matrix $\Omega$, which is given an LKJ prior as described in the stan documentation. Finally, the initial values of latent opinion for each country receive a $\text{N}(0,~ 1)$ prior.
+
+To aid in model checking, log-likelihood and predicted response count vectors are included in the `generated quantities` block but these are not examined here.
+
+
+# Data and Set up
+
+Support for democracy is the extent to which a national public approves of a democratic system and rejects any autocratic alternatives. It is measured using survey questions that ask respondents to evaluate the appropriateness or desirability of democracy; compare democracy to some undemocratic alternative; or evaluate one of these undemocratic forms of government. Data were collected from cross-national survey projects that ran surveys between 1988 and 2020. The dataset includes 4,536 nationally aggregated survey responses gathered by 16 survey projects in 162 countries and territories and is available [here](http://chrisclaassen.com/docs/Support%20for%20democracy%20raw%201122.csv).
+
+I load the opinion dataset and drop countries for which we have survey data from only one point in time. Data for 144 countries and up to 32 years (1988 to 2020) remain.
+
+```{r}
+# load data
+supdem = read.csv("Support for democracy edit 1122.csv")
+
+# drop countries with less than 2 years of data
+cnt_obs_yrs = rowSums(table(supdem$Country, supdem$Year) > 0)
+supdem = supdem[supdem$Country %in% levels(factor(supdem$Country))[cnt_obs_yrs > 1], ]
+
+# check
+head(supdem)
+length(unique(supdem$Country))
+
+```
+
+Next, I extract the dimensions of the grouping factors -- country, item, year, etc. -- and create index vectors. Both of these will be needed for our vectorized Stan code.
+
+```{r}
+# factorise
+supdem$Country = as.factor(as.character(supdem$Country))
+supdem$ISO3c = as.factor(as.character(supdem$ISO3c))
+supdem$Item = as.factor(as.character(supdem$Item))
+supdem$ItemCnt = as.factor(as.character(supdem$ItemCnt))
+supdem$Project = as.factor(as.character(supdem$Project))
+
+# identify first year to estimate for each country
+year0 = 1987 # set year 0 
+supdem$Year = supdem$Year - year0
+cnt_start_yr = by(supdem$Year, supdem$Country, min, simplify = TRUE)
+
+# extract dimensions
+n_items = length(levels(supdem$Item))
+n_cntrys = length(levels(supdem$Country))
+n_yrs = 2020 - year0 # estimates up to 2020
+n_resp = dim(supdem)[1]
+n_itm_cnt = length(levels(supdem$ItemCnt))
+
+# extract country, year, item index vectors
+cntrys = as.numeric(factor(supdem$Country))
+cnt_names = levels(supdem$Country)
+cnt_iso = levels(supdem$ISO3c)
+items = as.numeric(factor(supdem$Item))
+yrs = supdem$Year
+itm_cnts = as.numeric(factor(supdem$ItemCnt))
+mean_resp.log = logit(mean(supdem$Response))
+
+# create item-country length indicator for items
+item_ind_kp = rep(0, length(levels(supdem$ItemCnt)))
+for(i in 1:length(levels(supdem$Item))) {
+  item_ind_kp[grepl(levels(supdem$Item)[i], levels(supdem$ItemCnt))] = i
+}
+item_ind_len = sapply(
+  lapply(levels(supdem$Item), function(x) grep(x, levels(supdem$ItemCnt))), 
+  length)
+
+# length of each estimated mood series
+len_theta_ts = rep(0, n_cntrys)
+for(i in 1:n_cntrys){
+  len_theta_ts[i] = length(cnt_start_yr[i]:n_yrs)
+}
+theta_n = sum(len_theta_ts)  
+
+# create R-length vector indicating which country each estimate corresponds to
+cntrys_r = rep(0, theta_n)
+pos = 1
+for(i in 1:n_cntrys) {
+  cntrys_r[pos:(len_theta_ts[i] + pos - 1)] = (rep(i, len_theta_ts[i]))
+  pos = pos + len_theta_ts[i]
+}
+
+# create R-length vector indicating which year each estimate corresponds to
+year_r = rep(0, theta_n)
+pos = 1
+for(i in 1:n_cntrys) {
+  year_r[pos:(len_theta_ts[i] + pos-1)] = cnt_start_yr[i]:n_yrs
+  pos = pos + len_theta_ts[i]
+}
+
+# create R-length vector indicating which opinion observation each estimate corresponds to
+n_map = data.frame(Obs = 1:n_resp, Cntry = cntrys, Yr = yrs)
+r_map = data.frame(Est = 1:theta_n, Cntry = cntrys_r, Yr = year_r)
+n_r_merg = merge(n_map, r_map, by = c("Cntry", "Yr"), all.x = TRUE)
+n_r_merg = n_r_merg[order(n_r_merg$Obs), ]
+
+# create vector indicating the start positions for each country estimate series
+est_pos = rep(1, n_cntrys)
+est_pos[1] = 1
+for(i in 2:n_cntrys) {
+  est_pos[i] = est_pos[i-1] + len_theta_ts[i-1]
+}
+```
+
+
+# Model fitting and checking
+
+
+The model is compiled and fit in R using cmdstanr. It proves helpful to set the `adapt_delta` parameter to 0.90, somewhat higher than the default of 0.80. 
+
+```{r, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, results=FALSE}
+# specify data for stan
+dat_1 = list(N = n_resp, K = n_items, J = n_cntrys, P = n_itm_cnt, R = theta_n,
+             jj = cntrys, pp = itm_cnts, kk = items, rr = n_r_merg$Est,
+             it_len = item_ind_len, est_pos = est_pos, len_theta_ts = len_theta_ts,
+             x = supdem$RespN, samp = supdem$Sample, mn_resp_log = mean_resp.log)
+
+# parameters to save
+pars_1 = c("Sigma", "Omega", "sigma_delta", "sigma_theta", "phi", "mu_lambda", "lambda",
+           "gamm", "delta", "theta", "x_pred", "log_lik")
+
+# compile model
+stan_mod = cmdstan_model('dynamic_crossnat_latent_opinion_model.stan', quiet = TRUE)
+
+# Stan fit
+stan_fit = stan_mod$sample(
+  data = dat_1, chains = 4, init = 1, parallel_chains = 4,
+  iter_warmup = 1000, iter_sampling = 1000, refresh = 0,
+  adapt_delta = 0.90, max_treedepth = 12, save_warmup = FALSE
+)
+```
+
+Once complete, convergence is verified using `cmdstanr`'s `diagnostic_summary()` function as well as an examination of parameters with the largest Rhats. There are no divergences, the estimated Bayesian Fraction of Missing Information is greater than 0.2, and Rhats are no greater than 1.01.
+
+```{r, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.height=5, out.width="100%"}
+# Examine model fit
+res = stan_fit
+res$diagnostic_summary()
+sum = res$summary(pars_1)
+print(sum[order(sum$rhat, decreasing = TRUE), ], n = 10)
+
+# traceplot
+tp_pars = c("Sigma[1,1]", "Sigma[2,2]", "Omega[1,2]", "sigma_theta", "sigma_delta",
+            "mu_lambda", "phi", "lambda[31]", "gamm[31]", "delta[23]", "theta[423]",
+            "theta[2092]")
+tp = bayesplot::mcmc_trace(res$draws(tp_pars), np = nuts_params(res))
+tp
+```
+
+A traceplot confirms that parameters have converged. 
+
+
+# Extracting and examining latent opinion estimates
+
+Now that the model has converged, we can extract and examine the estimates of most interest: country-year latent opinion, $\theta$. 
+
+```{r, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.height=12, out.width="100%"}
+# extract theta
+theta_out = apply(res$draws("theta"), 3, as.vector)
+
+# standardize
+theta_mean = mean(as.vector(theta_out))
+theta_sd = sd(as.vector(theta_out))
+theta_std = (theta_out - theta_mean) / theta_sd
+
+# extract PEs and SEs
+theta_t = apply(theta_std, 1, function(x) t(x) )
+theta_pe = apply(theta_t, 1, mean)
+theta_u95 = apply(theta_t, 1, quantile, probs = c(0.975))
+theta_l95 = apply(theta_t, 1, quantile, probs = c(0.025))
+theta_pe_sd = apply(theta_t, 1, sd)
+
+# collate into dataset
+theta_df = data.frame(Country = cnt_names[r_map$Cntry], Year = r_map$Yr + year0, 
+                      SupDem = theta_pe, SupDem_u95 = theta_u95, 
+                      SupDem_l95 = theta_l95, SupDem_sd = theta_pe_sd)
+
+# plot theta by country
+cnt_plot = sort(unique(theta_df$Country))
+par(mfrow = c(18, 8), mar = c(0.75, 0.75, 0.2, 0.2), cex = 0.8, tcl = -0.1,
+    mgp = c(1.2, 0.3, 0), las = 1)
+for (i in 1:n_cntrys) {
+  plot(x = (year0 + 1):2020, y = rep(0,length((year0 + 1):2020)), type = "n",
+       ylim = c(-3, 4), axes = FALSE)
+  abline(h = c(2, 0, -2), lwd = 0.75, lty = 3, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
+  abline(v = seq(1980, 2020, by = 10), lwd = 0.75, lty = 3, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
+  lines(x = theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "Year"],
+        y = theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "SupDem"],
+        lwd = 1.5, col = rgb(0, 0.4, 0, 1))
+  polygon(x = c(theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "Year"],
+              rev(theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "Year"])),
+          y = c(theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "SupDem_u95"],
+              rev(theta_df[theta_df$Country == cnt_plot[i], "SupDem_l95"])),
+          col = rgb(0, 0.4, 0, 0.4), border = NA)
+  text(1988, 3.5, cnt_plot[i], adj = 0, cex = 0.65)
+  axis(side = 1, at = seq(1980, 2020, by = 10), labels = c(1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020),
+       mgp = c(1, -0.3, 0), cex.axis = 0.5, lwd = 1)
+  axis(side = 2, at = c(-2, 0, 2, 4), mgp = c(1, 0.15, 0), cex.axis = 0.5, lwd = 1)
+  box(lwd = 0.75)
+}
+```
+
+I standardize $\theta$ to have mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 before plotting the point estimates and 95\% credible intervals by country (some discussion of these results can be found in @claassen2020apsr).
+
+# Examining item parameters
+
+Finally I extract and examine the item parameters, $\lambda$ and $\gamma$. This allows us to examine whether all survey items are contributing the expected information to the latent variable. 
+
+```{r, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.height=7, out.width="100%"}
+# examine item pars
+item_names = levels(supdem$Item)
+item_pars = data.frame(item_int = res$summary("lambda")[,2],
+                       item_slope = res$summary("gamm")[,2])
+rownames(item_pars) = item_names
+names(item_pars) = c("lambda", "gamma")
+item_pars$project = as.character(supdem$Project[match(item_names, supdem$Item)])
+
+# extract 100 draws from posteriors of ints and slopes
+lambda_out = apply(res$draws("lambda"), 3, as.vector)
+gamma_out = apply(res$draws("gamm"), 3, as.vector)
+theta_samp_100 = theta_std[sample(1:dim(theta_std)[1], 100), ]
+
+# adjust intercepts and slopes to account for standardization of theta
+item_pars_std = item_pars
+item_pars_std[,1] = item_pars[,1] + (item_pars[,2] * theta_mean)
+lambda_out_std = lambda_out + (gamma_out * theta_mean)
+item_pars_std[,2] = item_pars[,2] * theta_sd
+gamma_out_std = gamma_out * theta_sd
+
+# plot iccs
+draw_ind = sample(1:dim(lambda_out)[1], 100)
+par(mfrow = c(9, 7), mar = c(1, 1, 0.2, 0.2), tcl = -0.1, las = 1, cex = 0.8)
+for(i in 1:dim(item_pars_std)[1]){
+  curve(arm::invlogit(item_pars_std[i, 1] + x * item_pars_std[i, 2]), -3, 3, type = "l",
+        xlab = "", ylab = "", xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", yaxs = "i",
+        col = rgb(1, 1, 1, 1), ylim = c(0, 1))
+  abline(h = 0.5, lty = 3, lwd = 0.75, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
+  abline(v = 0, lty = 3, lwd = 0.75, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
+  curve(arm::invlogit(item_pars_std[i, 1] + x * item_pars_std[i, 2]), -3, 3,
+        type = "l", lwd = 1.5, col = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 1), add = TRUE)
+  for(j in 1:100){
+    curve(arm::invlogit(lambda_out_std[draw_ind[j], i] + x * gamma_out_std[draw_ind[j], i]),
+          -3, 3, type = "l", lwd = 1, col = rgb(0, 0.5, 0, 0.1), add = TRUE)
+  }
+  text(-3, 0.15, rownames(item_pars_std)[i], adj = 0, cex = 0.7)
+  axis(2, at = c(0, .5, 1), labels = c("0.0", "0.5", "1.0"), mgp = c(1.5, 0.2, 0),
+       cex.axis = 0.5)
+  axis(1, at = c(-2, 0, 2), mgp = c(1, -0.3, 0), cex.axis = 0.5)
+}
+```
+
+I plot these parameters in the form of item characteristic curves, which show the relationship between latent opinion (x-axis) and the population percentage supporting / agreeing with the item in question (y-axis). Steeper curves indicate items with greater discriminative power. Curves that appear shifted upwards indicate items that are "easy", i.e., they tend to attract supportive responses even when latent opinion is negative.
+
+All of the included items show decent discriminative qualities, likely because they were selected based on an extensive literature that has examined these survey data.
+
+
+# References
+