Add dynamic borrow checking for dereferencing NumPy arrays.

benches/borrow.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#![feature(test)]
+
+extern crate test;
+use test::{black_box, Bencher};
+
+use numpy::PyArray;
+use pyo3::Python;
+
+#[bench]
+fn initial_shared_borrow(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        let array = PyArray::<f64, _>::zeros(py, (1, 2, 3), false);
+
+        bencher.iter(|| {
+            let array = black_box(array);
+
+            let _shared = array.readonly();
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn additional_shared_borrow(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        let array = PyArray::<f64, _>::zeros(py, (1, 2, 3), false);
+
+        let _shared = (0..128).map(|_| array.readonly()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        bencher.iter(|| {
+            let array = black_box(array);
+
+            let _shared = array.readonly();
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn exclusive_borrow(bencher: &mut Bencher) {
+    Python::with_gil(|py| {
+        let array = PyArray::<f64, _>::zeros(py, (1, 2, 3), false);
+
+        bencher.iter(|| {
+            let array = black_box(array);
+
+            let _exclusive = array.readwrite();
+        });
+    });
+}

examples/simple/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use numpy::ndarray::{ArrayD, ArrayViewD, ArrayViewMutD};
-use numpy::{Complex64, IntoPyArray, PyArray1, PyArrayDyn, PyReadonlyArrayDyn};
+use numpy::{
+    Complex64, IntoPyArray, PyArray1, PyArrayDyn, PyReadonlyArrayDyn, PyReadwriteArrayDyn,
+};
 use pyo3::{
     pymodule,
     types::{PyDict, PyModule},
@@ -41,8 +43,8 @@ fn rust_ext(_py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     // wrapper of `mult`
     #[pyfn(m)]
     #[pyo3(name = "mult")]
-    fn mult_py(a: f64, x: &PyArrayDyn<f64>) {
-        let x = unsafe { x.as_array_mut() };
+    fn mult_py(a: f64, mut x: PyReadwriteArrayDyn<f64>) {
+        let x = x.as_array_mut();
         mult(a, x);
     }
 

src/array.rs

@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ use pyo3::{
     Python, ToPyObject,
 };
 
+use crate::borrow::{PyReadonlyArray, PyReadwriteArray};
 use crate::convert::{ArrayExt, IntoPyArray, NpyIndex, ToNpyDims, ToPyArray};
 use crate::dtype::{Element, PyArrayDescr};
 use crate::error::{DimensionalityError, FromVecError, NotContiguousError, TypeError};
 use crate::npyffi::{self, npy_intp, NPY_ORDER, PY_ARRAY_API};
-#[allow(deprecated)]
-use crate::npyiter::{NpySingleIter, NpySingleIterBuilder, ReadWrite};
-use crate::readonly::PyReadonlyArray;
 use crate::slice_container::PySliceContainer;
 
 /// A safe, static-typed interface for
@@ -194,18 +192,8 @@ impl<T, D> PyArray<T, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn check_flag(&self, flag: c_int) -> bool {
-        unsafe { *self.as_array_ptr() }.flags & flag == flag
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub(crate) fn get_flag(&self) -> c_int {
-        unsafe { *self.as_array_ptr() }.flags
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a temporally unwriteable reference of the array.
-    pub fn readonly(&self) -> PyReadonlyArray<T, D> {
-        self.into()
+    pub(crate) fn check_flags(&self, flags: c_int) -> bool {
+        unsafe { *self.as_array_ptr() }.flags & flags != 0
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the internal data of the array is C-style contiguous
@@ -227,18 +215,17 @@ impl<T, D> PyArray<T, D> {
     /// });
     /// ```
     pub fn is_contiguous(&self) -> bool {
-        self.check_flag(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)
-            | self.check_flag(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS)
+        self.check_flags(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS | npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS)
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the internal data of the array is Fortran-style contiguous.
     pub fn is_fortran_contiguous(&self) -> bool {
-        self.check_flag(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS)
+        self.check_flags(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS)
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if the internal data of the array is C-style contiguous.
     pub fn is_c_contiguous(&self) -> bool {
-        self.check_flag(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)
+        self.check_flags(npyffi::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)
     }
 
     /// Get `Py<PyArray>` from `&PyArray`, which is the owned wrapper of PyObject.
@@ -684,27 +671,61 @@ impl<T: Element, D: Dimension> PyArray<T, D> {
 
     /// Get the immutable reference of the specified element, with checking the passed index is valid.
     ///
-    /// Please consider the use of safe alternatives
-    /// ([`PyReadonlyArray::get`](../struct.PyReadonlyArray.html#method.get)
-    /// or [`get_owned`](#method.get_owned)) instead of this.
+    /// Consider using safe alternatives like [`PyReadonlyArray::get`].
+    ///
     /// # Example
+    ///
     /// ```
     /// use numpy::PyArray;
-    /// pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
+    /// use pyo3::Python;
+    ///
+    /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
     ///     let arr = PyArray::arange(py, 0, 16, 1).reshape([2, 2, 4]).unwrap();
-    ///     assert_eq!(*unsafe { arr.get([1, 0, 3]) }.unwrap(), 11);
+    ///     assert_eq!(unsafe { *arr.get([1, 0, 3]).unwrap() }, 11);
     /// });
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Safety
-    /// If the internal array is not readonly and can be mutated from Python code,
-    /// holding the slice might cause undefined behavior.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method is undefined behaviour if the underlying array
+    /// is aliased mutably by other instances of `PyArray`
+    /// or concurrently modified by Python or other native code.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub unsafe fn get(&self, index: impl NpyIndex<Dim = D>) -> Option<&T> {
         let offset = index.get_checked::<T>(self.shape(), self.strides())?;
         Some(&*self.data().offset(offset))
     }
 
+    /// Same as [`get`][Self::get], but returns `Option<&mut T>`.
+    ///
+    /// Consider using safe alternatives like [`PyReadwriteArray::get_mut`].
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use numpy::PyArray;
+    /// use pyo3::Python;
+    ///
+    /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
+    ///     let arr = PyArray::arange(py, 0, 16, 1).reshape([2, 2, 4]).unwrap();
+    ///     unsafe {
+    ///         *arr.get_mut([1, 0, 3]).unwrap() = 42;
+    ///     }
+    ///     assert_eq!(unsafe { *arr.get([1, 0, 3]).unwrap() }, 42);
+    /// });
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method is undefined behaviour if the underlying array
+    /// is aliased immutably by mutably by other instances of `PyArray`
+    /// or concurrently modified by Python or other native code.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub unsafe fn get_mut(&self, index: impl NpyIndex<Dim = D>) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        let offset = index.get_checked::<T>(self.shape(), self.strides())?;
+        Some(&mut *self.data().offset(offset))
+    }
+
     /// Get the immutable reference of the specified element, without checking the
     /// passed index is valid.
     ///
@@ -827,28 +848,37 @@ impl<T: Element, D: Dimension> PyArray<T, D> {
         ToPyArray::to_pyarray(arr, py)
     }
 
-    /// Get the immutable view of the internal data of `PyArray`, as
-    /// [`ndarray::ArrayView`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/latest/ndarray/type.ArrayView.html).
+    /// Get an immutable borrow of the NumPy array
+    pub fn readonly(&self) -> PyReadonlyArray<'_, T, D> {
+        PyReadonlyArray::try_new(self).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Get a mutable borrow of the NumPy array
+    pub fn readwrite(&self) -> PyReadwriteArray<'_, T, D> {
+        PyReadwriteArray::try_new(self).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the internal array as [`ArrayView`].
     ///
-    /// Please consider the use of safe alternatives
-    /// ([`PyReadonlyArray::as_array`](../struct.PyReadonlyArray.html#method.as_array)
-    /// or [`to_array`](#method.to_array)) instead of this.
+    /// See also [`PyReadonlyArray::as_array`].
     ///
     /// # Safety
-    /// If the internal array is not readonly and can be mutated from Python code,
-    /// holding the `ArrayView` might cause undefined behavior.
+    ///
+    /// The existence of an exclusive reference to the internal data, e.g. `&mut [T]` or `ArrayViewMut`, implies undefined behavior.
     pub unsafe fn as_array(&self) -> ArrayView<'_, T, D> {
         let (shape, ptr, inverted_axes) = self.ndarray_shape_ptr();
         let mut res = ArrayView::from_shape_ptr(shape, ptr);
         inverted_axes.invert(&mut res);
         res
     }
 
-    /// Returns the internal array as [`ArrayViewMut`]. See also [`as_array`](#method.as_array).
+    /// Returns the internal array as [`ArrayViewMut`].
+    ///
+    /// See also [`PyReadwriteArray::as_array_mut`].
     ///
     /// # Safety
-    /// If another reference to the internal data exists(e.g., `&[T]` or `ArrayView`),
-    /// it might cause undefined behavior.
+    ///
+    /// The existence of another reference to the internal data, e.g. `&[T]` or `ArrayView`, implies undefined behavior.
     pub unsafe fn as_array_mut(&self) -> ArrayViewMut<'_, T, D> {
         let (shape, ptr, inverted_axes) = self.ndarray_shape_ptr();
         let mut res = ArrayViewMut::from_shape_ptr(shape, ptr);
@@ -924,7 +954,7 @@ impl<D: Dimension> PyArray<PyObject, D> {
     ///
     ///     let pyarray = PyArray::from_owned_object_array(py, array);
     ///
-    ///     assert!(pyarray.readonly().get(0).unwrap().as_ref(py).is_instance_of::<CustomElement>().unwrap());
+    ///     assert!(pyarray.readonly().as_array().get(0).unwrap().as_ref(py).is_instance_of::<CustomElement>().unwrap());
     /// });
     /// ```
     pub fn from_owned_object_array<'py, T>(py: Python<'py>, arr: Array<Py<T>, D>) -> &'py Self {
@@ -1073,21 +1103,6 @@ impl<T: Element> PyArray<T, Ix1> {
         self.resize_(self.py(), [new_elems], 1, NPY_ORDER::NPY_ANYORDER)
     }
 
-    /// Iterates all elements of this array.
-    /// See [NpySingleIter](../npyiter/struct.NpySingleIter.html) for more.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// The iterator will produce mutable references into the array which must not be
-    /// aliased by other references for the life time of the iterator.
-    #[deprecated(
-        note = "The wrappers of the array iterator API are deprecated, please use ndarray's `ArrayBase::iter_mut` instead."
-    )]
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    pub unsafe fn iter<'py>(&'py self) -> PyResult<NpySingleIter<'py, T, ReadWrite>> {
-        NpySingleIterBuilder::readwrite(self).build()
-    }
-
     fn resize_<D: IntoDimension>(
         &self,
         py: Python,