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In his treatise on page 138 of the _Thodicy_, Leibniz wrote
In his treatise on page 138 of the _Thodicy_, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wrote

> _Hence the conclusion that God wills all good in himself antecedently, that he wills the best consequently as an end,
> that he wills what is indifferent, and physical evil, sometimes as a means, but that he will only permit
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God would allow for these evils in order to make greater good possible[^1].

Leibniz is a very interesting Philosopher. He was perhaps the first major European intellectual to take a close interest
in Chinese civilization, which he knew by corresponding with, and reading other works by, European Christian
in Chinese civilization[^2], which he knew by corresponding with, and reading other works by, European Christian
missionaries posted in China. He apparently read
[_Confucius Sinarum Philosophus_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Couplet) in the first year of its publication.
He came to the conclusion that Europeans could learn much from the Confucian ethical tradition. He mulled over the
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![](./Diagram_of_I_Ching_hexagrams_owned_by_Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz,_1701.png)

Leibniz's attraction to Chinese philosophy originates from his perception that Chinese philosophy was similar to his own
The historian E.R. Hughes suggests that Leibniz's ideas of "simple substance" and
"[pre-established harmony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-established_harmony)" were directly influenced by
Confucianism, pointing to the fact that they were conceived during the period when he was reading _Confucius Sinarum
Philosophus_.

[^1]: https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/1so41y/comment/cdziue3/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
[^1]: [Help with Leibniz's Theodicy](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/1so41y/comment/cdziue3/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button)
[^2]: [Wikipedia - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz#Sinophology)

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