Programming, Math, Science

This is a list of links to different freely available learning resources about computer programming, math, and science.

Table of contents

• AI
  • Machine Learning
    • Reinforcement learning
  • Computer Games AI
• Algorithms
• Art
• Biology
• Command Line and Tools
  • Curl
  • Linux command line
• Compilers and Interpreters
• Computer Graphics
  • Curves and Surfaces
  • DirectX 12
  • Image Processing
  • Metal
  • OpenGL
  • Ray Tracing
  • Shaders
  • Vulkan
  • WebGPU
• Computer Networks and Network Programming
• Cryptography
• Data Science
• Debuggers
• Databases
• Demoscene
• Design Patterns
• Distributed Systems
• Electronics
• Emulators and Virtual Machines
• Fluids Simultion
• Game Programming
  • Game Engines
• Geographic Information Systems
• GUI Programming
• Hardware
• Logical Games
• Low Level Stuff
• Math
  • Algebra
  • Calculus
  • Category Theory
  • Geometry
  • Operations Research
  • Probability and Statistics
  • Theoretical Computer Science
  • Topology
• Multithreading and Concurrency
• Operating Systems
  • Operating Systems Development
• Photography
• Physics
  • Simulations
• Programming Languages
  • Ada
  • Assembly
  • Bash
  • Basic
  • C
  • C++
  • D
  • Datalog
  • Erlang
  • Forth
  • Go
  • Haskell
  • Java
  • JavaScript
  • Lean
  • Lisp dialects
    • Clojure
    • Common Lisp
    • Racket
    • Scheme
  • Nim
  • OCaml
  • Oberon-2
  • Odin
  • Pascal
  • PostScript
  • Prolog
  • Pyret
  • Python
  • Regular expressions
  • Ruby
  • Rust
  • Smalltalk
  • Zig
• Retrocomputing
  • Advent of Code on retro machines
  • Apple II
  • Commodore 64
  • DOS
  • Mega 65
  • ZX Spectrum and Z80 CPU
• Reverse engineering
• Robotics
• SIMD programming
• Text editors
  • Emacs
  • Vim
• Unicode
• Version control tools
• Web programming
  • CSS
• Other
• Other lists

AI

• Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp by Peter Norvig

Machine Learning

• A Course in Machine Learning by Hal Daumé III

• A Visual Guide to Quantization: Demystifying the Compression of Large Language Models by Maarten Grootendorst

• Alice’s Adventures in a differentiable wonderland by Simone Scardapane

• An Introduction to Statistical Learning by Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Rob Tibshirani

• Applied Machine Learning for Tabular Data by Max Kuhn and Kjell Johnson

• Crash Course in Deep Learning (for Computer Graphics) by Jakub Boksansky [alternative link]

• Data-Driven Science and Engineering: Machine Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Control by Steven L. Brunton and J. Nathan Kutz [pdf]

• Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville

• Deep Learning Course by François Fleuret

• Deep Learning: Foundations and Concepts by Chris Bishop with Hugh Bishop

• Deep Learning Interviews by Shlomo Kashani and Amir Ivry

• Dive into Deep Learning

• Dive into Deep Learning Compiler

• Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms by David MacKay

• Introduction to ggml by Xuan Son NGUYEN, Georgi Gerganov and slaren

• Introduction to Machine Learning Interviews by Chip Huyen

• Learning Theory from First Principles by Francis Bach [pdf]

• Machine Learning Engineering Book by Andriy Burkov

• Machine Learning Engineering Open Book by Stas Bekman

• Mathematical Introduction to Deep Learning: Methods, Implementations, and Theory by Arnulf Jentzen, Benno Kuckuck, Philippe von Wurstemberger

• Mathematics for Machine Learning by Marc Peter Deisenroth, A. Aldo Faisal, and Cheng Soon Ong

• Neural Networks: Zero to Hero - A course by Andrej Karpathy

• Neural Networks and Deep Learning by Michael Nielsen

• Physics-based Deep Learning by N. Thuerey, P. Holl, M. Mueller, P. Schnell, F. Trost, K. Um

• Practical Deep Learning for Coders

• Probabilistic Machine Learning: An Introduction by Kevin Patrick Murphy

• Probabilistic Machine Learning: Advanced Topics by Kevin Patrick Murphy

• Speech and Language Processing, 3rd edition by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin

• The Elements of Differentiable Programming by Mathieu Blondel and Vincent Roulet

• The Engineer's Guide To Deep Learning by Hironobu Suzuki

• The Hundred Page Machine Learning Book by Andriy Burkov

• The Little Book of Deep Learning by François Fleuret

• Tutorial on Diffusion Models for Imaging and Vision by Stanley H. Chan

• Understanding Deep Learning by Simon J.D. Prince

Reinforcement learning

• Deep Reinforcement Learning by Aske Plaat

• Deep Reinforcement Learning: Zero to Hero!

• Distributional Reinforcement Learning by Marc G. Bellemare, Will Dabney and Mark Rowland

• Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Foundations and Modern Approaches by Stefano V. Albrecht, Filippos Christianos and Lukas Schäfer

• Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, Second Edition by Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto

Computer Games AI

• Artificial Intelligence and Games by Georgios N. Yannakakis and Julian Togelius

• Game AI Pro by Steve Rabin

• Programming Starcraft AI by Peter Kis

Algorithms

• Algorithms by Jeff Erickson

• Algorithms and Data Structures by Kurt Mehlhorn and Peter Sanders [pdf]

• Algorithms Books by Mykel J. Kochenderfer

  • Algorithms for Optimization by Mykel J. Kochenderfer, and Tim A. Wheeler
  • Algorithms for Decision Making by Mykel J. Kochenderfer, Tim A. Wheeler, and Kyle H. Wray
  • Algorithms for Validation by Mykel J. Kochenderfer, Sydney M. Katz, Anthony L. Corso, and Robert J. Moss

• Algorithms for Competitive Programming

• Algorithms for Modern Hardware by Sergey Slotin

• Clever Algorithms: Nature-Inspired Programming Recipes by Jason Brownlee

• Collision Detection by Jeff Thompson

• Competitive Programmer's Handbook by Antti Laaksonen

• Data Structures for Data-Intensive Applications: Tradeoffs and Design Guidelines by Manos Athanassoulis , Stratos Idreos and Dennis Shasha [pdf]

• Exact String Matching Algorithms by Christian Charras and Thierry Lecroq

• Foundations of Data Science by Avrim Blum, John Hopcroft, and Ravindran Kannan [pdf]

• How does B-tree make your queries fast? by Mateusz Kuźmik

• Introduction to Algorithms: A Creative Approach by Udi Manber [pdf]

• Kalman Filter from the Ground Up by Alex Becker

• Monte-Carlo Graph Search from First Principles by David J Wu

• Planning Algorithms by Steven M. LaValle

• Principles of Algorithmic Problem Solving by Johan Sannemo

• Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures using Python by Brad Miller and David Ranum

• Purely Functional Data Structures by Chris Okasaki [pdf]

• Sequential and Parallel Data Structures and Algorithms: The Basic Toolbox by Peter Sanders, Kurt Mehlhorn, Martin Dietzfelbinger, and Roman Dementiev

• The Arcane Algorithm Archive

• The Skyline algorithm for packing 2D rectangles by Julien Vernay

Art

• Pixel art articles and tutorials by Pedro Medeiros

Biology

• Introduction to Genomics for Engineers

• The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants by Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and Aristid Lindenmayer [pdf]

Command Line and Tools

• Driving Compilers by Fabien Sanglard

• Getting started with tmux by ittavern

• How I'm still not using GUIs: A guide to the terminal by Lucas Fernandes da Costa

• How is a binary executable organized? Let's explore it! by Julia Evans

• Learn Makefiles: With the tastiest examples by Chase Lambert

• NixOS & Flakes Book - An unofficial book for beginners by Ryan Yin

• Terminal colours are tricky by Julia Evans

• The Definitive Guide To Docker

• Use Midnight Commander like a pro by Igor Klimer

Curl

• Curl Cookbook

• Curl Exercises by Julia Evans

• Mastering curl: interactive text guide by Anton Zhiyanov

Linux command line

• Effective Shell by Dave Kerr

• Linux command line for you and me by Kushal Das

• The Linux Command Handbook by Flavio Copes

• The Linux Command Line by William Shotts

Compilers and Interpreters

• Build Your Own Lisp by Daniel Holden

• Building a Toy Programming Language in Python by Miguel Grinberg

  • Part 1
  • Part 2

• Building the fastest Lua interpreter.. automatically! by Haoran Xu

  • Part 1
  • Part 2: Building a baseline JIT for Lua automatically

• Compiling to Assembly from Scratch by Vladimir Keleshev

• Crafting Interpreters by Robert Nystrom

• Creating the Bolt Compiler by Mukul Rathi

• Essentials of Compilation: An Incremental Approach by Geremy G. Siek

• How Clang Compiles a Function by John Regehr

• How LLVM Optimizes a Function by John Regehr

• Let's Build a Compiler by Jack Crenshaw

• Let's make a Teeny Tiny compiler by Austin Z. Henley

  • Part 1
  • Part 2
  • Part 3

• Let's Write a Compiler by Brian Robert Callahan

  • Part 1: Introduction, selecting a language, and doing some planning
  • Part 2: A lexer
  • Part 3: A parser
  • Part 4: Testing
  • Part 5: A code generator
  • Part 6: Input and output
  • Part 7: Arrays
  • Part 8: Strings, forward references, and conclusion

• Make A Language - A series about making a programming language called Eldiro using the Rust programming language.

Computer Graphics

• 3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development by Fletcher Dunn and Ian Parberry

• A fast and precise triangle rasterizer by Kristoffer Dyrkorn

• A Gentle Introduction to D3D12 by Alex Tardif

• A trip through the Graphics Pipeline by Fabian Giesen

• A Quick Introduction to Workgraphs by Kostas Anagnostou

  • Part 1
  • Part 2: Performance

• Building Real-Time Global Illumination by Jason McGhee

  • Part 1: Naive GI: A Foundation
  • Part 2: Radiance Cascades

• Collection of AMD Research Publications

• Computer Graphics from Scratch by Gabriel Gambetta

• Crash Course in BRDF Implementation by Jakub Boksansky

• Fundamentals of Radiance Cascades

• GPU Gems Books Series

  • GPU Gems
  • GPU Gems 2
  • GPU Gems 3

• GPU Performance for Game Artists by Keith O’Conor

• GPU Programming Primitives for Computer Graphics by Daniel Meister, Atsushi Yoshimura, and Chih-Chen Kao

• Implementing a tiny CPU rasterizer by Nikita Lisitsa

• Implementing Order-Independent Transparency by Rubén Osorio López

• Inigo Quilez's Website - Articles, tutorials, code, and presentations related to computer graphics.

• Learn Computer Graphics From Scratch

• Let's Make a Voxel Engine

• Lode's Computer Graphics Tutorial by Lode Vandevenne

• Marching Cubes, Explained Using Marching Squares

• Matrix Compendium by Łukasz Izdebski - The main purpose of this article is to gather information in the field of transformation in computer graphics and put it in one place.

• Optimizing Software Occlusion Culling by Fabian Giesen

• Order Independent Transparency by Kostas Anagnostou

  • Rasterized
    • Part 1
    • Part 2
    • Part 3
  • Raytraced
    • Part 1
    • Part 2

• Physically Based Rendering in Filament by Romain Guy and Mathias Agopian

• Probability Theory for Physically Based Rendering by Jacco Bikker

  • Part 1
  • Part 2

• Rasterising a triangle by Jason Tsorlinis

• RasterTek toturials

• Recreating Nanite by Xavier Niochaut

  • Part 1 - The Plan
  • Part 2 - Visibility buffer
  • Part 3 - Cluster rendering
  • Part 4 - LOD generation
  • Part 5 - A basic material pass
  • Part 6 - LOD generation - faster, better, simpler
  • Part 7 - Runtime LOD selection
  • Part 8 - Mesh shader time
  • Part 9 - Raytracing

• Software rasterizing hair by Marcin Matuszczyk

• Texture-less Text Rendering by Tim Gfrerer

• WebGL2 Fundamentals

Curves and Surfaces

• A Primer on Bézier Curves

• Cubic spline interpolation by Eli Bendersky

• Curves and Surfaces by Bartosz Ciechanowski

DirectX 12

• Compute with DirectX 12 by Stefan Pijnacker

  • Part 1: the Theory
  • Part 2: The Setup

• DirectX-Graphics-Samples

• Getting Started With DirectX Raytracing by Seppe Dekeyser

• GPU Work Graphs mesh nodes in Microsoft DirectX® 12 by Max Oberberger

Image Processing

• Atkinson Dithering by John Earnest

Metal

• Drawing Graphics on Apple Vision with the Metal Rendering API by Georgi Nikolov

• Metal Tutorial by Will Martin

OpenGL

• A Guide to Modern OpenGL Functions

• Best Practices for Modern OpenGL

• Learn OpenGL by Joey de Vries

• Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming by Jason L. McKesson

• OGLdev: Modern OpenGL tutorials by Etay Meiri

• OpenGL Tutorial

Ray Tracing

• A raycasting engine in 7 easy steps by Austin Z. Henley

• Amanatides and Woo's fast Voxel Traversal

• Demystifying multiple importance sampling by Nikita Lisitsa

• How to build a BVH by Jacco Bikker

• Introduction of the Raytracing Technology

  • Part 1
  • Part 2

• Physically Based Rendering: From Theory To Implementation by Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob, and Greg Humphreys

• Ray-Casting Tutorial For Game Development And Other Purposes by F. Permadi

• Ray Tracing Gems by Eric Haines and Tomas Akenine-Möller

• Ray Tracing Gems II by Adam Marrs, Peter Shirley, and Ingo Wald

• Ray Tracing in One Weekend: The Book Series by Peter Shirley

• Ray Tracing with Voxels in C++ by Jacco Bikker

Shaders

• 3D Game Shaders For Beginners

• A Beginner's Guide to Coding Graphics Shaders by Omar Shehata

  • Part 1
  • Part 2
  • Part 3

• A Journey Into Shaders by Antoine Mayerowitz

  • Part I: The blob

• GM Shaders - All about shaders for GameMaker!

• Introducing GPU Reshape - shader instrumentation for everyone by Miguel Petersen

• Introduction to Shaders by Karl Bittner

• Mesh Shaders on RDNA™ Graphics Cards by Max Oberberger, Bastian Kuth and Quirin Meyer

• On Crafting Painterly Shaders

• Shaders For People Who Don't Know How To Shader by Manuela Malasaña

• Shader Tutorials by Ronja

• The Best Darn Grid Shader (Yet) by Ben Golus

• The Book of Shaders by Patricio Gonzalez Vivo and Jen Lowe

Vulkan

• I Am Graphics And So Can You - a series of blog posts about implementing a Vulkan renderer for Doom 3 by Dustin H. Land

• How I learned Vulkan and wrote a small game engine with it by Elias Daler

• NVIDIA Vulkan Ray Tracing Tutorials

• Vulkan Guide

• Vulkan Raytracing Tutorials

• Vulkan Tutorial by Alexander Overvoorde

• Vulkan Tutorial (Rust) by Kyle Mayes

WebGPU

• Learn WebGPU by Elie Michel

• Learn Wgpu by Ben Hansen

• Migrating from WebGL to WebGPU by Dmitrii Ivashchenko

• WebGPU Fundamentals

• WebGPU Unleashed: A Practical Tutorial by Shi Yan

• Your first WebGPU app by Brandon Jones and François Beaufort

Computer Networks and Network Programming

• An Introduction to Computer Networks by Peter L. Dordal

• Computer Networks: A Systems Approach by Larry Peterson and Bruce Davie

• Computer Network Tutorials

• HTTP2 Explained by Daniel Stenberg

• HTTP/3 explained by Daniel Stenberg

• Implementing TCP In Rust by Ghvst Code

• Mediocre Engineer’s guide to HTTPS by Devon Peroutky

• Networking 101 by Internal Pointers

• Visual guide to SSH tunneling and port forwarding

Cryptography

• A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography by Dan Boneh and Victor Shoup

• All I Know About Certificates by Ke Pi

• Cryptography: An Introduction (3rd Edition) by Nigel Smart [pdf]

• Practical Cryptography for Developers by Svetlin Nakov

Data Science

• Advanced Data Science: Statistics and Prediction Algorithms Through Case Studies by Rafael A. Irizarry

• Introduction to Data Science: Data Wrangling and Visualization with R by Rafael A. Irizarry

Debuggers

• How Does a C Debugger Work? by Kevin Pouget

• Writing a Debugger From Scratch by Tim Misiak

  • Part 1 - Attaching to a Process
  • Part 2 - Register State and Stepping
  • Part 3 - Reading Memory
  • Part 4 - Exports and Private Symbols
  • Part 5 - Breakpoints
  • Part 6 - Stacks
  • Part 7 - Disassembly
  • Part 8 - Source and Symbols

Databases

• B-trees and database indexes by Benjamin Dicken

• Build Your Own Database From Scratch in Go by James Smith

• Build your own SQLite by Geoffrey Copin

  • Part 1: Listing tables

• Build Your Own Redis with C/C++ by James Smith

• Database Design for Google Calendar: a tutorial by Alexey Makhotkin

• Database Fundamentals by Tony Solomonik

• MySQL for Developers by Aaron Francis

• PostgreSQL 14 Internals by Egor Rogov

• PostgreSQL Tutorial

• SQL for the Weary by Greg Wilson

• The Internals of PostgreSQL by Hironobu Suzuki

• The Theory of Relational Databases by David Maier

Demoscene

• Graphics Tricks from Boomers - Technical details about a 4096 bytes Atari-STE intro, by Arnaud Carré.

• How a 64k intro is made by Pekka Väänänen

• The making of Immersion

  • Part 1: A dive into the making of Immersion
  • Part 2: Texturing in a 64kB intro
  • Part 3: Procedural 3D mesh generation in a 64kB intro

Design Patterns

• Data Engineering Design Patterns (DEDP)

• Data-Oriented Design by Richard Fabian

• Design Patterns & Refactoring SourceMaking

• Handles are the better pointers by Andre Weissflog

• From design patterns to category theory by Mark Seemann

• Game Programming Patterns by Robert Nystrom

• The Architecture of Open Source Applications

Distributed systems

• Distributed systems for fun and profit by Mikito Takada

• Implementing Raft by Eli Bendersky

• Notes on Theory of Distributed Systems by James Aspnes [pdf]

• Patterns of Distributed Systems by Unmesh Joshi

• Testing Distributed Systems - Curated list of resources on testing distributed systems by Andrey Satarin.

Electronics

• Lessons in Electric Circuits

• Ultimate Electronics

Emulators and Virtual Machines

• 5 Days To Virtualization: A Series On Hypervisor Development by Daax Rynd, Aidan Khoury and Nick Peterson

• GameBoy Emulation in JavaScript by Imran Nazar

• Roll your own JavaScript runtime by Bartek Iwańczuk

  • Part 1
  • Part 2
  • Part 3

• Write your Own Virtual Machine

• Writing NES emulator in Rust by Rafael Bagmanov

Fluids Simulation

• Gentle Introduction to Realtime Fluid Simulation for Programmers and Technical Artists by Shahriar Shahrabi

• Simulating Fluids, Fire, and Smoke in Real-Time by Andrew Chan

Game Programming

• 2D Game Development: From Zero To Hero by Daniele Penazzo

• 3D Game Engine Programming by Jeremiah van Oosten

• CSCI 181G PO: Game Engine Programming Course

• Game Development, Shader Coding & Artificial Intelligence by Alan Zucconi

• Isometric Projection in Game Development by Gustavo Pezzi

• Isometric Tutorials by Clint Bellanger

• Procedural Content Generation in Games by Noor Shaker, Julian Togelius, and Mark J. Nelson

• Retro Rampage - A tutorial series in which you will learn how to build a Wolfenstein-like game from scratch, in Swift by Nick Lockwood

• Red Blob Games - Interactive visual explanations of math and algorithms, using motivating examples from computer games by Amit Patel

• Roguelike Tutorial - In Rust by Herbert Wolverson

• Reverse engineering the rendering of The Witcher 3

• Terrain programmig by Shamus Young

• The guide to implementing 2D platformers by Rodrigo Monteiro

• Scroll Back: The Theory and Practice of Cameras in Side-Scrollers by Itay Keren

• The blog of Nikita Lisitsa

• Write a First Person Game in 2KB With Rust by Grant Handy

Game Engines

• C# and Shader Tutorials for the Unity Engine by Jasper Flick

• Godot Engine 4 Tutorials by Jasper Flick

• Unofficial Bevy Cheat Book

Geographic Information Systems

• Computational Modelling of Terrains by Hugo Ledoux, Ken Arroyo Ohori, Ravi Peters, and Maarten Pronk

GUI Programming

• A Book about Qt5 by Jürgen Bocklage-Ryannel and Johan Thelin

• Minimal Cross-Platform Graphics by Serge Zaitsev

• Sol on Immediate Mode GUIs by Jari Komppa

• theForger's Win32 API Programming Tutorial

• X Window System Basics by Jasper St. Pierre

Hardware

• Architecture of Consoles by Rodrigo Copetti

• How Microchips Work

• Modern Microprocessors: A 90-Minute Guide! by Jason Robert Carey Patterson

• Processor Design: An Introduction

• What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory by Ulrich Drepper [pdf]

• Zen, CUDA, and Tensor Cores by Casey Muratori

Logical Games

• Hex: A Strategy Guide by Matthew Seymour

• The World's Fastest Scrabble Program by Andrew W. Appel and Guy J. Jacobson [pdf]

Low Level Stuff

• A gentle introduction to two's complement by Michael Doornbos

• Beginner's Guide to Linkers by David Drysdale

• Computer Science from the Bottom Up by Ian Wienand

• CPU performance optimization guide - Preface by Hui Zhang

  • Part 1

• Floating Point Visually Explained by Fabien Sanglard

• Memory Management Reference

• Memory Profiling by Denis Bakhvalov

• Onboarding floating-point by Mike Acton

• Performance Analysis and Tunning on Modern CPUs by Denis Bakhvalov

Math

• 3Blue1Brown lessons by Grant Sanderson

• A Gentle Introduction to Tensors by Boaz Porat [pdf]

• A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Mathematics by Joe Fields

• A Programmer's Introduction to Mathematics by Jeremy Kun

• An animated introduction to Fourier Series by Andrei Ciobanu

• An Infinite Descent into Pure Mathematics by Clive Newstead

• An Infinitely Large Napkin by Evan Chen [pdf]

• An introduction to graph theory by Darij Grinberg [pdf]

• Approved Textbooks of the American Institute of Mathematics

• Book of Proof, Third Edition by Richard Hammack

• Books by Dr. Kenneth Kuttler

• Courses notes by Tom Leinster

  • Category theory
  • Fourier analysis [pdf]
  • Galois theory
  • General topology [pdf]
  • Linear algebra by [pdf]

• Euclid's Elements

• Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Mathematics by Brendan W. Sullivan with Professor John Mackey [pdf]

• Introduction to Homotopy Type Theory by Egbert Rijke

• Open Mathematics Depository

• Paul's Online Math Notes by Paul Dawkins

• Real Not Complex - Discover Incredible FREE Resources to Study Mathematics.

• The Mechanics of Proof by Heather Macbeth

• The Princeton Companion to Mathematics by Timothy Gowers - editor [pdf]

Algebra

• Algebra: An Elementary Text-Book by George Chrystal

• Immersive Linear Algebra by J. Ström, K. Åström, and T. Akenine-Möller

• Interactive Linear Algebra by Dan Margalit and Joseph Rabinoff

• Intermediate Algebra by Saylor Academy

• Linear Algebra Done Right by Sheldon Axler

• Linear Algebra Done Wrong by Sergei Treil

Calculus

• Calculus by Gilbert Strang

• Calculus Made Easy by Silvanus P. Thompson

• Calculus with Julia by John Verzani

• Harmonic Function Theory by Sheldon Axler, Paul Bourdon, and Wade Ramey

• Introduction to Calculus by Paul Lutus [pdf]

• Measure, Integration & Real Analysis by Sheldon Axler

Category Theory

• Category Theory for Programmers by Bartosz Milewski

• Category Theory for Programming by Benedikt Ahrens and Kobe Wullaert

• Category Theory Illustrated by Boris Marinov

• Category Theory: Lecture Notes and Online Books - collection by Peter Smith

• Pragmatic Category Theory by Dmitrii Kovanikov

  • Part 1: Semigroup Intro

• Seven Sketches in Compositionality: An Invitation to Applied Category Theory by Brendan Fong and David I. Spivak

Geometry

• Planes in 3D space by Alex Harri

Operations Research

• Applied Mathematical Programming by Stephen P. Bradley, Arnoldo C. Hax, and Thomas L. Magnanti

• Introduction to Operations Research, Tenth Edition by Frederick S. Hillier, and Gerald J. Lieberman [pdf]

• MOSEK Modeling Cookbook

Probability and Statistics

• Bayes Rules! An Introduction to Applied Bayesian Modeling by Alicia A. Johnson, Miles Q. Ott, Mine Dogucu

• Digital textbook on probability and statistics by Marco Taboga

• Introduction to Modern Statistics (2nd Ed) by Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel and Johanna Hardin

• Introduction to Probability for Data Science by Stanley H. Chan

• Markov Chains for programmers by Ricardo M. Czekster

• Probability 101, the intuition behind martingales and solving problems with them

• Probability and Statistics Cookbook by Matthias Vallentin

• Seeing Theory - a book about statistics with interactive visualizations by Daniel Kunin, Jingru Guo, Tyler Dae Devlin, and Daniel Xiang

• Statistics Handbook by Carlo Occhiena

• The Truth About Linear Regression by Cosma Rohilla Shalizi

Theoretical Computer Science

• Busy Beavers! - An interactive intro to Computability Theory by Jim Fisher

• Discrete Mathematics: An Open Introduction, 4th Edition by Oscar Levin

• Elements of Programming by Alexander Stepanov and Paul McJones

• Foundations of Computer Science by Alfred V. Aho and Jeffrey D. Ullman

• Introduction to Theoretical Computer Science by Boaz Barak

• Mathematics for Computer Science by Eric Lehman, F. Thomson Leighton, and Albert R. Meyer [pdf]

• Software Foundations - A broad introduction to the mathematical underpinnings of reliable software.

Topology

• Algebraic Topology for Data Scientists by Michael S. Postol

• Computational Algebraic Topology by Vidit Nanda

• Topology Without Tears by Sidney A. Morris

Multithreading and Concurrency

• A C++17 Thread Pool for High-Performance Scientific Computing by Barak Shoshany

• A Science of Concurrent Programs by Leslie Lamport [pdf]

• Is Parallel Programming Hard, And, If So, What Can You Do About It? by Paul E. McKenney

• POSIX Threads Programming by Blaise Barney

• The Deadlock Empire

• The Little Book of Semaphores by Allen B. Downey

Operating Systems

• Advanced Linux Programming by Mark Mitchell, Jeffrey Oldham, and Alex Samuel [pdf]

• Linux Insides by Alex Kuleshov

• Making our own executable packer by Amos Wenger

• Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces by Remzi H Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C Arpaci-Dusseau

• Systems Programming: Lecture Notes by Jian Huang

• The Art of Unix Programming by Eric Steven Raymond

• The Linux Documentation Project

• The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide by Peter Jay Salzman, Michael Burian, Ori Pomerantz, Bob Mottram, Jim Huang

• Unix as IDE by Tom Ryder

Operating Systems Development

• A Journey in Creating an Operating System Kernel by Mohammed Q. Hussain

• Baking Pi – Operating Systems Development by Alex Chadwick

• Making a RISC-V Operating System using Rust by Stephen Marz

• Making an RISC-V OS

  • Part 1 - Project Setup
  • Part 2 - Kernel in virtual addresses
  • Part 3 - Managing free memory

• Operating System development tutorials in Rust on the Raspberry Pi by Andre Richter

• OSDev.org

• Writing a Simple Operating System — from Scratch by Nick Blundell

• Writing an OS in Rust by Philipp Oppermann

• Writing an OS in Nim by Khaled Hammouda

Photography

• Photography for geeks by Michal Zalewski

Physics

• A free introduction to quantum computing and quantum mechanics by Andy Matuschak and Michael Nielsen

• An Intuitive Guide to Maxwell’s Equations by Nick M.

• Physics for Mathematicians by Nicolas James Marks Ford

• Motion Mountain by Christoph Schiller - A free physics textbook in 5 volumes.

• Relativity: A Modern Primer by Kevin Han

• Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics by Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom with Meinhard E. Mayer

• The Feynman Lectures on Physics

Simulations

• Physics-Based Simulation by Minchen Li, Chenfanfu Jiang, and Zhaofeng Luo

• Ten Minute Physics by Matthias Müller

Programming languages

• Introduction to the Theory of Programming Languages by Bertrand Meyer

Ada

• Ada 95: The Craft of Object-Oriented Programming by John English

Assembly

• A friendly introduction to assembly for high-level programmers by Manuel Spagnolo

  • Part 1: Hello
  • Part 2: Conditionals

• A fundamental introduction to x86 assembly programming by Nayuki

• Learn Assembly Language - NASM x86 assembly language tutorial on Linux.

• Let's Learn x86-64 Assembly!

  • Part 0 - Setup and First Steps
  • Part 1 - Metaprogramming in Flat Assembler
  • Part 2 - We're Writing a Virtual Machine
  • Part 3 - Arithmetic and Logic

• NASM Tutorial

• PC Assembly Language by Paul A. Carter

• RISC-V Assembly Programming by Prof. Edson Borin

• x86-64 Assembly Language Programming with Ubuntu by Ed Jorgensen

Bash

• Introduction to Bash Scripting by Bobby Iliev

Basic

• BBC BASIC for SDL 2.0

C

• Compiler Options Hardening Guide for C and C++

• Coroutines in C by Simon Tatham

• Demystifying bitwise operations, a gentle C tutorial by Andrei Ciobanu

• Few lesser known tricks, quirks and features of C

• How to implement a hash table (in C) by Ben Hoyt

• Implementing smart pointers for the C programming language

• Moden C by Jens Gustedt

• Object-Oriented Programming with ANSI-C by Axel-Tobias Schreiner [pdf]

• So You Think You Know C? by Oleksandr Kaleniuk [pdf]

• The Lost Art of Structure Packing by Eric S. Raymond

• Writing a Simple Garbage Collector in C by Matthew Plant

C++

• C++ exceptions uner the hood by Nicolás Brailovsky

  • Part 1
  • Part 2: A tiny ABI
  • Part 3: An ABI to appease the linker
  • Part 4: Catching what you throw
  • Part 5: Magic around __cxa_begin_catch and __cxa_end_catch
  • Part 6: gcc_except_table and the personality function
  • Part 7: A nice personality
  • Part 8: Two-phase handling
  • Part 9: Catching our first exception
  • Part 10: Unwind and call frame info
  • Part 11: Reading a CFI table
  • Part 12: And suddenly, reflexion in C++
  • Part 13: Setting the context for a landing pad
  • Part 14: Multiple landing pads & the teachings of the guru
  • Part 15: Finding the right landing pad
  • Part 16: Finding the right catch in a landing
  • Part 17: Reflecting on an exception type and reading .gcc_except_table
  • Part 18: Getting the right stack frame
  • Part 19: Getting the right catch in a landing pad
  • Part 20: Running destructors while unwinding
  • Part 21: A summary and some final thoughts
  • Appendix I: The true cost of an exception
  • Appendix II: Metaclasses and RTTI on C++
  • Appendix III: RTTI and exceptions orthogonality

• C++ Stories by Bartłomiej Filipek

• C++20 Coroutines: sketching a minimal async framework by Jeremy Ong

• C++20 Concepts: The Definitive Guide by Rajat Jain

• Fiber in C++: Understanding the Basics by Jiayin Cao

• Hacking C++

• Learn C++

• Microsoft C++ language documentation

• Modernes C++ by Rainer Grimm

• The Boost C++ Libraries by Boris Schäling

D

• Programming in D by Ali Çehreli

Datalog

• Learn Datalog Today by Jonas Enlund

Erlang

• Adopting Erlang by Tristan Sloughter, Fred Hebert, and Evan Vigil-McClanahan

• Learn You Some Erlang for great good! by Fred Hebert

• Stuff Goes Bad: Erlang in Anger by Fred Hebert

Forth

• Starting FORTH by Leo Brodie

• Thinking Forth by Leo Brodie [pdf]

Go

• Practical Go Lessons by Maximilien Andile

• REST Servers in Go by Ely Bendersky

Haskell

• Learn Haskell by building a blog generator Gil Mizrahi

• Learn You a Haskell for Great Good! by Miran Lipovača

• Monads for functional programming by Philip Wadler [pdf]

• Monday Morning Haskell

• Real World Haskell by Bryan O'Sullivan, Don Stewart, and John Goerzen

Java

• How to Design Classes by Matthias Felleisen, Matthew Flatt, Robert Bruce Findler, Kathryn E. Gray, Shriram Krishnamurthi and Viera K. Proulx [pdf]

JavaScript

• Eloquent JavaScript by Marijn Haverbeke

• Exploring JS: JavaScript books for programmers by Dr. Axel Rauschmayer

• Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs — JavaScript Edition by

  • Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman — original authors
  • Martin Henz and Tobias Wrigstad with Julie Sussman — adapters to JavaScript
  • Samuel Fang — designer and developer of this Interactive SICP JS edition

• The Modern JavaScript Tutorial by Ilya Kantor

• Mostly adequate guide to FP (in JavaScript)

Lean

• Functional Programming in Lean by David Thrane Christiansen

Lisp dialects

Clojure

• Babashka Babooka: Write Command-Line Clojure by Daniel Higginbotham

• Clojure for the Brave and True by Daniel Higginbotham

Common Lisp

• Gamedev in Lisp by Andrew Kravchuk

  • Part 1: ECS and Metalinguistic Abstraction
  • Part 2: Dungeons and Interfaces

• Learn Lisp The Hard Way by "the Phoeron" Colin J.E. Lupton

• Practical Common Lisp by Peter Seibel

• Successful Lisp: How to Understand and Use Common Lisp by David B. Lamkins

• The Common Lisp Cookbook

• Typed Lisp, A Primer by Musa Al-hassy

Racket

• A Functional Introduction To Computer Science by Prabhakar Ragde

  • Part I
  • Part II

• Beautiful Racket by Matthew Butterick

• How to Design Programs, Second Edition by Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi

• Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation by Shriram Krishnamurthi

Scheme

• Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs by Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman

• (learn 'scheme) by Jared Krinke

Nim

• Computer Programming with the Nim Programming Language by Dr. Stefan Salewski

OCaml

• OCaml Programming: Correct + Efficient + Beautiful by Michael R. Clarkson

• Real World OCaml by Yaron Minsky, Anil Madhavapeddy and Jason Hickey

Oberon-2

• Object-Oriented Programming in Oberon-2 by Hanspeter Mössenböck [pdf]

Odin

• Introduction to the Odin Programming Language by Karl Zylinski

Pascal

• Modern Object Pascal Introduction for Programmers by Michalis Kamburelis

PostScript

• Learning PostScript by Doing by Andre Heck [pdf]

Prolog

• The Power of Prolog by Markus Triska

• Game Programming in Prolog by Youngjin Kang

Pyret

• Programming and Programming Languages by Shriram Krishnamurthi, Benjamin S. Lerner, Joe Gibbs Politz, Kathi Fisler

• A Data-Centric Introduction to Computing by Kathi Fisler, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Benjamin S. Lerner, Joe Gibbs Politz

Python

• 30 Days Of Python by Asabeneh

• Architecture Patterns with Python by Harry Percival and Bob Gregory

• Automate the Boring Stuff with Python by Al Sweigart

• Composing Programs by John DeNero

• Computational Discovery on Jupyter by Rob Corless

• Data Structures and Information Retrieval in Python by Allen B. Downey

• From Python to Numpy by Nicolas P. Rougier

• Full Stack Python by Matt Makai

• How Python Asyncio Works: Recreating it from Scratch by Jacob Padilla

• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Interactive Edition by Peter Wentworth, Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey, and Chris Meyers

• Learn Python the Right Way

• NumPy Illustrated: The Visual Guide to NumPy by Lev Maximov

• Pandas Illustrated: The Definitive Visual Guide to Pandas by Lev Maximov

• Practical Python Programming by David Beazley

• Python & OpenGL for Scientific Visualization by Nicolas P. Rougier

• Python Asyncio: The Complete Guide by Jason Brownlee

• Python Data Science Handbook by Jake VanderPlas

• Python Design Patterns by Brandon Rhodes

• Python for Data Analysis, 3rd edition by Wes McKinney

• Scientific Visualization: Python + Matplotlib by Nicolas Rougier

• Test-Driven Development with Python by Harry Percival

• The Ultimate Guide to Error Handling in Python by Miguel Grinberg

• Think Python, 2nd Edition by Allen B. Downey

• Think Python, 3rd Edition by Allen B. Downey

Regular expressions

• Implementing Regular Expressions by Russ Cox

• Learn RegEx step by step, from zero to advanced

• RegexOne

• Regular-Expressions.info by Jan Goyvaerts

• Rex Eats Regular Expressions for Breakfast

Ruby

• Building Games with DragonRuby by Brett Chalupa

• Ruby Hacking Guide

Rust

• 100 Exercises To Learn Rust

• A Gentle Introduction to Rust by Steve Donovan

• Async Rust in Three Parts by Jack O'Connor

• Asynchronous Programming in Rust

• Beginner's guide to Error Handling in Rust by Shesh Babu

• Clear explanation of Rust’s module system by Shesh Babu

• Comprehensive Rust

• Dependency Injection like Bevy Engine from Scratch

• Effective Rust by David Drysdale

• Exploring ways to make async Rust easier by Carl Lerche

• Learning Async Rust With Entirely Too Many Web Servers by Ibraheem Ahmed

• Rust Atomics and Locks: Low-Level Concurrency in Practice by Mara Bos

• Rust Language Cheat Sheet

• Things you can’t do in Rust (and what to do instead)

Smalltalk

• Smalltalk Resources - A list of free smalltalk books.

Zig

• Learning Zig by Karl Seguin

Retrocomputing

• A Guide to the Graphics of the Sega Mega Drive / Genesis

• Books by Fabien Sanglard

  • Game Engine Black Book: Wolfenstein 3D
  • Game Engine Black Book: DOOM
  • The Book of CP-System

• Famicom Party: Making NES Games in Assembly by Kevin Zurawel

• Gameboy Technical Reference for Homebrew Developers

• How PlayStation Graphics & Visual Artefacts Work by Gustavo Pezzi

• Learn Multiplatform Assembly Programming by ChibiAkumas

• Mark Moxon's Software Archaeology - Fully documented source code for Elite, Revs, Lander, Aviator and more

• MarkeyJester’s Motorola 68000 Beginner’s Tutorial

• Michael Abrash’s Graphics Programming Black Book, Special Edition by Michael Abrash

• NeHe OpenGL Tutorials

• Usborne 1980s Computer Books

Adevent of code on retro machines

• Advent of Code 2022 on a MikroMikko 4TT m326 by Jukka Jylänki

• Advent Of Code 2023 on a Commodore 64 by Jukka Jylänki

Apple II

• Apple II Documentation Project

• Apple II graphics: More than you wanted to know

• Neil Parker's Apple II page

Commodore 64

• An Afterlife User's Guide to the C64 by Gregorio Naçu

• C64 OS Programmer's Guide by Gregorio Naçu

• Commodore 64 Guides

• Commodore Bookmarks - Bookmarks for the Commodore 64, 128, Plus4, C16, VIC20 & PET Community.

• The Lost Ways of Programming: Commodore 64 BASIC by Tomas Petricek

DOS

• 256-Color VGA Programming in C by David Brackeen

• Beyond the 1 MB barrier in DOS by Julio Merino

• From 0 to 1 MB in DOS by Julio Merino

• How Cosmo’s Cosmic Adventure DOS game works?

Mega 65

• MEGA65 Documentation

• MEGA65 Welcome Guide by Dan Sanderson

ZX Spectrum and Z80 CPU

• First Steps in Z80 Assembly Language by Darryl Sloan [pdf]

• How to Write ZX Spectrum Games by Jonathan Cauldwell [pdf]

• Sinclair ZX Spectrum BASIC programming by Steven Vicker [pdf]

• Z80 User's Manual

• ZX Spectrum Next: Assembly Developer Guide by Tomaz Kragelj

Reverse engineering

• Applied Reverse Engineering Series by Daax Rynd, Aidan Khoury and Nick Peterson

• Reverse Engineering for Beginners by Dennis Yurichev

• Reverse Engineering For Everyone by Kevin Thomas

• Reversing for dummies - x86 assembly and C code by Sami Alaoui

• Linux Reverse Engineering CTFs for Beginners

Robotics

• Introduction to Autonomous Robots by Nikolaus Correll, Bradley Hayes, Christoffer Heckman, and Alessandro Roncone

• Modern Robotics: Mechanics, Planning, and Control by Kevin M. Lynch and Frank C. Park

• The open online robotics education resource

• Underactuated Robotics by Russ Tedrake

SIMD programming

ARM NEON for C++ Developers [pdf]

Designing a SIMD Algorithm from Scratch by Miguel Young de la Sota

SIMD for C++ Developers [pdf]

Text editors

• Build Your Own Text Editor

• Design and Implementation of a Win32 Text Editor by James Brown

• Text Buffer Reimplementation by Peng Lyu

• Text Editor: Data Structures by Avery Laird

Emacs

• Emacs Config From Scratch by Arne Bahlo

  • Part 1: Foundations
  • Part 2: Projects and Keybindings
  • Part 3: LSP & Tree-sitter

• How to learn Emacs by David Röthlisberger

• Use GNU Emacs: The Plain Text Computing Environment by Keith Waclena

Vim

• Interactive Vim Tutorial by Henrik Huttunen

• Learn Vim (the Smart Way) by Igor Irianto

• The Vi/Ex Editor by Walter Alan Zintz

• Vim from the ground up by Matthieu Cneude

• Vim Reference Guide by Sundeep Agarwal

Unicode

• Programming with Unicode by Victor Stinner

• The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets by Joel Spolsky

• The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Must Know About Unicode in 2023 by Nikita Prokopov

• Unicode programming, with examples by Joe Nelson

Version control tools

• Git from the Bottom Up by John Wiegley

• Learn the workings of Git, not just the commands by Andre Fachat

Web programming

• A book about using Node.js by Mikito Takada

• FastCGI — The Forgotten Treasure by Peter Simons and Ralph Babel

• HTML for People by Blake Watson

• Implementing React From Scratch by Robby Pruzan

• Intro to Web Dev

• Josh Comeau's Website

• Single page apps in depth by Mikito Takada

• The Copenhagen Book - A general guideline on implementing auth in web applications.

• The Flask Mega-Tutorial by Miguel Grinberg

• What happens when you type google.com into your browser's address box and press enter? by Alex Gaynor

CSS

• A Complete Guide to CSS Grid by Chris House

• Learn CSS Layout the pedantic way by Mikito Takada

• Modern CSS Solutions for Old CSS Problems by Stephanie Eckles

Other

• Agner Fog's Website

• Beej's Guides

• Explained from First Principles by Kaspar Etter

• Green Tea Press: Free books by Allen B. Downey

• How These Things Work - a book about abstraction

• Project Oberon: The Design of an Operating System, a Compiler, and a Computer by Niklaus Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht

• Rocket and Space Technology

• Software Technical Writing: A Guidebook by James [pdf]

• Teach Yourself Computer Science

• The Art of HPC by Victor Eijkhout

• The Fundamentals of Control Theory by Brian Douglas

• The Nature of Code a book about how can we capture the unpredictable evolutionary and emergent properties of nature in software by Daniel Shiffman

• The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing by Steven W. Smith, Ph.D.

Other lists

• Become a Programmer, Motherfucker - A list of free programming books.

• Build Your Own X

• Electronic References by Colin S. Gordon - a loosely-categorized collection of links to CS textbooks in a variety of areas that are freely available online.

• Free Computer Books

• Free Tech Books

• GPU Optimization for GameDev by Ken Hu

• Project Based Learning