Add --target:fpga flag to prioritize FPGA-friendly compilation

* Update name of FPGA flag based on Jack's comment
* Add Scaladoc to describe what each constituent transform does
* Add SeparateWriteClocks to --target:fpga

src/main/scala/firrtl/stage/FirrtlCli.scala

@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ trait FirrtlCli { this: Shell =>
     NoCircuitDedupAnnotation,
     WarnNoScalaVersionDeprecation,
     PrettyNoExprInlining,
-    DisableFold
+    DisableFold,
+    OptimizeForFPGA
   )
     .map(_.addOptions(parser))
 

src/main/scala/firrtl/stage/FirrtlCompilerTargets.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package firrtl.stage
+
+import firrtl.transforms._
+import firrtl.passes.memlib._
+import firrtl.options.{HasShellOptions, ShellOption}
+
+/**
+  * This flag enables a set of options that guide the FIRRTL compilation flow to ultimately generate Verilog that is
+  * more amenable to using for synthesized FPGA designs. Currently, this flag affects only memories, as the need to emit
+  * memories that support downstream inference of hardened RAM macros. These options are not intended to be specialized
+  * to any particular vendor; instead, they aim to emit simple Verilog that more closely reflects traditional
+  * human-written definitions of synchronous-read memories.
+  *
+  * 1) Add a [[firrtl.passes.memlib.PassthroughSimpleSyncReadMemsAnnotation]] to allow some synchronous-read memories
+  *    and readwrite ports to pass through [[firrtl.passes.memlib.VerilogMemDelays]] without introducing explicit
+  *    pipeline registers or splitting ports.
+  *
+  * 2) Use the [[firrtl.transforms.SimplifyMems]] transform to Lower aggregate-typed memories with always-high masks to
+  *    packed memories without splitting them into multiple independent ground-typed memories.
+  *
+  * 3) Use the [[firrtl.passes.memlib.SeparateWriteClocks]] transform to ensure that each write port of a
+  *    multiple-write, synchronous-read memory with 'undefined' collision behavior ultimately maps to a separate clocked
+  *    process in the emitted Verilog. This avoids the issue of implicitly constraining cross-port collision and write
+  *    ordering behavior and helps simplify inference of true dual-port RAM macros.
+  *
+  * 4) Use the [[firrtl.passes.memlib.SetDefaultReadUnderWrite]] to specify that memories with undefined
+  *    read-under-write behavior should map to emitted microarchitectures characteristic of "read-first" ports by
+  *    default. This eliminates the difficulty of inferring a RAM macro that matches the strict semantics of
+  *    "write-first" ports.
+  *
+  * 5) Enable the [[firrtl.passes.memlib.InferReadWrite]] transform to reduce port count, where applicable.
+  */
+object OptimizeForFPGA extends HasShellOptions {
+  private val fpgaAnnos = Seq(
+    InferReadWriteAnnotation,
+    RunFirrtlTransformAnnotation(new InferReadWrite),
+    RunFirrtlTransformAnnotation(new SeparateWriteClocks),
+    DefaultReadFirstAnnotation,
+    RunFirrtlTransformAnnotation(new SetDefaultReadUnderWrite),
+    RunFirrtlTransformAnnotation(new SimplifyMems),
+    PassthroughSimpleSyncReadMemsAnnotation
+  )
+  val options = Seq(
+    new ShellOption[Unit](
+      longOption = "target:fpga",
+      toAnnotationSeq = a => fpgaAnnos,
+      helpText = "Choose compilation strategies that generally favor FPGA targets"
+    )
+  )
+}