feat: encode and don't consume the value

[lwshang]

ArgumentEncoder now have an extra encode_ref() method which takes &self instead of self.
Calling encode_ref() won't consume the value.

The utils functions write_args_ref() and encode_args_ref() are also added.

This change is required in dfinity/cdk-rs#551.

We will need to make a patch release of candid once this is approved.

[github-actions]

Name	Max Mem (Kb)	Encode	Decode
blob	4_224	20_459_319	12_083_680
btreemap	75_456	4_022_699_521	15_670_422_014
nns	128	2_257_486	5_495_189 ($\textcolor{red}{0.07\%}$)
nns_list_proposal	1_088	7_050_358 ($\textcolor{green}{-0.03\%}$)	81_908_508 ($\textcolor{red}{0.01\%}$)
option_list	128	7_140_826 ($\textcolor{green}{-0.00\%}$)	25_769_889 ($\textcolor{red}{0.08\%}$)
text	6_336	20_455_442	17_839_559
variant_list	128	7_141_872 ($\textcolor{green}{-0.00\%}$)	24_354_404 ($\textcolor{green}{-0.38\%}$)
vec_int16	16_704	168_582_443	1_073_765_826

• Parser cost: 18_787_299
• Extra args: 3_240_108

Click to see raw report

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Benchmark: blob
  total:
    instructions: 32.55 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 66 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 20.46 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 66 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 12.08 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: text
  total:
    instructions: 38.30 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 99 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 20.46 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 66 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 17.84 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 33 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: vec_int16
  total:
    instructions: 1.24 B (no change)
    heap_increase: 261 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 168.58 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 261 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 1.07 B (no change)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: btreemap
  total:
    instructions: 19.69 B (no change)
    heap_increase: 1179 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 4.02 B (no change)
    heap_increase: 159 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 15.67 B (no change)
    heap_increase: 1020 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: option_list
  total:
    instructions: 32.91 M (0.06%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 7.14 M (-0.00%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 25.77 M (0.08%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: variant_list
  total:
    instructions: 31.50 M (-0.29%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 7.14 M (-0.00%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 24.35 M (-0.38%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: nns
  total:
    instructions: 27.38 M (0.02%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  0. Parsing (scope):
    instructions: 18.79 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 2 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 2.26 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 5.50 M (0.07%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: nns_list_proposal
  total:
    instructions: 88.96 M (0.01%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 17 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  1. Encoding (scope):
    instructions: 7.05 M (-0.03%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 3 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

  2. Decoding (scope):
    instructions: 81.91 M (0.01%) (change within noise threshold)
    heap_increase: 14 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

---------------------------------------------------

Benchmark: extra_args
  total:
    instructions: 3.24 M (no change)
    heap_increase: 0 pages (no change)
    stable_memory_increase: 0 pages (no change)

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Successfully persisted results to canbench_results.yml