Support http proxies

[msujew]

What it does

Closes #7797
Closes #10267

For some reason GitHub force-closed my old PR while force-pushing and doesn't allow me to reopen it, so I had to create a new PR. See #10958 for previous discussion.

Adds general proxy support to the whole application (backend+frontend) by using a RequestService which comes with automatic proxy support. Other services and downstream applications are encouraged to use that service whenever requests to non-origin or non-localhost web-services are performed.

Also patches the http and https node.js imports for the extension host. This enables extensions to perform requests through proxies as well.

For electron there's currently a large TODO: Automatic OS proxy detection doesn't work yet, since that requires access to the electron-main process (see also #10698).

How to test

Generally, testing this PR requires setting up firewall rules which block all outgoing traffic and configuring a local proxy rule. I used Fiddler Classic (Windows only?) which sets itself up at http://localhost:8888. I assume Mac and Linux users have a simpler time configuring such a proxy.

Also, these tests should preferably performed using the Electron version. The browser version will automatically use the OS proxy for stuff like fetching vsx search results, whereas the electron version will fail if the proxy is not configured.

1. Open the vsx registry and search for java. Nothing should appear if outbound traffic is blocked.
2. Search in the preferences for proxy and set the Http: Proxy preference to your local proxy url.
3. Confirm that re-searching displays results (frontend request) and allows to install the extension (backend request).
4. Install the proxy-test extension.
5. Execute the Hello World Request command. It will send a request to https://www.google.com and display the error message/success code.
6. Change the Http: Proxy support preference. override, fallback and on should all provide the same success result, while off should display an error, since the extension proxy support has been turned off.

---

There are now proxy settings for fetching packages from ovsx registries using the theia download:plugins command.

0. Delete your plugins folder.
1. Executing theia download:plugins should result in an error, since the outgoing download requests are blocked
2. Adding the --proxy-url <url> parameter should enable successful download of these extensions.

Review checklist

• As an author, I have thoroughly tested my changes and carefully followed the review guidelines

Reminder for reviewers

• As a reviewer, I agree to behave in accordance with the review guidelines

[colin-grant-work]

Comments on the code after a more thorough read through. I am setting up my proxy settings now to test the functionality...

[colin-grant-work]

Functionally, I believe that this is working more or less as advertised. I'm not an expert on proxies or firewalls, but having set both up naïvely, traffic for Electron appears to be running through the configured proxy and making it through the firewall. @paul-marechal, I know you have some experience setting up proxies / throttlers on Linux, so if you'd be willing to give it a test, I'd appreciate it.

[paul-marechal]

It looks mostly good to me, just a few oddities.

[paul-marechal]

Looks good as first iteration. We can take care of the missing bits in Electron later with IPC/RPC.

[vince-fugnitto]

@msujew I believe the proxy part of download:plugins should actually fix #10267 😃