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from git rm cached vs git reset hard
There are three places where a file, say, can be - the tree, the index and the working copy. When you just add a file to a folder, you are adding it to the working copy [sic: working tree].
When you do something like git add file you add it to the index. And when you commit it, you add it to the tree as well.
It will probably help you to know the three more common flags in git reset:
git reset [--<mode>] [<commit>]
This form resets the current branch head to and possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of ) and the working tree depending on , which must be one of the following:
--soft
Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all (but resets the head to , just like all modes do). This leaves all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as git status would put it.
--mixed
Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not been updated. This is the default action.
--hard
Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the working tree since are discarded.
Now, when you do something like git reset HEAD - what you are actually doing is git reset HEAD --mixed and it will "reset" the index to the state it was before you started adding files / adding modifications to the index ( via git add ). In this case, the working copy and the index ( or staging ) were in sync, but you made the HEAD and the index to be in sync after the reset.
git rm on the other hand removes a file from the working directory and the index and when you commit, the file is removed from the tree as well. git rm --cached however removes the file from index alone and keeps it in your working copy. This is the exact opposite of git add file. In this case, you made index to be different from the HEAD and the working, in it that the HEAD has the previously committed version of the file, working copy had the las modification if any or content from HEAD of the file and you removed the file from the index. A commit now will sync the index and tree and the file will be removed.