Simplify 32 bit CI workflow & lint, test on Go 1.19-1.22

[JohnStarich]

A couple changes to simplify various workflows, plus explicitly testing on the latest Go versions.

• Enable race on all supported platforms, explicitly set -race= flag
• Move linters-settings below linters list
• Reformat octal integers to latest gofmt style
• Fix comments to strictly follow godoc style
• Disable govet's fieldalignment memory size check on test files
• Test on Go 1.19-1.22, verify 32 bit field alignment on Linux with latest Go

[JohnStarich]

I've changed up how the architecture is passed in, since I hit issues with installing other test dependencies (wasmbrowsertest) when the GOHOSTARCH was not the native arch.

I reverified we're still catching the field alignment issues with 8ede24a:

--- FAIL: TestChmod (0.00s)
panic: unaligned 64-bit atomic operation [recovered]
	panic: unaligned 64-bit atomic operation