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Sync with upstream @ 34a80e70 #237

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5abfab9
Minor grammar
davidshq Sep 6, 2022
a6f19fb
Update article.md
davidshq Sep 6, 2022
0c6a4ac
Update article.md
davidshq Sep 6, 2022
131a3a7
Minor grammar
davidshq Sep 6, 2022
11eef4c
👾 add mdn links to Map and Set methods
Rnbsov Sep 6, 2022
82156c4
👾 smth
Rnbsov Sep 6, 2022
5f2b5a8
Update article.md
gleachkr Sep 9, 2022
4a3e70e
Update task.md | Fix grammar
mukulkandhari Sep 9, 2022
0f2d22c
Update solution.md
mukulkandhari Sep 9, 2022
f15700d
Update article.md
gleachkr Sep 10, 2022
026b1c4
Update String type chapter
chilipenko Sep 15, 2022
2672263
Merge pull request #3166 from nikandev/patch-1
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
588e213
Merge pull request #3167 from 0xEddie/master
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
b4bbee6
closes #3168
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
4b5ff83
Merge pull request #3170 from KilianSorel/patch-1
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55be282
Merge pull request #3174 from davidshq/patch-1
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
83b7de0
Merge pull request #3176 from davidshq/patch-3
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
b0a86b9
minor fixes
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
89e3a75
Merge pull request #3177 from davidshq/patch-4
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
b2586ee
Merge pull request #3178 from Rnbsov/patch-74
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202e625
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iliakan Sep 20, 2022
42b7197
Merge pull request #3181 from mukulkandhari/patch-2
iliakan Sep 20, 2022
44dc8eb
fix markdown syntax
Sep 21, 2022
bbb50e7
Merge pull request #3175 from davidshq/patch-2
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
c2342c1
minor fixes
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
7c05948
Merge pull request #3187 from chilipenko/patch-1
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
f5511ee
minor fixes
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
712f47e
minor fixes
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
4d59152
Merge pull request #3192 from tianheg/patch-1
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
c990cda
Merge pull request #3182 from mukulkandhari/patch-3
iliakan Sep 21, 2022
e7424d4
typo
joaquinelio Sep 23, 2022
2b022ee
Merge pull request #3194 from joaquinelio/patch-13
iliakan Sep 23, 2022
9e649fb
Update task.md
Sep 23, 2022
ff4ef57
minor fixes
iliakan Sep 24, 2022
dfb97dc
fix a small typo
Sep 24, 2022
a4877df
fix typo
skromez Sep 24, 2022
1575b8a
fix small typo
Sep 24, 2022
86ed165
grammar suggestion
Sep 24, 2022
1b87b89
Omitting parentheses after `new`
web-dev-sam Sep 25, 2022
a965e49
typo
joaquinelio Sep 27, 2022
4c693a2
Update article.md
skromez Sep 27, 2022
1292386
typo
joaquinelio Sep 28, 2022
fe525d2
Change link to the spec
romanstetsyk Sep 28, 2022
f2ef231
Fix typo "stirng" to "string"
ann-kilzer Sep 29, 2022
8d89b7f
ECMA broken link
joaquinelio Sep 29, 2022
24dfb1f
Remove description of inconsistency between Chrome and Firefox
wdscxsj Sep 29, 2022
594bc55
https link
joaquinelio Sep 29, 2022
15ab2fd
Merge pull request #3209 from joaquinelio/patch-18
iliakan Sep 30, 2022
fde193a
Merge pull request #3208 from wdscxsj/patch-1
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63bc08e
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4d42242
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dc6e7d1
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iliakan Sep 30, 2022
e0621be
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iliakan Oct 1, 2022
4a9dc8e
Merge pull request #3204 from joaquinelio/patch-16
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
c8b4d34
move Unicode to a separate article
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
98d0c2c
Merge pull request #3201 from MindLaborDev/patch-1
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b24e3fb
Merge pull request #3200 from digital-bw/patch-4
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586cc54
Merge pull request #3199 from digital-bw/patch-3
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2cb64ab
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2180da8
Merge pull request #3197 from digital-bw/patch-2
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aedeed3
Merge pull request #3195 from digital-bw/patch-1
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c27a7b4
closes #3185
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
c589176
closes #3183
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
666f356
closes #3190
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
c99d740
closes #3179
iliakan Oct 1, 2022
18b1314
closes #3096
iliakan Oct 2, 2022
cd86528
Fix typo
wdscxsj Oct 3, 2022
165a3f5
typo "optimzed
joaquinelio Oct 3, 2022
f0ce7e9
IE 9
joaquinelio Oct 3, 2022
f0fa52f
Fix typo
wdscxsj Oct 4, 2022
3a5d32e
Remove typo
aki-mizu Oct 5, 2022
4573d0b
Fix typos
TevaHenry Oct 5, 2022
dca45f7
Unicode art, grammar suggestions
joaquinelio Oct 5, 2022
dc7a157
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 5, 2022
87c0ca9
mdn link
joaquinelio Oct 6, 2022
af4843b
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 8, 2022
530dc9f
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 8, 2022
1d999c7
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 8, 2022
429caba
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 8, 2022
306a197
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 10, 2022
69bfbb0
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 10, 2022
b89b938
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 10, 2022
455c57a
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 10, 2022
6f34912
Update article.md
joaquinelio Oct 10, 2022
bf7d8bb
Merge pull request #3220 from joaquinelio/patch-19
iliakan Oct 10, 2022
7b0f9e5
Content-Length is now a CORS-safelisted response header
wdscxsj Oct 11, 2022
fe8ed87
Fix typo
wdscxsj Oct 12, 2022
75edb67
strict-origin-when-cross-origin is now the default referrerPolicy
wdscxsj Oct 12, 2022
0c5ac0e
typo at String concatenation with binary
adam4nj Oct 13, 2022
ca42edd
Remove a redundant argument
wdscxsj Oct 13, 2022
0487c35
Remove use of error.message in onerror()
wdscxsj Oct 14, 2022
c09efa8
http to https checked links
joaquinelio Oct 14, 2022
2ca8f83
closes #3242
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
245e59e
closes #3239
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
28803aa
Merge pull request #3238 from joaquinelio/pp
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
2f37897
minor fixes
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
f6cb5e9
Merge pull request #3237 from wdscxsj/patch-9
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
321b05e
Merge pull request #3223 from joaquinelio/patch-20
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
508ca01
closes #3229
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
5f91fda
closes #3230
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
aaf3b5b
Merge pull request #3231 from wdscxsj/patch-4
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
91e8edd
Merge pull request #3232 from wdscxsj/patch-5
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
36eb3da
Merge pull request #3233 from wdscxsj/patch-6
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
b0e2e04
Merge pull request #3234 from adam4nj/patch-1
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
a4050f2
Merge pull request #3235 from wdscxsj/patch-7
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
5dff42b
closes #3222
iliakan Oct 18, 2022
0c8e883
typo *udefined
joaquinelio Oct 20, 2022
4edd6b5
Proper Polish language inflection
f6p Oct 20, 2022
094aa10
Add .at( ) to strings summary
joaquinelio Oct 20, 2022
434e637
For the completeness of example.
Victor-Nikliaiev Oct 28, 2022
b3c7a7f
👾 add run button and remove typo
Rnbsov Oct 29, 2022
515dc44
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 29, 2022
78a9566
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 29, 2022
9e08049
👾 smth
Rnbsov Oct 29, 2022
1bda839
fix: typo getRangesAt to getRangeAt
leviding Oct 30, 2022
55b6c5e
Update article.md
nikolai-chernolutskii Oct 30, 2022
588117e
Update index.html
Alexandre887 Oct 30, 2022
4943f21
Update article.md
alagunoff Nov 1, 2022
8d185f7
Update article.md
Alexandre887 Nov 4, 2022
c70a3dc
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iliakan Nov 13, 2022
1fb0500
Merge pull request #3219 from TevaHenry/localstorage-sessionstorage
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fe3d781
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1b078d0
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294a91e
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083de40
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iliakan Nov 13, 2022
a4f1afd
Merge pull request #3248 from Victor-Nikliaiev/patch-1
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fac9385
fixes #3249
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
ffbe0f5
Merge pull request #3251 from Rnbsov/patch-77
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
f47885b
minor fixes
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
7048f44
Merge pull request #3252 from leviding/patch-7
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2c8f0fc
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6fc7ba3
Merge pull request #3254 from Alexandre887/master
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
121141b
minor fixes
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
a665e29
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iliakan Nov 13, 2022
8d9ecb7
Merge pull request #3258 from Alexandre887/patch-1
iliakan Nov 13, 2022
dafc925
the output is 0
joaquinelio Nov 14, 2022
c918da4
map.delete removes the pair key/value
joaquinelio Nov 14, 2022
9f1848c
Update article.md
joaquinelio Nov 14, 2022
d52f318
fix typo on Remainder %
cerealexperiments Nov 15, 2022
e1bec69
Merge pull request #3267 from cerealexperiments/patch-1
iliakan Nov 15, 2022
e912311
Merge pull request #3265 from joaquinelio/patch-20
iliakan Nov 15, 2022
cfc0195
Merge branch 'master' into patch-19
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33c48a4
Merge pull request #3264 from joaquinelio/patch-19
iliakan Nov 15, 2022
477cb58
Merge pull request #3214 from joaquinelio/patch-17
iliakan Nov 15, 2022
746ad80
closes #3260
iliakan Nov 16, 2022
4e26c7e
Suggestion
bogdanbacosca Nov 26, 2022
657e389
minor code formatting
bogdanbacosca Nov 26, 2022
45a2d14
other code formatting bits
bogdanbacosca Nov 26, 2022
66ad8c1
Revert "minor code formatting"
bogdanbacosca Nov 26, 2022
67fe46f
Merge pull request #3279 from bogdanbacosca/if-else-bogdan
iliakan Nov 30, 2022
cfe2249
Bezier curves: update paused demo on point move
orelby Nov 30, 2022
1ce5644
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iliakan Nov 30, 2022
8375316
fix typo, remove pleonasm
a-v-gor Dec 6, 2022
e75f655
small format change
joaquinelio Dec 7, 2022
4a8e8e1
Update article.md
Violet-Bora-Lee Dec 7, 2022
3f305f5
Merge pull request #3292 from a-v-gor/proofreading
iliakan Dec 11, 2022
9a26eb0
Merge pull request #3293 from joaquinelio/patch-19
iliakan Dec 11, 2022
ea7738b
Merge pull request #3295 from Violet-Bora-Lee/patch-4
iliakan Dec 11, 2022
b2e7dbf
grammar & legility (to check)
joaquinelio Dec 12, 2022
88d9b3f
removed -> remove; optimzed -> optimized ;
sagarpanchal Jan 18, 2023
ccd0a11
Fix "JavaScript specials" links
odsantos Jan 22, 2023
ae7afcb
update
bogdanbacosca Jan 24, 2023
03b8f2e
Merge pull request #3278 from bogdanbacosca/work
iliakan Jan 24, 2023
cd988dd
Fix a typo
MAHIN0093 Jan 24, 2023
bbf3a44
Update 1-js/05-data-types/04-array/article.md
MAHIN0093 Jan 24, 2023
f489288
Update button to fix horizontal scroll on mobile
marcusicaro Jan 25, 2023
4baa619
fix: add missing word 'to'
JeraldVin Jan 26, 2023
a4e9ba5
Merge pull request #3336 from JeraldVin/patch-1
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d906956
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f9afaf3
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5a3db89
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9e3fa13
Merge pull request #3302 from joaquinelio/patch-19
iliakan Jan 29, 2023
968fa09
added a word
Raviikumar001 Apr 4, 2023
ea5fbfa
added word fix
Raviikumar001 Apr 6, 2023
af71856
Merge pull request #3425 from Raviikumar001/Added-a-word
iliakan Apr 17, 2023
cd8dd53
#3345 Fixed Grammar
pradeep-ramola Apr 23, 2023
733ff69
Merge pull request #3435 from pradeep-ramola/master
iliakan Apr 29, 2023
e68750e
translated Russian word into English
MSHNK1 Jul 9, 2023
023c0ec
Fixing a minor grammatical typo in the document.
rahulrao0209 Jul 16, 2023
d694e89
Merge pull request #3492 from MSHNK1/fix-typos
iliakan Jul 17, 2023
285083f
minor fixes
iliakan Aug 7, 2023
8ab6b39
Add WeakRef and FinalizationRegistry article
Nov 4, 2023
5ab1ce2
Merge pull request #3609 from WOLFRIEND/master
iliakan Nov 15, 2023
b7ebc1b
Improve awkward sentence structure
smith558 Nov 24, 2023
75bad83
Improve grammar
smith558 Nov 24, 2023
74a8a19
Fix formatting char
smith558 Nov 27, 2023
d51037a
Fix grammar and add an example
nakhodkin Dec 27, 2023
c66bace
Fix grammar and typos
nakhodkin Dec 31, 2023
bbac8a5
Fix grammar and JavaScript syntax
nakhodkin Jan 2, 2024
1b9a28b
Update article.md
JaFro96 Jan 4, 2024
4ec440f
Update article.md
JaFro96 Jan 4, 2024
d83bfb2
refactor: Updated RFC spec Safe Methods URL in Cookies chapter
alexandermirzoyan Jan 12, 2024
9ec34c6
Replace assignment with equals in Truncate the text task
CJDumbleton Jan 17, 2024
2e0d5fb
Add missing word
qadzek Jan 20, 2024
52e184c
Add missing CSS unit
qadzek Jan 20, 2024
0530c92
fix square brackets
mikayel00 Jan 24, 2024
9270fe5
Merge pull request #3639 from JaFro96/master
smith558 Jan 24, 2024
f0f1006
fix: json
mikayel00 Jan 24, 2024
c98ec82
Merge pull request #3647 from CJDumbleton/CJDumbleton-patch-1
smith558 Jan 24, 2024
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smith558 Jan 24, 2024
1a6edd7
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smith558 Jan 26, 2024
9d157d8
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smith558 Jan 27, 2024
b6c604a
Merge branch 'master' into patch-5
smith558 Jan 27, 2024
4286703
Merge pull request #3644 from alexandermirzoyan/patch-2
smith558 Jan 27, 2024
26ac4c8
Merge pull request #3212 from wdscxsj/patch-2
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f24e463
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smith558 Jan 27, 2024
774d0c1
Merge pull request #3326 from sagarpanchal/patch-2
smith558 Jan 27, 2024
aacfc93
Fixed grammar error in regex-groups article.md
eedrxs Jan 27, 2024
e2ac312
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smith558 Jan 27, 2024
ee62307
Update article.md
nepikn Feb 2, 2024
4a20875
Update article.md
smith558 Feb 11, 2024
5ce4b3a
Merge pull request #3664 from nepikn/patch-2
smith558 Feb 11, 2024
daca277
Fix grammar
smith558 Feb 11, 2024
3e92613
Improve options description
smith558 Feb 11, 2024
b6e7472
Update samesite content
smith558 Feb 13, 2024
d134cab
Remove "surely"
smith558 Feb 13, 2024
19e62af
Update article.md
smith558 Feb 13, 2024
a7d351f
change IndexedDb to IndexedDB (#3660)
0xtoorich Feb 13, 2024
ab1db04
Fix grammar and typos (#3628)
nakhodkin Feb 14, 2024
d461a93
Merge pull request #3217 from wdscxsj/patch-3
smith558 Feb 14, 2024
00bdf88
Update LICENSE.md
iliakan Mar 8, 2024
25c9bdf
Update LICENSE.md
iliakan Mar 8, 2024
c13e707
Update LICENSE.md
iliakan Mar 8, 2024
e15f535
Update LICENSE.md
iliakan Mar 8, 2024
2f91d87
Update LICENSE.md
iliakan Mar 8, 2024
ea05aa9
Updated result visualization
Filin3 Mar 31, 2024
04b73bf
Merge pull request #3681 from Filin3/patch-1
smith558 May 5, 2024
acf339c
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smith558 May 5, 2024
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smith558 May 5, 2024
0b9bc2f
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smith558 May 5, 2024
85da6f1
Update article.md
ellie-heidari May 10, 2024
475899e
Update article.md
smith558 May 17, 2024
7e524ba
Add link
smith558 May 17, 2024
42851f4
Update task.md
pvepamb1 May 18, 2024
2092da7
Merge pull request #3694 from pvepamb1/patch-1
smith558 May 18, 2024
f684d39
change example element of multidimensional array
sneeed Jun 8, 2024
c151e11
minor fixes
iliakan Jun 13, 2024
3fd3f98
- `run`
Alexandre887 Jun 23, 2024
d1ffe5d
docs: remove eval polyfill.io
kricsleo Jul 5, 2024
262f91a
Merge pull request #3712 from kricsleo/patch-1
smith558 Jul 8, 2024
815fafa
Merge pull request #3692 from ellie-heidari/patch-1
smith558 Jul 8, 2024
d6e0376
Remove BigInt IE incompatibility part (#3709)
FloffyGarlic Jul 9, 2024
5a0df77
Update article.md
shallow-beach Jul 10, 2024
62827d8
Merge pull request #3715 from shallow-beach/master
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6f08958
minor fix to function name written in explanation
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34a80e7
Merge pull request #3768 from tonybishnoi/patch-1
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merging all conflicts
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1 change: 1 addition & 0 deletions .gitattributes
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
* text=auto eol=lf
*.svg binary
1 change: 1 addition & 0 deletions .github/FUNDING.yml
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github: iliakan
1 change: 1 addition & 0 deletions .gitignore
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Expand Up @@ -21,3 +21,4 @@ sftp-config.json
Thumbs.db


/svgs
86 changes: 86 additions & 0 deletions 1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,19 +1,32 @@
# Introducció a JavaScript

<<<<<<< HEAD
Vegem què fa de JavaScript un llenguatge tan especial, què podem aconseguir amb ell, i quines altres tecnologies s'hi integren bé.
=======
Let's see what's so special about JavaScript, what we can achieve with it, and what other technologies play well with it.
>>>>>>> 34a80e70f8cce5794be259d25f815d7a7db7cbe3

## Què és JavaScript?

<<<<<<< HEAD
*JavaScript* fou inicialment creat per a *"donar vida a les pàgines web"*.
=======
*JavaScript* was initially created to "make web pages alive".
>>>>>>> 34a80e70f8cce5794be259d25f815d7a7db7cbe3

Els programes escrits en aquest llenguatge s'anomenen *scripts*. Poden ser escrits directament al codi HTML d'una pàgina web i executar-se automàticament quan la pàgina es carrega.

Els scripts es proporcionen i s'executen com a text pla. No necessiten cap preparació especial o compilació per executar-se.

En aquest aspecte, JavaScript és molt diferent d'un altre llenguatge anomenat [Java](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(llenguatge_de_programaci%C3%B3)).

<<<<<<< HEAD
```smart header="Per què <u>Java</u>Script?"
Quan JavaScript fou creat, tenia un altre nom: "LiveScript". Però Java era molt popular en aquella època, així que es decidí que posicionar un nou llenguatge com el "germà petit" de Java seria útil.
=======
```smart header="Why is it called <u>Java</u>Script?"
When JavaScript was created, it initially had another name: "LiveScript". But Java was very popular at that time, so it was decided that positioning a new language as a "younger brother" of Java would help.
>>>>>>> 34a80e70f8cce5794be259d25f815d7a7db7cbe3

No obstant, a l'evolucionar, JavaScript esdevingué un llenguatge completament independent amb la seva pròpia especificació anomenada [ECMAScript](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript), i actualment no té cap tipus de relació amb Java.
```
Expand All @@ -24,26 +37,46 @@ El navegador disposa d'un motor integrat, generalment anomenat "Màquina virtual

Motors diferents tenen "noms en clau" (criptònims) diferents. Per exemple:

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- en Chrome i Opera.
- [SpiderMonkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiderMonkey) -- en Firefox.
- ...Hi ha altres noms en clau com "Trident" i "Chakra" per diferents versions d'IE, "ChakraCore" per Microsoft Edge, "Nitro" i "SquirrelFish" per Safari, etc.

Fóra bo mantenir en ment els termes anteriors perquè són àmpliament utilitzats en articles de desenvolupadors a Internet. També els emprarem aquí. Per exemple, si "la funcionalitat X és suportada per V8", llavors probablement funcioni a Chrome i Opera.
=======
- [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- in Chrome, Opera and Edge.
- [SpiderMonkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiderMonkey) -- in Firefox.
- ...There are other codenames like "Chakra" for IE, "JavaScriptCore", "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari, etc.

The terms above are good to remember because they are used in developer articles on the internet. We'll use them too. For instance, if "a feature X is supported by V8", then it probably works in Chrome, Opera and Edge.
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```smart header="Com funcionen els motors?"

Els motors són complicats, però els fonaments són fàcils.

<<<<<<< HEAD
1. El motor (en el cas dels navegadors, integrat) llegeix, o analitza ("parses") el script.
2. Posteriorment, converteix ("compiles") el script a llenguatge màquina.
3. Finalment, el codi màquina s'executa veloçment.

El motor aplica optimitzacions a cada pas del procés. Fins i tot supervisa l'script compilat mentre s'executa, analitza les dades que rep i retorna, i aplica optimitzacions al codi màquina basant-se en aquest coneixement. Quan això passa, els scripts s'executen força ràpid.
=======
1. The engine (embedded if it's a browser) reads ("parses") the script.
2. Then it converts ("compiles") the script to machine code.
3. And then the machine code runs, pretty fast.

The engine applies optimizations at each step of the process. It even watches the compiled script as it runs, analyzes the data that flows through it, and further optimizes the machine code based on that knowledge.
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```

## Què pot fer JavaScript al navegador?

<<<<<<< HEAD
El JavaScript modern és un llenguatge de programació "segur". No ofereix accés de baix nivell a la memòria o la CPU, ja que fou inicialment creat per navegadors que no ho requerien.
=======
Modern JavaScript is a "safe" programming language. It does not provide low-level access to memory or the CPU, because it was initially created for browsers which do not require it.
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Les capacitats de JavaScript depenen majoritàriament de l'entorn on s'executa. Per exemple, [Node.js](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js) suporta funcions que permeten, amb JavaScript, llegir i escriure fitxers, realitzar peticions a través de la xarxa, etc.

Expand All @@ -59,14 +92,23 @@ A tall d'exemple, JavaScript en navegador és capaç de:

## Què NO pot fer JavaScript al navegador?

<<<<<<< HEAD
Les capacitats de JavaScript al navegador són limitades per protegir a l'usuari. L'objectiu és evitar el robatori d'informació privada o la corrupció de les dades de l'usuari per part d'una pàgina web maliciosa.
=======
JavaScript's abilities in the browser are limited to protect the user's safety. The aim is to prevent an evil webpage from accessing private information or harming the user's data.
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Com a mostra, algunes d'aquestes restriccions són:

<<<<<<< HEAD
- El codi JavaScript d'una pàgina web no pot llegir o escriure fitxers arbitraris al disc dur, copiar-los o executar programes. No té accés directe a funcions del sistema operatiu.
=======
- JavaScript on a webpage may not read/write arbitrary files on the hard disk, copy them or execute programs. It has no direct access to OS functions.
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Els navegadors moderns permeten treballar amb fitxers, però l'accés és limitat i només es garanteix si l'usuari realitza certes accions, com "soltar" (amb drag-and-drop) un fitxer a la finestra del navegador, o si el selecciona amb una etiqueta `<input>`.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Hi ha maneres d'interactuar amb la càmera/micròfon o altres dispositius, però requereixen el permís explícit de l'usuari. Així, una pàgina web amb JavaScript no pot activar la càmera sigil·losament, observar l'escena i enviar la informació a la [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency).
- Les diferents pestanyes o finestres, generalment, no saben res de les altres. A vegades en saben alguna cosa, com quan una finestra empra JavaScript per obrir-ne una altra, però fins i tot en aquest cas el codi JavaScript d'una pàgina no pot accedir el codi de l'altra si provenen de llocs diferents (domini, protocol o port diferent).

Expand All @@ -78,43 +120,87 @@ Com a mostra, algunes d'aquestes restriccions són:
![](limitations.svg)

Aquests límits desapareixen si JavaScript s'empra fora del navegador (en un servidor, per exemple). Els navegadors moderns també permeten plug-ins o extensions que poden demanar permisos addicionals.
=======
There are ways to interact with the camera/microphone and other devices, but they require a user's explicit permission. So a JavaScript-enabled page may not sneakily enable a web-camera, observe the surroundings and send the information to the [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency).
- Different tabs/windows generally do not know about each other. Sometimes they do, for example when one window uses JavaScript to open the other one. But even in this case, JavaScript from one page may not access the other page if they come from different sites (from a different domain, protocol or port).

This is called the "Same Origin Policy". To work around that, *both pages* must agree for data exchange and must contain special JavaScript code that handles it. We'll cover that in the tutorial.

This limitation is, again, for the user's safety. A page from `http://anysite.com` which a user has opened must not be able to access another browser tab with the URL `http://gmail.com`, for example, and steal information from there.
- JavaScript can easily communicate over the net to the server where the current page came from. But its ability to receive data from other sites/domains is crippled. Though possible, it requires explicit agreement (expressed in HTTP headers) from the remote side. Once again, that's a safety limitation.

![](limitations.svg)

Such limitations do not exist if JavaScript is used outside of the browser, for example on a server. Modern browsers also allow plugins/extensions which may ask for extended permissions.
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## Què fa JavaScript únic?

JavaScript té, com a mínim, *tres* punts forts:

```compare
<<<<<<< HEAD
+ Integració completa amb HTML/CSS.
+ Les coses simples es fan de forma simple
+ És suportat per tots els navegadors importants i està activat per defecte.
=======
+ Full integration with HTML/CSS.
+ Simple things are done simply.
+ Supported by all major browsers and enabled by default.
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```
JavaScript és l'única tecnologia de navegador que combina aquestes tres característiques.

Això és el que fa JavaScript únic. Per això és l'eina més estesa per crear interfícies de navegador.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Quan es valora aprendre una nova tecnologia, és recomanable comprovar les perspectives d'aquesta: per tant, procedim a comentar les tendències que l'afectaran properament, incloent nous llenguatges i capacitats dels navegadors.

=======
That said, JavaScript can be used to create servers, mobile applications, etc.
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## Llenguatges "sobre" JavaScript

La sintaxi de JavaScript no satisfà les necessitats de tothom. Diferents persones volen diferents funcionalitats.

Això és esperable, ja que els projectes i requisits depenen de cadascú.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Recentment, ha aparegut una plètora de llenguatges nous, que es *transpilen* (converteixen) a JavaScript abans d'executar-se al navegador.
=======
So, recently a plethora of new languages appeared, which are *transpiled* (converted) to JavaScript before they run in the browser.
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Les noves eines fan que la conversió sigui ràpida i transparent, permetent als desenvolupadors programar en un altre llenguatge i convertir-lo automàticament.

Alguns exemples d'aquests llenguatges:

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/) és "syntactic sugar" per JavaScript. Introdueix sintaxi més curta, permetent escriure codi més clar i precís. Generalment, els devs de Ruby se l'estimen força.
- [TypeScript](http://www.typescriptlang.org/) se centra en afegir "tipatge estricte" per simplificar el desenvolupament i manteniment de sistemes complexos. És desenvolupat per Microsoft.
- [Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/) és un llenguatge independent, amb el seu propi motor, que s'executa en entorns diferents del navegador (com les aplicacions mòbils). Originalment, Google l'oferí com a substitut de JavaScript, però actualment els navegadors requereixen que es converteixi a JavaScript, com els llenguatges anteriors.

N'hi ha més. Per suposat, fins i tot emprant algun d'aquests llenguatges, hom hauria de conèixer JavaScript per tal d'entendre realment què està fent.
=======
- [CoffeeScript](https://coffeescript.org/) is "syntactic sugar" for JavaScript. It introduces shorter syntax, allowing us to write clearer and more precise code. Usually, Ruby devs like it.
- [TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org/) is concentrated on adding "strict data typing" to simplify the development and support of complex systems. It is developed by Microsoft.
- [Flow](https://flow.org/) also adds data typing, but in a different way. Developed by Facebook.
- [Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/) is a standalone language that has its own engine that runs in non-browser environments (like mobile apps), but also can be transpiled to JavaScript. Developed by Google.
- [Brython](https://brython.info/) is a Python transpiler to JavaScript that enables the writing of applications in pure Python without JavaScript.
- [Kotlin](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/js-overview.html) is a modern, concise and safe programming language that can target the browser or Node.

There are more. Of course, even if we use one of these transpiled languages, we should also know JavaScript to really understand what we're doing.
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## Resum

<<<<<<< HEAD
- JavaScript fou inicialment creat com un llenguatge per a navegadors, però actualment s'empra també en altres entorns.
- Avui dia, JavaScript ostenta indiscutiblement el títol del llenguatge de navegador amb integració completa amb HTML/CSS més utilitzat.
- Hi ha diversos llenguatges que es "converteixen" a JavaScript i proporcionen certes funcionalitats. Es recomana donar-los un cop d'ull, almenys breument, un cop dominat JavaScript.
=======
- JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but it is now used in many other environments as well.
- Today, JavaScript has a unique position as the most widely-adopted browser language, fully integrated with HTML/CSS.
- There are many languages that get "transpiled" to JavaScript and provide certain features. It is recommended to take a look at them, at least briefly, after mastering JavaScript.
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# Manuals and specifications

This book is a *tutorial*. It aims to help you gradually learn the language. But once you're familiar with the basics, you'll need other resources.

## Specification

[The ECMA-262 specification](https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm) contains the most in-depth, detailed and formalized information about JavaScript. It defines the language.

But being that formalized, it's difficult to understand at first. So if you need the most trustworthy source of information about the language details, the specification is the right place. But it's not for everyday use.

A new specification version is released every year. Between these releases, the latest specification draft is at <https://tc39.es/ecma262/>.

To read about new bleeding-edge features, including those that are "almost standard" (so-called "stage 3"), see proposals at <https://github.com/tc39/proposals>.

Also, if you're developing for the browser, then there are other specifications covered in the [second part](info:browser-environment) of the tutorial.

## Manuals

- **MDN (Mozilla) JavaScript Reference** is the main manual with examples and other information. It's great to get in-depth information about individual language functions, methods etc.

You can find it at <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference>.

Although, it's often best to use an internet search instead. Just use "MDN [term]" in the query, e.g. <https://google.com/search?q=MDN+parseInt> to search for the `parseInt` function.

## Compatibility tables

JavaScript is a developing language, new features get added regularly.

To see their support among browser-based and other engines, see:

- <https://caniuse.com> - per-feature tables of support, e.g. to see which engines support modern cryptography functions: <https://caniuse.com/#feat=cryptography>.
- <https://kangax.github.io/compat-table> - a table with language features and engines that support those or don't support.

All these resources are useful in real-life development, as they contain valuable information about language details, their support, etc.

Please remember them (or this page) for the cases when you need in-depth information about a particular feature.
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