sqlite: fix use-after-free in StatementSync due to premature GC

[littledivy]

This patch updates StatementSync to store a strong reference to the database base object.

DatabaseSync may be garbage collected and freed while StatementSync is using it (due to MakeWeak()). The following code crashes with a segmentation fault:

import { DatabaseSync } from "node:sqlite";

const db = new DatabaseSync(':memory:');
db.exec('CREATE TABLE test (value INTEGER)');

const stmt = db.prepare('INSERT INTO test VALUES (?)');

for(;;) stmt.run(0);

* thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = EXC_BAD_ACCESS (code=1, address=0x38)
    frame #0: 0x000000010036e358 node`node::sqlite::StatementSync::Run(v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value> const&) + 432
node`node::sqlite::StatementSync::Run:
->  0x10036e358 <+432>: ldr    x1, [x8, #0x38]
    0x10036e35c <+436>: ldr    x22, [x8, #0x78]
    0x10036e360 <+440>: ldrb   w8, [x19, #0x40]
    0x10036e364 <+444>: ldr    x24, [x25, #0xa8]

[cjihrig]

LGTM, thanks!

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/64875/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 89.20%. Comparing base (db7a31e) to head (4373e55).
Report is 165 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #56840    +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage   89.19%   89.20%            
========================================
  Files         662      663     +1     
  Lines      191794   192011   +217     
  Branches    36927    36930     +3     
========================================
+ Hits       171076   171274   +198     
- Misses      13568    13608    +40     
+ Partials     7150     7129    -21     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	79.63% <100.00%> (-0.02%)	⬇️
src/node_sqlite.h	70.00% <ø> (ø)

... and 95 files with indirect coverage changes

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/64885/