erratum 25144

modules/m58868/index.cnxml

@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 <para id="fs-id1167583568709">Although viral pathogens are not similar to bacterial pathogens in terms of structure, some of the properties that contribute to their virulence are similar. Viruses use <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00099">adhesins</term> to facilitate adhesion to host cells, and certain enveloped viruses rely on antigenic variation to avoid the host immune defenses. These virulence factors are discussed in more detail in the following sections.</para>
 <section id="fs-id1167583682704">
 <title>Viral Adhesins</title>
-<para id="fs-id1167584963290">One of the first steps in any viral infection is adhesion of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of cells. This process is mediated by adhesins that are part of the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00100">viral capsid</term> or <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00101">membrane envelope</term>. The interaction of <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00102">viral adhesins</term> with specific cell receptors defines the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00103">tropism</term> (preferential targeting) of viruses for specific cells, tissues, and organs in the body. The spike protein <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00104">hemagglutinin</term> found on <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00105">Influenzavirus</term> is an example of a viral adhesin; it allows the virus to bind to the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00106">sialic acid</term> on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells. Another viral adhesin is the glycoprotein gp20, found on <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00107">HIV</term>. For HIV to infect cells of the immune system, it must interact with two receptors on the surface of cells. The first interaction involves binding between gp120 and the CD4 cellular marker that is found on some essential immune system cells. However, before viral entry into the cell can occur, a second interaction between gp120 and one of two chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) must occur. <link target-id="fs-id1167583717939"/> lists the adhesins for some common viral pathogens and the specific sites to which these adhesins allow viruses to attach.</para>
+<para id="fs-id1167584963290">One of the first steps in any viral infection is adhesion of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of cells. This process is mediated by adhesins that are part of the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00100">viral capsid</term> or <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00101">membrane envelope</term>. The interaction of <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00102">viral adhesins</term> with specific cell receptors defines the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00103">tropism</term> (preferential targeting) of viruses for specific cells, tissues, and organs in the body. The spike protein <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00104">hemagglutinin</term> found on <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00105">Influenzavirus</term> is an example of a viral adhesin; it allows the virus to bind to the <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00106">sialic acid</term> on the membrane of host respiratory and intestinal cells. Another viral adhesin is the glycoprotein gp120, found on <term class="no-emphasis" id="term-00107">HIV</term>. For HIV to infect cells of the immune system, it must interact with two receptors on the surface of cells. The first interaction involves binding between gp120 and the CD4 cellular marker that is found on some essential immune system cells. However, before viral entry into the cell can occur, a second interaction between gp120 and one of two chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) must occur. <link target-id="fs-id1167583717939"/> lists the adhesins for some common viral pathogens and the specific sites to which these adhesins allow viruses to attach.</para>
 <table id="fs-id1167583717939" summary="A table titled Some viral adhesins and their host attachment sites; 4 columns: pathogen, disease, adhesion, attachment site. Influenzavirus causes Influenza; it produces Hemagglutinin which binds to Sialic acid of respiratory and intestinal cells. Herpes simplex virus I or II cause Oral herpes, genital herpes. They produce Glycoproteins gB, gC, gD. Which bind to Heparan sulfate on mucosal surfaces of the mouth and genitals. Human immunodeficiency virus causes HIV/AIDS. It produces Glycoprotein gp120 which binds to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 of immune system cells." class="span-all">
 <tgroup cols="4">
 <colspec colnum="1" colname="c1"/>