Auto merge of rust-lang#85166 - mbhall88:file-prefix, r=dtolnay

add file_prefix method to std::path

This is an initial implementation of `std::path::Path::file_prefix`. It is effectively a "left" variant of the existing [`file_stem`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.Path.html#method.file_stem) method. An illustration of the difference is

```rust
use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo.tar.gz");
assert_eq!(path.file_stem(), Some("foo.tar"));
assert_eq!(path.file_prefix(), Some("foo"));
```

In my own development, I generally find I almost always want the prefix, rather than the stem, so I thought it might be best to suggest it's addition to libstd.

Of course, as this is my first contribution, I expect there is probably more work that needs to be done. Additionally, if the libstd team feel this isn't appropriate then so be it.

There has been some [discussion about this on Zulip](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/219381-t-libs/topic/file_lstem/near/238076313) and a user there suggested I open a PR to see whether someone in the libstd team thinks it is worth pursuing.

library/std/src/path.rs

@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ fn has_physical_root(s: &[u8], prefix: Option<Prefix<'_>>) -> bool {
 }
 
 // basic workhorse for splitting stem and extension
-fn split_file_at_dot(file: &OsStr) -> (Option<&OsStr>, Option<&OsStr>) {
+fn rsplit_file_at_dot(file: &OsStr) -> (Option<&OsStr>, Option<&OsStr>) {
     if os_str_as_u8_slice(file) == b".." {
         return (Some(file), None);
     }
@@ -334,6 +334,25 @@ fn split_file_at_dot(file: &OsStr) -> (Option<&OsStr>, Option<&OsStr>) {
     }
 }
 
+fn split_file_at_dot(file: &OsStr) -> (&OsStr, Option<&OsStr>) {
+    let slice = os_str_as_u8_slice(file);
+    if slice == b".." {
+        return (file, None);
+    }
+
+    // The unsafety here stems from converting between &OsStr and &[u8]
+    // and back. This is safe to do because (1) we only look at ASCII
+    // contents of the encoding and (2) new &OsStr values are produced
+    // only from ASCII-bounded slices of existing &OsStr values.
+    let i = match slice[1..].iter().position(|b| *b == b'.') {
+        Some(i) => i + 1,
+        None => return (file, None),
+    };
+    let before = &slice[..i];
+    let after = &slice[i + 1..];
+    unsafe { (u8_slice_as_os_str(before), Some(u8_slice_as_os_str(after))) }
+}
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // The core iterators
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -2213,9 +2232,49 @@ impl Path {
     /// assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_stem().unwrap());
     /// assert_eq!("foo.tar", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_stem().unwrap());
     /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # See Also
+    /// This method is similar to [`Path::file_prefix`], which extracts the portion of the file name
+    /// before the *first* `.`
+    ///
+    /// [`Path::file_prefix`]: Path::file_prefix
+    ///
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     pub fn file_stem(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.file_name().map(split_file_at_dot).and_then(|(before, after)| before.or(after))
+        self.file_name().map(rsplit_file_at_dot).and_then(|(before, after)| before.or(after))
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts the prefix of [`self.file_name`].
+    ///
+    /// The prefix is:
+    ///
+    /// * [`None`], if there is no file name;
+    /// * The entire file name if there is no embedded `.`;
+    /// * The portion of the file name before the first non-beginning `.`;
+    /// * The entire file name if the file name begins with `.` and has no other `.`s within;
+    /// * The portion of the file name before the second `.` if the file name begins with `.`
+    ///
+    /// [`self.file_name`]: Path::file_name
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # #![feature(path_file_prefix)]
+    /// use std::path::Path;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_prefix().unwrap());
+    /// assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_prefix().unwrap());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # See Also
+    /// This method is similar to [`Path::file_stem`], which extracts the portion of the file name
+    /// before the *last* `.`
+    ///
+    /// [`Path::file_stem`]: Path::file_stem
+    ///
+    #[unstable(feature = "path_file_prefix", issue = "86319")]
+    pub fn file_prefix(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
+        self.file_name().map(split_file_at_dot).and_then(|(before, _after)| Some(before))
     }
 
     /// Extracts the extension of [`self.file_name`], if possible.
@@ -2239,7 +2298,7 @@ impl Path {
     /// ```
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     pub fn extension(&self) -> Option<&OsStr> {
-        self.file_name().map(split_file_at_dot).and_then(|(before, after)| before.and(after))
+        self.file_name().map(rsplit_file_at_dot).and_then(|(before, after)| before.and(after))
     }
 
     /// Creates an owned [`PathBuf`] with `path` adjoined to `self`.