Allow a custom panic handler

text/0000-global-panic-handler.md

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+- Feature Name: panic_handler
+- Start Date: 2015-10-08
+- RFC PR: (leave this empty)
+- Rust Issue: (leave this empty)
+
+# Summary
+
+When a thread panics in Rust, the unwinding runtime currently prints a message
+to standard error containing the panic argument as well as the filename and
+line number corresponding to the location from which the panic originated.
+This RFC proposes a mechanism to allow user code to replace this logic with
+custom handlers that will run before unwinding begins.
+
+# Motivation
+
+The default behavior is not always ideal for all programs:
+
+* Programs with command line interfaces do not want their output polluted by
+  random panic messages.
+* Programs using a logging framework may want panic messages to be routed into
+  that system so that they can be processed like other events.
+* Programs with graphical user interfaces may not have standard error attached
+  at all and want to be notified of thread panics to potentially display an
+  internal error dialog to the user.
+
+The standard library [previously
+supported](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.3.0/std/rt/unwind/fn.register.html) (in
+unstable code) the registration of a set of panic handlers. This API had
+several issues:
+
+* The system supported a fixed but unspecified number of handlers, and a
+  handler could never be unregistered once added.
+* The callbacks were raw function pointers rather than closures.
+* Handlers would be invoked on nested panics, which would result in a stack
+  overflow if a handler itself panicked.
+* The callbacks were specified to take the panic message, file name and line
+  number directly. This would prevent us from adding more functionality in
+  the future, such as access to backtrace information. In addition, the
+  presence of file names and line numbers for all panics causes some amount of
+  binary bloat and we may want to add some avenue to allow for the omission of
+  those values in the future.
+
+# Detailed design
+
+A new module, `std::panic`, will be created with a panic handling API:
+
+```rust
+/// Unregisters the current panic handler, returning it.
+///
+/// If no custom handler is registered, the default handler will be returned.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if called from a panicking thread. Note that this will be a nested
+/// panic and therefore abort the process.
+pub fn take_handler() -> Box<Fn(&PanicInfo) + 'static + Sync + Send> { ... }
+
+/// Registers a custom panic handler, replacing any that was previously
+/// registered.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if called from a panicking thread. Note that this will be a nested
+/// panic and therefore abort the process.
+pub fn set_handler<F>(handler: F) where F: Fn(&PanicInfo) + 'static + Sync + Send { ... }
+
+/// A struct providing information about a panic.
+pub struct PanicInfo { ... }
+
+impl PanicInfo {
+    /// Returns the payload associated with the panic.
+    ///
+    /// This will commonly, but not always, be a `&'static str` or `String`.
+    pub fn payload(&self) -> &Any + Send { ... }
+
+    /// Returns information about the location from which the panic originated,
+    /// if available.
+    pub fn location(&self) -> Option<Location> { ... }
+}
+
+/// A struct containing information about the location of a panic.
+pub struct Location<'a> { ... }
+
+impl<'a> Location<'a> {
+    /// Returns the name of the source file from which the panic originated.
+    pub fn file(&self) -> &str { ... }
+
+    /// Returns the line number from which the panic originated.
+    pub fn line(&self) -> u32 { ... }
+}
+```
+
+When a panic occurs, but before unwinding begins, the runtime will call the
+registered panic handler. After the handler returns, the runtime will then
+unwind the thread. If a thread panics while panicking (a "double panic"), the
+panic handler will *not* be invoked and the process will abort. Note that the
+thread is considered to be panicking while the panic handler is running, so a
+panic originating from the panic handler will result in a double panic.
+
+The `take_handler` method exists to allow for handlers to "chain" by closing
+over the previous handler and calling into it:
+
+```rust
+let old_handler = panic::take_handler();
+panic::set_handler(move |info| {
+    println!("uh oh!");
+    old_handler(info);
+});
+```
+
+This is obviously a racy operation, but as a single global resource, the global
+panic handler should only be adjusted by applications rather than libraries,
+most likely early in the startup process.
+
+The implementation of `set_handler` and `take_handler` will have to be
+carefully synchronized to ensure that a handler is not replaced while executing
+in another thread. This can be accomplished in a manner similar to [that used
+by the `log`
+crate](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/log/blob/aa8618c840dd88b27c487c9fc9571d89751583f3/src/lib.rs).
+`take_handler` and `set_handler` will wait until no other threads are currently
+running the panic handler, at which point they will atomically swap the handler
+out as appropriate.
+
+Note that `location` will always return `Some` in the current implementation.
+It returns an `Option` to hedge against possible future changes to the panic
+system that would allow a crate to be compiled with location metadata removed
+to minimize binary size.
+
+## Prior Art
+
+C++ has a
+[`std::set_terminate`](http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/exception/set_terminate/)
+function which registers a handler for uncaught exceptions, returning the old
+one. The handler takes no arguments.
+
+Python passes uncaught exceptions to the global handler
+[`sys.excepthook`](https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html#sys.excepthook)
+which can be set by user code.
+
+In Java, uncaught exceptions [can be
+handled](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Thread.html#setUncaughtExceptionHandler(java.lang.Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler))
+by handlers registered on an individual `Thread`, by the `Thread`'s,
+`ThreadGroup`, and by a handler registered globally. The handlers are provided
+with the `Throwable` that triggered the handler.
+
+# Drawbacks
+
+The more infrastructure we add to interact with panics, the more attractive it
+becomes to use them as a more normal part of control flow.
+
+# Alternatives
+
+Panic handlers could be run after a panicking thread has unwound rather than
+before. This is perhaps a more intuitive arrangement, and allows `catch_panic`
+to prevent panic handlers from running. However, running handlers before
+unwinding allows them access to more context, for example, the ability to take
+a stack trace.
+
+`PanicInfo::location` could be split into `PanicInfo::file` and
+`PanicInfo::line` to cut down on the API size, though that would require
+handlers to deal with weird cases like a line number but no file being
+available.
+
+[RFC 1100](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1100) proposed an API based
+around thread-local handlers. While there are reasonable use cases for the
+registration of custom handlers on a per-thread basis, most of the common uses
+for custom handlers want to have a single set of behavior cover all threads in
+the process. Being forced to remember to register a handler in every thread
+spawned in a program is tedious and error prone, and not even possible in many
+cases for threads spawned in libraries the author has no control over.
+
+While out of scope for this RFC, a future extension could add thread-local
+handlers on top of the global one proposed here in a straightforward manner.
+
+The implementation could be simplified by altering the API to store, and
+`take_logger` to return, an `Arc<Fn(&PanicInfo) + 'static + Sync + Send>` or
+a bare function pointer. This seems like a somewhat weirder API, however, and
+the implementation proposed above should not end up complex enough to justify
+the change.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+
+None at the moment.