Auto merge of #56161 - RalfJung:vecdeque-stacked-borrows, r=SimonSapin

VecDeque: fix for stacked borrows

`VecDeque` violates a version of stacked borrows where creating a shared reference is not enough to make a location *mutably accessible* from raw pointers (and I think that is the version we want).  There are two problems:

* Creating a `NonNull<T>` from `&mut T` goes through `&T` (inferred for a `_`), then `*const T`, then `NonNull<T>`. That means in this stricter version of Stacked Borrows, we cannot actually write to such a `NonNull` because it was created from a shared reference! This PR fixes that by going from `&mut T` to `*mut T` to `*const T`.
* `VecDeque::drain` creates the `Drain` struct by *first* creating a `NonNull` from `self` (which is an `&mut VecDeque`), and *then* calling `self.buffer_as_mut_slice()`. The latter reborrows `self`, asserting that `self` is currently the unique pointer to access this `VecDeque`, and hence invalidating the `NonNull` that was created earlier. This PR fixes that by instead using `self.buffer_as_slice()`, which only performs read accesses and creates only shared references, meaning the raw pointer (`NonNull`) remains valid.

It is possible that other methods on `VecDeque` do something similar, miri's test coverage of `VecDeque` is sparse to say the least.

Cc @nikomatsakis @gankro

src/liballoc/collections/vec_deque.rs

@@ -1026,7 +1026,10 @@ impl<T> VecDeque<T> {
             iter: Iter {
                 tail: drain_tail,
                 head: drain_head,
-                ring: unsafe { self.buffer_as_mut_slice() },
+                // Crucially, we only create shared references from `self` here and read from
+                // it.  We do not write to `self` nor reborrow to a mutable reference.
+                // Hence the raw pointer we created above, for `deque`, remains valid.
+                ring: unsafe { self.buffer_as_slice() },
             },
         }
     }

src/libcore/ptr.rs

@@ -2848,14 +2848,14 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> fmt::Pointer for Unique<T> {
 #[unstable(feature = "ptr_internals", issue = "0")]
 impl<'a, T: ?Sized> From<&'a mut T> for Unique<T> {
     fn from(reference: &'a mut T) -> Self {
-        Unique { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as _) }, _marker: PhantomData }
+        Unique { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as *mut T) }, _marker: PhantomData }
     }
 }
 
 #[unstable(feature = "ptr_internals", issue = "0")]
 impl<'a, T: ?Sized> From<&'a T> for Unique<T> {
     fn from(reference: &'a T) -> Self {
-        Unique { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as _) }, _marker: PhantomData }
+        Unique { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as *const T) }, _marker: PhantomData }
     }
 }
 
@@ -3058,14 +3058,14 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> From<Unique<T>> for NonNull<T> {
 impl<'a, T: ?Sized> From<&'a mut T> for NonNull<T> {
     #[inline]
     fn from(reference: &'a mut T) -> Self {
-        NonNull { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as _) } }
+        NonNull { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as *mut T) } }
     }
 }
 
 #[stable(feature = "nonnull", since = "1.25.0")]
 impl<'a, T: ?Sized> From<&'a T> for NonNull<T> {
     #[inline]
     fn from(reference: &'a T) -> Self {
-        NonNull { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as _) } }
+        NonNull { pointer: unsafe { NonZero(reference as *const T) } }
     }
 }