Update quick reference guide for chapel 2.0 (chapel-lang#24747)

Updates the [Chapel Quick
Reference](https://chapel-lang.org/docs/main/language/reference.html) to
reflect the current state of the language with Chapel 2.0.

My goal with these edits was to remove all deprecated/removed features.
This document does still have a number of unstable features like
`dmapped` and associative/sparse domains.

Edits Made:
- fixed single statement return, replaced with `do return`
- removed variable sized bools
- fixed formal argument intents
- fixed method definitions
- use `blockDist` instead of `block` for domain maps
- remove '$' from sync example
- rewrite sync example to not rely on implicit reads/writes
- remove single example

Note to reviewer: as this is a PDF and docx, the diff is not useful.
- [previous
quickReference.pdf](https://github.com/chapel-lang/chapel/files/14842270/quickReference.pdf)
- [edited
quickReference.pdf](https://github.com/chapel-lang/chapel/files/14842263/quickReference.pdf)

[Reviewed by @vasslitvinov]